1. Describe the methods of science, plan and conduct an experiment, publish or present your findings.

2. Explain what is meant by a scientific theory. How does this differ from a Law or the way "theory" is used in
everyday language. Why is evolution considered a unifying theory?
3. What are the limitations of science? What subjects are outside the realm of science? How is logical thought
applied to scientific method.
4. Define the characteristics of life, and how those traits can be applied to unknown objects.
5. Explain how life maintains a high degree of organization (cell --> population --> biosphere)
6. Discuss how taxonomy is used to organize and study organisms found in the natural world. What are the six
kingdoms and what are their main traits? How are species named?
*Key terms*
Domain
Etymology
Adaptation
Homeostasis
Biodiversity
Protostome versus Deuterostome
Bilateral versus Radial Symmetry
Phylogenetic Tree (Phylogeny)
Emergent Property
7. Identify the basic elements of living organisms, review the periodic table (atomic mass, atomic number, isotope,
isomer)
8. Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds; list the four macromolecules important to life
9. Describe water's unique properties and how those properties are essential for life on the planet
10. Understand the pH scale, redox reactions, hydrolysis and deyhdration reactions
11. Explain how the laws of thermodynamics apply to biological systems.
12. Investigate enzyme structure and function; describe how enzymes work using models and discuss how reaction
rates can be affected by temperature and pH.
Describe an experiment that would test the reaction rate of an enzyme.

Chapter 1
Overview: Inquiring About Life
Organisms are adapted to the environments they live in.
These adaptations are the result of evolution, the fundamental organizing principle of biology and the core
theme of this book.
Posing questions about the living world and seeking science-based answers are the central activities of biology,
the scientific study of life.
Biologists ask a wide variety of ambitious questions.
They may ask how a single cell becomes a tree or a dog, how the human mind works, or how the living things
in a forest interact.
Biologists can help answer questions that affect our lives in practical ways.
What is life?
The phenomenon of life defies a simple, one-sentence definition.
We recognize life by what living things do.
Concept 1.1 The themes of this book make connections across different areas of biology.
Theme 1: New properties emerge at each level in the biological hierarchy.
Reductionism is a powerful strategy in biology.
Theme 2: Organisms interact with other organisms and the physical environment.
Theme 3: Life requires energy transfer and transformation.
Theme 4: Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization.
Theme 5: Cells are an organisms basic units of structure and function.
Theme 6: The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA.
The library of genetic instructions that an organism inherits is called its genome.
Theme 7: Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems.
Theme 8: Evolution is the overarching theme of biology.
Concept 1.2 The Core Theme: Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life.


Living things show both diversity and unity.
there are three even higher levels of classification: the domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
The first two domains, domain Bacteria and domain Archaea, consist of prokaryotes.
Most prokaryotes are single-celled and microscopic.
All the eukaryotes are now grouped in domain Eukarya.
Domain Eukarya includes the three kingdoms of multicellular eukaryotes, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia,
distinguished partly by their modes of nutrition.
Concept 1.3 In studying nature, scientists make observations and then form and test hypotheses.
Scientists plan careful observations.
Observations can lead to important conclusions based on inductive reasoning.
A type of logic called deduction is built into hypothesis-based science.
We can explore the scientific method.
Concept 1.4 Science benefits from a cooperative approach and diverse viewpoints
Both science and technology are functions of society.
Diverse viewpoints have value in science.

1. All of the following are carbohydrates EXCEPT:
a) starch
b) glycogen
c) chitin
d) cholesterol

2. The structure contains which functional group


a) aldehyde
b) ketone
c) amino
d) carboxyl

3. Fatty acids that are unsaturated have:
a) an amino group
b) a double bond
c) an excess of protons
d) a carboxyl group
4. The structure below is a:

a) monosaccharide
b) disaccharide
c) lipid
d) polymer



5. Which of the following can have a quaternary structure?
a) fatty acid
b) protein
c) polysaccharide
d) DNA

6. An organic compound is one that:
a) contains carbon
b) is slightly acidic
c) forms long chains
d) is soluble in water

7. Which of the following elements is the LEAST abundant in living organisms?
a) oxygen
b) nitrogen
c) phosphorous
d) sodium

8. Which of the following is used in PET scans?
a) uranium
b) ions
c) isotopes
d) steroids

9. Carbon can form ___ separate bonds with other elements?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4

10. The cohesion of water is caused by:
a) ionic bonds
b) hydrophobic compounds
c) hydrogen bonds
d) covalent bondsGoals of the Unit
Chapter 2
Overview: A Chemical Connection to Biology
Living organisms and the world they live in are subject to the basic laws of physics and chemistry.
Biology is a multidisciplinary science, drawing on insights from other sciences.
Life can be organized into a hierarchy of structural levels.
o Atoms are organized into molecules, and molecules are organized into cells.
o At each successive level, additional emergent properties appear.
o Somewhere in the transition from molecules to cells, we go from nonlife to life.
Concept 2.1 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds
Matter
element
compound
Twenty-five chemical elements are essential for life.
Concept 2.2 An elements properties depend on the structure of its atoms
Atom
Neutrons
Protons
Electrons
Atomic nucleus
Dalton


