The Particulate Nature of Matter 2

Chemistry
Year - 9
[2016 2017]
The Particulate Nature of Matter

Ms. Rao
Particles
Particles?
Particles..
So what are these particles?
The smallest particles, that we cannot break down
further in chemical reaction, are called Atoms.

Derived from Greek Atomos = indivisible
Some particles are single atom- Eg: Argon
In many substances, the particles consist of two or
more atoms joined together --- ?
The substances the particles are atoms or group of
atoms that carry a charge ---?
Matter & Non-Matter

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
There are 3 states of matter
a. Solids,
b. Liquids,
c. Gases
Mass = amount of Material

Volume = amount of Space
.Non- Matter : Energies such as Light, Sound,
Electricity, Magnetism, Heat.
Solids
Particles are packed closely together.
The particles cannot move freely but can only
vibrate in a fixed position.

Solids can be transformed into liquids by
melting, and liquids can be transformed into

solids by freezing.
Eg.: Wood, Metals (except mercury), Crystals,
Rubber etc.
Liquids
Liquids cannot be compressed and areable to
conform to the shape of its container.

This means that the shape of a liquid is not
definite but is determined by its container.

Eg. of Liquids: Water (H2O), Oil etc.
Liquid volume is slightly affected by change in
temperature.
Gases
A gas can be compressed. Not only will a gas
conform to the shape of its container but it will also

expand to fill the container.
In a gas, the molecules have enough kinetic energy
so that the effect of forces is small, and the typical

distance between neighbouring molecules is much
greater than the molecular size.
A liquid may be converted to a gas by heating to
the boiling point.
The Kinetic Theory of Matter

The theory explains the behaviour of matter and their
physical properties.
Kinetic means movement, and so kinetic energy
means movement energy.
The Kinetic theory of matter states Each matter has a different type of particle with
different size and mass.
Particles are in continuous movement.
The speed of movement depends on the mass of the
particle, temperature and several other factors that
you will know later on.
Comparing Properties of Solids, Liquids and Gases
Molecular
Structure
Solid
Particles
Arrangement
Intermolecular
Forces
Very closely
packed
Extremely
strong
Movement of
Particles
Vibrating in a
fixed Position
Compressibility
Diffusion
Liquid
Gas
Closely packed
Very far apart

Very weak
Cannot be
compressed
Not weak
Weaker than
solids
Slowly slide over
each other
randomly
Can be hardly
compressed
Cannot diffuse
Diffuses slowly
Diffuses quickly
Moving randomly
Very
compressible
Checkpoint 1
Ques.
When a metal such as copper is heated, it expands.
Explain what happens to the metal particles as the
solid metal expands?
Ans.
. The particles in copper are vibrating about a fixed
point.
. As the temperature increases, they gain kinetic
energy and vibrate more, colliding with neighboring
particles, which has the effect of increasing the
overall volume of the metal.
Changes of State
Physical Changes (Change in State)
Physical changes are changes in which no new
substance is formed.
Eg. Melting an ice cube or dissolving salt in water.
Physical changes are reversible. For instance if you
heat and melt and ice cube to water, you can put it in
a freezer and have it changed back to ice.
Changes in State..
Changing the state of a matter is a Physical
change.
It is done by either heating or cooling.
The following diagram represents changes in
state:
Different States
Melting: The change of state from solid to liquid. The temperature at
which a solid melts is called the melting point.

Evaporation: The change of state from liquid to gas. The temperature at
which a liquid evaporates is called the boiling point.

Sublimation is the transition of a Solid to Gas phase without passing
through the intermediate Liquid phase.

Eg. Iodine, Dry Ice (solid carbon dioxide), Naphthalene (Mothball)
Iodine (I2) is Grey solid when heated it forms purple gaseous I2
Dry Ice is solid CO2, but when heated, it forms CO2 gas
Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) is solid but when heated sublimes to gases NH3HCl
Deposition is the transition of a Gas to Solid phase without passing
through the intermediate Liquid phase. Its the reverse of sublimation.

Eg. Frost formation on leaves, Snow formation in clouds, Soot formation on chimney
walls.
Different States . .
Melting
- occurs when you heat a solid.

- Heating gives the particles more kinetic energy making them move
faster and further.
- Until at some point they have enough energy to overcome the forces
of attraction between the particles changing into a liquid.
Boiling
- occurs when you heat a liquid.

- Heating the liquid, particles will gain even more kinetic energy and
start moving even faster, pushing each other away.
- The particles have highest amount of energy that they can break the
forces of attraction and escape as a gas; this is the start of boiling.
Kinetic Theory
When Solid is heated
- Particles get energized, vibrate fast

- Attractive forces weaken and some break
- Particles move freely and become fairly apart
(liquid = melting)
- If a solid sublimes, all attractive forces break
and particles move fast (freely) and become
far apart. (becomes gas from solid =
sublimation)
Kinetic Theory . .
When a liquid is heated
. Particles get energized,
. move faster
. attractive forces break down
. particles become far apart
(it becomes gas = Vaporization)
Kinetic Theory
On the other hand, cooling of a gas will make
its particles lose their kinetic energy

Particles move closer and slower.
Eventually the forces of attraction will hold
them together forming a liquid
(condensation).
If a liquid is cooled, its particles will move
closer and slower until the forces of attraction

are strong enough to hold them tight together
forming a solid (freezing).
Kinetic Theory
During the process of melting and boiling the
temperature remain constant, because the
energy is used to break the bonds between
the particles.
Heating curve
The following figure is a heating curve of a solid.

