Chapter 4 AC To AC Converters: Outline

Chapter 4 AC to AC Converters
Outline
4.1 AC voltage controllers
4.2 Other AC controllers
4.3 Thyristor cycloconverters
4.4 Matrix converters
4.1.1 Single-phase AC voltage controller

VT 1
VT2
u1
io
u1
O
uo
R uo
O
io
The phase shift range

(operation range of phase
delay angle):
O
u VT
t
t
Resistive load, quantitative analysis
RMS value of output voltage

Uo
2
1
1

2
U
sin
t
d
U
sin
2
1
1

2
(4-1)
RMS value of output current
Uo
R
RMS value of thyristor current
Io
IT
1
2
(4-2)
2U 1 sin t
U 1
sin 2
d t 1 (1
)
R
R
2
(4-3)
Power factor of the circuit
P UoIo Uo
S U1 I o U1
1

sin 2
2
(4-4)
Inductive (Inductor- resistor) load , operation principle

u1
VT 1
VT2
io
uG1
R
u1
uo
The phase shift range:
O
uG2
O
uo
O
io
uVT
O
t
t
Inductive load, quantitative analysis

Differential equation
d io
Rio 2U 1 sin t
dt
io t 0
(4-5)
180
140
Solution
/( )
2U 1
tg
io
sin( t ) sin( )e
Z
100
Considering io =0 when t= +
We have
sin( ) sin( )e
(4-6)
60
20
0
tg
(4-7)
20
60
100
/ ( )
140
180
4-3
The RMS value of output voltage, output current, and thyristor current can then be
calculated.
4.1.2 Three-phase AC voltage controller

Classification of three- phase circuits
ia VT1
u a VT
3
n
ub
Ua0'
ia
VT4
b
VT5
uc
ua
n'
VT6
c
Line- controlled connection
ub
ub
uc
c
Branch-controlled connection
ia
ua
uc
ub
uc
Y connection
ia
b
c
VT2
ua
a
b
Neutral-point controlled connection
3- phase 3- wire Y connection AC voltage controller

i a VT 1
ua
n
ub
uc
VT3
VT5
a
VT4
b
Ua0'
n'
VT6
c
VT 2
For a time instant, there are 2 possible conduction states:

Each phase has a thyristor conducting. Load voltages are the same as the source
voltages.
There are only 2 thyristors conducting, each from a phase. The load voltages of
the two conducting phases are half of the corresponding line to line voltage,
while the load voltage of the other phase is 0.
4.2 Other AC controllers

4.2.1 Integral cycle controlAC power controller
VT 1
VT2
u1
io
Conduction
uo angle =
2 U1
uo
R O
M
2
M
2N
M
u1
uo,io
3
M
4
M
Line period
Control period = M *Line period
= 2
Circuit topologies are the same as AC voltage controllers.

Only the control method is different.
Load voltage and current are both sinusoidal when thyristors are conducting.
Spectrum of the current inAC

power controller
0.6
There is NO
harmonics in the
ordinary sense.
There is harmonics
as to the control
frequency. As to the
line frequency, these
components become
fractional harmonics.
0.5
0.4
IO/I0m
0.3
0.2
0.1
2
8 10 12 14
Harmonic order as to
control frequency
0
Harmonic order as to
line frequency
4.2.2 Electronic AC switch

Circuit topologies are the same as AC voltage controllers. But the back- to- back
thyristors are just used like a switch to turn the equipment on or off.
ApplicationThyristor-switched capacitor (TSC)
TSC waveforms when the capacitor is switched in/out

uVT 1
uC
iC
VT1
us
VT2
us
uC
C
uVT 1
t
VT1
iC
VT2
t1
t
t2
The voltage across the thyristor must be nearly zero when switching in the
capacitor, and the current of the thyristor must be zero when switching
out the capacitor.
TSC with the electronic switch realized by a thyristor and an antiparallel diode
uVT
uC
iC
VT
us
VD
us
uC
uVT
VD
iC
VT
t 1 t2 t 3 t 4
The capacitor voltage will be always charged up to the peak of source

voltage.
The response to switching- out command could be a little slower
(maximum delay is one line-cycle).
4.2.3 Chopping controlAC chopper

AC chopper
Modes of operation
VD
i1
V
1
VD
VD
VD
3
3
u>0, io >0: V1 charging,

4-7V3 freewheeling
u>0, io <0: V4 charging, V2 freewheeling
u<0, io >0: V3 charging, V1 freewheeling
u<0, io <0: V2 charging, V4 freewheeling
4.3 Thyristor cycloconverters

