Radio Interference

Radio Interference
Radio interference
Electromagnetic interference
Electromagnetic interference (or EMI,
also called radio frequency
interference or RFI when in high
frequency or radio frequency) is
disturbance that affects an electrical
circuit due to either electromagnetic
induction or electromagnetic radiation
emitted from an external source
Electromagnetic spectrum
Radio- 3Hz - 300 GHz
Electromagnetic
environment
EMI - Problems
Pressure flow temperature signal transmitter signal
distortion
Radio and TV interference
Telephone Interference-cross talk
Mal-operation or non operation of electronic
equipment.
EMI sources
Sources corona discharge,
Transformers, line conductors,
rotating machines.
High dv/dt & di/dt
Sudden change in the
electromagnetic field during turn on
and turn off of a switch generates
EMI.
Power electronic devices- SMPS,
inverters
Energy transfer
Noise Source
Coupling Medium
Receptor
SOURCE
COUPLIN
G
CHANNEL
RECEPTO
R
Coupling methods
1. Radiated coupling
EMI propagates by radiation in the same way
as antenna. It emits energy in the form of
electromagnetic waves
Radiation due to electric field
Radiation due to magnetic field
Radiation due to electromagnetic field
2. Conductive coupling
Electric coupling
V1
Et
Electric
field
2
Impedance
to ground
Physical
representation
2
c12
V1
Z2
Equivalent
Circuit
When two circuits are coupled by an electric field, the coupling can be
represented by a capacitor
9
Magnetic coupling
Conductor 1 with
Current Is
Is
Physical
representation
Conductor 2
Magnetic
field
M12
Vn
Is
Equivalent
Circuit
When two circuits are coupled by an magnetic field, the coupling can be
represented by a mutual inductance.
10
Conducted and Radiated noise

Motor supply leads
carrying noise current
Conductively
Coupled noise
R
Y
B
Power
converter
Circuit 1
Low level
Circuit 1
Circuit 2
Low level
Circuit 2
DC
Motor
EMI REDUCTION TECHNIQUES
EMI filtering
Grounding & Shielding
Isolation
Separation & Orientation
ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATBILITY
(EMC)
EMC Standards
(a) Emblem of European standard for EMC (b) Emblem of

FCC standard
Measurements of Radio
Interference Voltage
Noise generated in the radio
frequency band may be measured:
by the radio frequency line to ground
voltage known as the radio influence
voltage or RIV (in laboratory)
as an interfering field by means of an
antenna known as the radiated radio
interference voltage or RI (field
investigation)
Circuit for RIV measurement
C2- coupling capacitor

L2- Choke
L1,C1- Filter
Radio noise meter portable radio receiver
Test Circuits for the

Measurements
The RIV meter calibrated as per standards
The important components of the circuits are:
The radio frequency choke to limit the loss of the RIV
voltage and to conduct energy from the sample. The
choke itself should be free from noise, and its
impedance should be less than 1500
The coupling capacitor C (< 0.001 F); it should be
free from noise in the operating range and the
resistance of R should be equal to 800.
Coaxial cable (CA): A coaxial cable of characteristic
impedance 185 shall be connected between the
resistance R and the radio noise meter.
Surge Diverter
Voltage surge A sudden rise in voltage
for a very short duration on the power
system is known as voltage surge.
Causes- lightning, Switching surges
Surge diverter is a protective device
which conducts high voltage surges on a
power system to ground.
Rod Gap Surge diverter
Tests on Surge Diverters

Power Frequency Spark-over Test:
The arrester has to withstand at least
1.5 times the rated value of the
voltage for five successive
applications.
Both dry and wet conditions are
tested
100% Standard Impulse Spark-over Test:
To ensure that the diverter operates

positively
Std. impulse voltage of a pre-set
magnitude specified in the
specifications applied
Arrester has to spark-over every time in
each of the ten successive applications
Both positive and negative polarity
waveforms applied
Front of Wave Spark-over