At point A the state is solid.
At point B the solid is melting; it is a mixture of solid and liquid.
At point C the state is liquid.
At point D the liquid is evaporating, it is a mixture of liquid and
gas.
At point E the state is gas.
Temperature X is the melting point while temperature Y is the
boiling point.
Cooling Curve
The following figure is a cooling curve of a gas.

At point A the state is gas.
At point B the gas is condensing; the state is a mixture of gas and
liquid.
At point C the state is liquid.
At point D the liquid is freezing, the state is a mixture of liquid and
solid.
At point E the state is solid.
Temperature X is the melting point and temperature Y is the
boiling point.
Pressure and Temperature of a gas in

terms of the motion of its Particles
Temperature
The temperature of a substance is directly proportional to the kinetic

energy of the molecules. If the temperature of the gas increases particles
will have more energy and will move around faster.
Pressure
Gas molecules are in state of continuous motion in all directions and they
are constantly bombarding the walls of a container.
When the molecules bounce off the walls, they produce an outward force
on the walls which causes the outward pressure of the gas on the walls of
the container.
At a constant temperature, gas molecules move at a constant average
speed, so that the force of collision is the same (on average).
If the gas is compressed into a smaller volumes there are more frequent
collisions on each unit of area, so that the total force per unit area
increases and the pressure increases. If a gas expands to a greater volume
at a constant temperature, there are less frequent collision on each unit of
area and the pressure.
Questions
Page 6
Answers
Displays, thermometers, and stress and pressure sensors.
The particles in gases have much weaker forces of attraction
between their particles, as the particles are already further

away from each other compared with those in a solid. These
weaker forces of attraction are more easily broken as
temperature rise, allowing the particles to move away from
one another more easily.
There is friction between the ice and the air as the car moves
through it. This produces heat which causes the ice to melt.
Adding salt to ice lowers the freezing point of the ice.
Providing the temperature is still not lower than that of the
mixture of salt and ice, the ice will melt.
Cooling curve
Brownian Motion
A suspension is a mixture between two substances,
one of which is finely divided and dispersed in the

other. Common suspensions include sand in water
and dust in air. Particles when suspended in a fluid
exhibit a haphazard movement. This is known as
Brownian motion.
According to the kinetic theory of matter, molecules
at a temperature, T=0, possess kinetic energy,

which results in them moving in random motion.
These molecules hit particles around motion as well.
The existence of particles in continuous motion has
been demonstrated by Brownian motion.
Brownian motion in terms of random molecular

bombardment
Brownian motion is a zigzag, irregular, random
motion exhibited by minute particles in both

liquids and gases (collectively called fluids).
They do this because they are bombarded by
the other moving particles in the fluid.
(Diagram to be included)
State evidence for Brownian

motion
Page 7
Diffusion
Diffusion is the random movement of particles to
fill the available space and spread evenly.

The movement of particles from a high
concentration region to a low concentration

region until concentration is equal.
For instance, if you pass by a trash can, you can
smell the ugly scent of trash. This is because
molecules from the garbage diffused out of the
can to the air which you breathed in.
Examples
Diffusion of soluble solid in water- potassium
permanganate
Diffusion of volatile liquids in air- Bromine
(gas)
Diffusion Rate
Diffusion rate depends on several factors a. Mass of the substance: The lighter the
substance, the faster it diffuses

b. Temperature: The more kinetic energy the
particles have, the faster they move and
diffuse.
Light particles diffuse faster than heavy
particles
Rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to
molecular mass of particles.
Ref text book page 6 and 7

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Chemistry

The Particulate Nature of Matter

further in chemical reaction, are called Atoms.

Matter & Non-Matter

Mass = amount of Material

Electricity, Magnetism, Heat.

vibrate in a fixed position.

melting, and liquids can be transformed into

conform to the shape of its container.

definite but is determined by its container.

conform to the shape of its container but it will also

so that the effect of forces is small, and the typical

the boiling point.

The Kinetic Theory of Matter

Comparing Properties of Solids, Liquids and Gases

Very far apart

which a solid melts is called the melting point.

which a liquid evaporates is called the boiling point.

through the intermediate Liquid phase.

through the intermediate Liquid phase. Its the reverse of sublimation.

- occurs when you heat a solid.

- occurs when you heat a liquid.

- Particles get energized, vibrate fast

(it becomes gas = Vaporization)

its particles lose their kinetic energy

closer and slower until the forces of attraction

The following figure is a heating curve of a solid.

The following figure is a cooling curve of a gas.

Pressure and Temperature of a gas in

The temperature of a substance is directly proportional to the kinetic

between their particles, as the particles are already further

one of which is finely divided and dispersed in the

at a temperature, T=0, possess kinetic energy,

Brownian motion in terms of random molecular

motion exhibited by minute particles in both

State evidence for Brownian

fill the available space and spread evenly.

concentration region to a low concentration

substance, the faster it diffuses

Light particles diffuse faster than heavy

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