Torsion

Chapter 3 Torsion
Introduction
-- Analyzing the stresses and strains in machine
parts which are subjected to torque T
Circular
-- Cross-section
Non-circular
Irregular shapes
-- Material
(1) Elastic
(2) Elasto-plastic
-- Shaft
(1) Solid
(2) Hollow
3.1 Introduction
T is a vector
Two ways of expression
-- Applications:
a. Transmission of torque in shafts,
e.g. in automobiles
Assumptions in Torque Analysis:

a. Every cross section remains plane and undistorted.
b. Shearing strain varies linearly along the axis of the shaft.
3.2 Preliminary Discussion of the Stresses in a Shaft
dF
Where = distance (torque arm)

Since dF = dA
( dA) T
The stress distribution is Statically
Indeterminate.
Free-body Diagram
-- Must rely on deformation to solve the problem.

Analyzing a small element:
3.3 Deformations in a Circular Shaft
= (T, L) -- the angle of twist

(deformation)
Rectangular cross section

warps under torsion
C
' D '
CD
A circular plane remains

circular plane
Determination of Shear Strain
(in radians)
The shear strain
max
= c = radius of the shaft
max L
c
Since
max
c
3.4 Stresses in the Elastic Range

Hookes Law
max
c
G G max
c
G
Therefore,
max
G max
max
c
(3.6)
min
c1
max
c2
( dA) T
(3.1)
max
c
(3.6)
max 2
T dA maxdA
dA
c
c
But
dA J
J
Therefore, T max
c
Or,
max
Tc
(3.9)
Substituting Eq. (3.9) into Eq. (3.6)
max
Tc
(3.10)
(3.9)
These are elastic torsion formulas.
1 4
For a solid cylinder: J c
2
1
For a hollow cylinder: J (c24 c14 )
2
F 2( max A0 )cos 45 max A0 2

Since A Ao 2
Eq . (3 13)
A
F max A0 2

max
A
A0 2
(3-13)
Mohrs Circle (Sec. 7.4)

-- Pure Shear Condition
Ductile materials fail

in shear (90o fracture)
Brittle materials are weaker in

tension (45o fracture)
3.5 Angle of Twist in the Elastic Range
max
L
max
max
max
Therefore,
Eq. (3.3) = Eq. (3.15)
Hence,
Tc
JG
max
(3.3)
sin ce max
c Tc
L JG
TL
JG
Tc
(3.15)
For Multiple-Section Shafts:
Ti J i

i J i Gi
Shafts with a Variable Circular Cross Section

Tdx
d
JG
Tdx
JG
3.6 Statically Indeterminate Shafts

-- Must rely on both
(1) Torque equations and T 0
TL
(2) Deformation equation, i.e.
JG
Example 3.05
3.7 Design of Transmission Shafts

-- Two Parameters in Transmission Shafts:
a. Power P
b. Speed of rotation
P power T
where = angular velocity (radians/s) = 2
= frequency (Hz)
P 2 f T
P
T
2f
[N.m/s = watts (W)]
(3.21)
P
T
2f
Tc
max
J
(3.21)
(3.9)
J
T
Therefore,
c max
For a Solid Circular Shaft:
1 4
J c
2
and
1
T
3
c
2
max
1 3
J /c c
2
2T
max
1/ 3
3.8 Stress Concentrations in Circular Shafts
max
Tc
K
J
3.9 Plastic Deformation sin Circular Shafts
max
c
(3.4)
c = radius of the shaft
dA = 2 d
dF T
Knowing dF = dA
dF
dA (2 d)
T 2 2 d
0
Where = ()
(3.26)
(3.1)
max
Tc
(3.9)
If we can determine experimentally an Ultimate

Torque, TU,
then by means of Eq. (3.9), we have
TU c
RT
J
RT = Modulus of Rupture in Torsion
3.10 Circular Shafts Made of an Elasto-Plastic Material
Case I: < Y Hookes Law applies, < max
max
Case I
Tc
Case II: < Y Hookes Law applies,
J
TY Y
c
= max
TY = max elastic torque

Case II
Since
1
J / C c3
2
1 3
TY c Y
2
(3-29)
Case III: Entering Plastic Region

0 Y:
Y c:
Y region within the plastic

range
Case III
By evoking Eq. (3.26)

c
T 2 d
2
(3.26)
T Telastic Tplastic 2
Y

Y
2
d 2 2 Y d
Y
1
2
2
Y3 Y c 3 Y Y3 Y
2
3
3
2 3
1 Y3
T c Y (1
)
(3.31)
3
3
4c
4
1 Y3
T TY (1
)
3
3
4c
1 3
TY c Y
2
Case IV -- Fully Plastic
4
1 Y3
T TY (1
)
3
3
4c
Y 0:
4
TP TY = Plastic Torque
3
Case IV
(3-33)
L Y
Y
L Y
c
Y
Y Y
4
1 Y3
T TY (1
)
3
3
4
T A
3.11 Residual Stresses in Circular Shafts
P '
( dA) 0
3.12 Torsion of Noncircular Members
A rectangular shaft does not axisymmetry.
zx 0
zy 0
yx 0
yz 0
xy 0
xz 0
From Theory of Elasticity:
max
c1ab 2
TL
c2ab3G
1
c1 c2 (1 0.630b / a )
3
(for b/a = 5 only) 3.45
3.13 Thin-Walled Hollow Shafts
Fx 0
FA - FB = 0
FA A ( t Ax )
A ( t A x ) B ( t B x ) 0
At A B t B
q t cons tan t
dF dA ( tds ) ( t )ds qds
dM O pdF p(qds ) q( pds )

dM o q( 2dA)
T 2qA
TL
ds
2
4A G t
2tA

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Chapter 3 Torsion

Assumptions in Torque Analysis:

3.2 Preliminary Discussion of the Stresses in a Shaft

Where = distance (torque arm)

-- Must rely on deformation to solve the problem.

3.3 Deformations in a Circular Shaft

= (T, L) -- the angle of twist

Rectangular cross section

A circular plane remains

Determination of Shear Strain

The shear strain

= c = radius of the shaft

3.4 Stresses in the Elastic Range

Substituting Eq. (3.9) into Eq. (3.6)

These are elastic torsion formulas.

F 2( max A0 )cos 45 max A0 2

Mohrs Circle (Sec. 7.4)

Ductile materials fail

Brittle materials are weaker in

3.5 Angle of Twist in the Elastic Range

For Multiple-Section Shafts:

Shafts with a Variable Circular Cross Section

3.6 Statically Indeterminate Shafts

3.7 Design of Transmission Shafts

[N.m/s = watts (W)]

3.8 Stress Concentrations in Circular Shafts

3.9 Plastic Deformation sin Circular Shafts

c = radius of the shaft

If we can determine experimentally an Ultimate

3.10 Circular Shafts Made of an Elasto-Plastic Material

Case I: < Y Hookes Law applies, < max

Case II: < Y Hookes Law applies,

TY = max elastic torque

Case III: Entering Plastic Region

Y region within the plastic

By evoking Eq. (3.26)

Case IV -- Fully Plastic

3.11 Residual Stresses in Circular Shafts

3.12 Torsion of Noncircular Members

A rectangular shaft does not axisymmetry.

From Theory of Elasticity:

(for b/a = 5 only) 3.45

3.13 Thin-Walled Hollow Shafts

dF dA ( tds ) ( t )ds qds

dM O pdF p(qds ) q( pds )

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