Test
To ensure that diverter flashes over for very
steep fronted waves of high peaks
1OO kV/ s, per 12 kV of the rating is used
The test is done by conducting hundred per cent
spark-over voltage test for increasing
magnitudes of the standard impulse wave.
The time to spark-over is measured.
Intersection of the V-t characteristic and the line
with slope of the virtual steepness of the front
gives the front of a wave spark-over voltage.
Residual Voltage Test

Conducted on pro-rated diverters of ratings in the
range 3 to 12 kV only.
The voltage developed across the Non-Linear Resistor
units (NLR) during the flow of surge currents through
the arrester is-called the 'residual voltage
Standard impulse currents are applied and voltage
developed across the diverter is recorded with CRO
Graph is drawn between the current magnitudes and
the voltage developed across the diverter pro-rated
unit
Residual voltage corresponding to the exact rated
current is obtained from the graph
High Current Impulse Test on Surge

Diverters
Current impulse wave of 4/10 s of peak value
is applied
Two such applications are done on the units
under test with sufficient time for cooling
The unit is said to pass the test, if:
the power frequency spark-over voltage before and
after the test does not differ by more than 10%
the voltage and current waveforms of the diverter do
not differ significantly in the two applications, and
the non-linear resistance elements in the diverter do
not show any sign of puncture or external flashover.
Long Duration Impulse

Current Test
A
rectangular impulse wave generated
by an artificial transmission line with
lumped inductances and capacitances.
Duration of the current pulse depends
on number of stages LC section
t = 2(n -1) , n = no. of stages
20 applications are made with specified

current in five groups.
The diverter is said to have passed

the test, if :
the power frequency spark-over voltage
before and after the application of the
current wave does not differ by 10%
the voltage across the diverter at the first
and the last application does not differ by
more than 8%, and
there is no sign of puncture or other
damage
Operating Duty Cycle Test

Gives better closeness to actual conditions
Diverter is kept energized at its rated power
frequency supply voltage
The rated impulse current wave is applied first at a
phase angle of about 30 from the a.c. voltage zero.
If the power frequency follow-on current is not
established, the angle at which current wave is
applied is advanced in steps of 10 up to 90 or the
peak position of the supply voltage wave till the
follow-on current is established.
During the follow-on current period, the peak
voltage across the diverter should be less than or
equal to the rated peak voltage.
Operating Duty Cycle Test

Gives better closeness to actual conditions
Diverter is kept energized at its rated power
frequency supply voltage
The rated impulse current wave is applied first at a
phase angle of about 30 from the a.c. voltage zero.
If the power frequency follow-on current is not
established, the angle at which current wave is
applied is advanced in steps of 10 up to 90 or the
peak position of the supply voltage wave till the
follow-on current is established.
During the follow-on current period, the peak
voltage across the diverter should be less than or
equal to the rated peak voltage.
Twenty applications of the impulse current at

the selected points on the voltage wave are
made in four groups.
The arrester is said to have passed the test,
if:
the average power frequency spark-over voltage
before and after the test does not differ by more
than 10%
the residual voltage at the rated current does not
vary by more than 10%
the follow-on power frequency current is
interrupted each time
no significant change, signs of flashover, or
puncture occurs to the pro-rated unit
Other Tests
Mechanical tests like porosity test,

temperature cycle tests, and others
Pressure relief test
The voltage withstand test on the
insulator housing of the diverter
The switching surge flashover test
The pollution tests

Radio Interference

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Radio Interference

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Radio Interference

Conducted and Radiated noise

EMI REDUCTION TECHNIQUES

(a) Emblem of European standard for EMC (b) Emblem of

Circuit for RIV measurement

C2- coupling capacitor

Test Circuits for the

Rod Gap Surge diverter

Tests on Surge Diverters

100% Standard Impulse Spark-over Test:

To ensure that the diverter operates

Front of Wave Spark-over

Residual Voltage Test

High Current Impulse Test on Surge

Long Duration Impulse

20 applications are made with specified

The diverter is said to have passed

Operating Duty Cycle Test

Operating Duty Cycle Test

Twenty applications of the impulse current at

Mechanical tests like porosity test,

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