4.3.1 Single- phase thyristor-cycloconverter
Circuit configuration and operation principle
P
N
Z
uo
a p=
2
Output
voltage
Average
ap=0
output voltage
ap=
2
t
Single- phase thyristor-cycloconverter

Modes of operation
uo
u o,io
O t1
uP
iP
uo
t2
t4
t3
t5
iN
uN
uo
uP
io
io
uN
t
uo
O
iP
P
N
O
iN
Rectifi
Inver
cation
sion
blocking
blocking
Rectifi
Inver
cation
sion
Typical waveforms
uo
O
io
O
t
1
3
2
6
5
Modulation methods for firing delay angle

Calculation method
For the rectifier circuit
u o U d0 cos
(4-15)
u2 u3 u4 u5 u6
u1
t
For the cycloconverter

ap3 ap4
output
uo U om sin o t
(4-16)
Equating (4- 15) and (4-16)
U om
cos
sin o t sin o t
U d0
therefore
(4-17)
cos 1 ( sin o t )
(4-18)
us2 us3 us4 us5 us6 us1

uo
t
Principle of cosine
wave-crossing method
Output voltage ratio

(Modulation factor)
150
Uom
120
(0 1)
Ud 0
/( )
90
60
30
0
3 2 t
2
2
Output voltage phase angle
The configuration with common input line
4.3.2 Three- phase thyristor-cyclo converter
4-24
The configuration with star-connected output
Typical waveforms
Output voltage
200 t/ms
Input current with

Single-phase output
Input current with

3-phase output
200 t/ms
200 t/ms
Input and output characteristics

The maximum output frequency and the harmonics in the output voltage
are the same as in single-phase circuit. Input power factor is a little
higher than single-phase circuit. Harmonics in the input current is a
little lower thanthe single- phase circuit due to the cancellation of
some harmonics among the 3 phases.
To improve the input power factor:
Use DC bias or 3k order component bias on each of the 3 output
phase voltages
Features and applications
Features:
Direct frequency conversionhigh efficiency
Bidirectional energy flow, easy to realize 4- quadrant operation
Very complicatedtoo many power semiconductor devices
Low output frequency
Low input power factor and bad input current waveform
Applications:
High power low speed AC motor drive
4.4 Matrix converter
Circuit configuration
input
b
S1
S1
S1
S2
S2
S2
S3
S3
S3
a)
u
S ij
v
output
w
b)
Usable input voltage
U1m
1 Um
2
Um
a)
3 U
1m
2
b)
a) Single-phase input b) Use 3 phase voltages

voltage
to construct output
voltage
c)
c) Use 3 line-line voltages

to construct output
voltage
Features
Direct frequency conversionhigh efficiency can realize good input and

output waveforms, low harmonics, and nearly unity displacement
factor
Bidirectional energy flow, easy to realize 4- quadrant operation
Output frequency is not limited by input frequency
No need for bulk capacitor (as compared to indirect frequency converter)
Very complicatedtoo many power semiconductor devices
Output voltage magnitude is a little lower as compared to indirect
frequency converter.

Chapter 4 AC To AC Converters: Outline

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Chapter 4 AC to AC Converters

4.1.1 Single-phase AC voltage controller

The phase shift range

Resistive load, quantitative analysis

RMS value of output voltage

RMS value of output current

Power factor of the circuit

Inductive (Inductor- resistor) load , operation principle

The phase shift range:

Inductive load, quantitative analysis

4.1.2 Three-phase AC voltage controller

Line- controlled connection

Neutral-point controlled connection

3- phase 3- wire Y connection AC voltage controller

For a time instant, there are 2 possible conduction states:

4.2 Other AC controllers

Circuit topologies are the same as AC voltage controllers.

Spectrum of the current inAC

4.2.2 Electronic AC switch

TSC waveforms when the capacitor is switched in/out

The capacitor voltage will be always charged up to the peak of source

4.2.3 Chopping controlAC chopper

u>0, io >0: V1 charging,

4.3 Thyristor cycloconverters

Single- phase thyristor-cycloconverter

Modulation methods for firing delay angle

For the cycloconverter

Equating (4- 15) and (4-16)

us2 us3 us4 us5 us6 us1

Output voltage ratio

The configuration with common input line

4.3.2 Three- phase thyristor-cyclo converter

The configuration with star-connected output

Input current with

Input current with

Input and output characteristics

4.4 Matrix converter

Usable input voltage

a) Single-phase input b) Use 3 phase voltages

c) Use 3 line-line voltages

Direct frequency conversionhigh efficiency can realize good input and

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