Atomic number
mass number
atomic mass
isotopes.
Electron configuration influences the chemical behavior of an atom.
electron shells.
o The first shell, closest to the nucleus, has the lowest potential energy.
o Electrons in outer shells have higher potential energy.
Valence shell
Valence electrons
Concept 2.3 The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms
Chemical bonds
Covalent bond
Molecule
Single bond
Double covalent bond
Electronegativity
Nonpolar covalent bond
Polar covalent bond
Ionic bond
Ions
cations
Anions
Ionic compounds
Salts
Weak chemical bonds play important roles in the chemistry of life.
Hydrogen bonds
van der Waals interactions.
A molecules biological function is related to its shape.
Concept 2.4 Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds
Chapter 3
Overview: The Molecule That Supports All of Life
Because water is the substance that makes life possible on Earth, astronomers hope to find evidence of water on
newly discovered planets orbiting distant stars.
Water is the substance that makes life on Earth possible.
All organisms are made mostly of water and live in an environment dominated by water.
Water is the only common substance in the natural environment that exists in all three physical states
of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.
Water is also unusual in that the solid state (ice) floats on the liquid state (water). This rare and
important property emerges from the chemistry of water.
Three-quarters of Earths surface is covered by water.
Life on Earth began in water and evolved there for 3 billion years before colonizing land.
Even terrestrial organisms are tied to water.
Most cells are surrounded by water.
Cells are 7095% water.
Water is a reactant in many of the chemical reactions of life.
Concept 3.1 Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding
polar molecule
Concept 3.2 Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earths suitability for life
Organisms depend on the cohesion of water molecules.
cohesion.
Adhesion
Surface tension
Water moderates temperatures on Earth.
kinetic energy


Heat
Temperature
Water has a high specific heat.
specific heat
Waters high heat of vaporization has many effects.
o Waters high heat of vaporization moderates climate.
o Much of the suns heat absorbed by tropical oceans is used for the evaporation of surface water.
o As moist tropical air moves to the poles, water vapor condenses to form rain, releasing heat.
o evaporative cooling.
Oceans and lakes dont freeze solid because ice floats on water.
Ice floating on water has important consequences for life.
o If ice sank, eventually all ponds, lakes, and even oceans would freeze solid.
o During the summer, only the upper few centimeters of oceans would thaw.
o Instead, the surface layer of ice insulates the liquid water below, preventing it from freezing and
allowing life to exist under the frozen surface.
o Ice also provides solid habitat for Arctic animals like polar bears and seals.
Water is the solvent of life.
Solution
o Solvent
o Solute
Aqueous solution
o hydrophilic
o hydrophobic
o molarity.
Concept 3.3 Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms
o hydrogen ion (H
+
).
o hydroxide ion (OH

).
o hydronium ion (H
3
O
+
).
H
2
O H
+
+ OH
-

The pH scale is used to describe how acidic or basic a solution is.
acid
base.
pH
Organisms are sensitive to changes in pH.
Buffers resist changes in the pH of a solution when H
+
or OH

is added to the solution.

a. Buffers accept hydrogen ions from the solution when they are in excess and donate hydrogen ions
when they have been depleted.
b. Buffers typically consist of a weak acid and its corresponding base.
c. One important buffer in human blood and other biological solutions is carbonic acid (H
2
CO
3
),
formed when CO
2
reacts with water in blood plasma.
Carbonic acid dissociates to yield a bicarbonate ion (HCO
3
-
) and a hydrogen ion (H
+
).
The chemical equilibrium between carbonic acid and bicarbonate acts as a pH regulator.
The equilibrium shifts left or right as other metabolic processes add or remove H
+
from the solution.
Acidification of rivers, lakes, seas, and rain threatens the environment.

Chapter 4
Overview: CarbonThe Backbone of Life
Although cells are 7095% water, the rest consists of mostly carbon-based compounds.
Carbon enters the biosphere when photosynthetic organisms use the suns energy to transform
CO
2
into organic molecules, which are taken in by plant-eating animals.
Carbon accounts for the diversity of biological molecules, which has made possible the wide
variety of living things.
Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules that distinguish living matter from inorganic
material are all composed of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to atoms of other elements.


These other elements commonly include hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S),
and phosphorus (P).
Concept 4.1 Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
vitalism
Stanley Miller
Concept 4.2 Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms
Molecular diversity arises from variations in the carbon skeleton.
Hydrocarbons are organic molecules that consist of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures and,
therefore, different chemical properties.
Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangement of
atoms.
Cis-trans isomers have the same covalent partnerships but differ in the spatial arrangement of
atoms around a carbon-carbon double bond.
Enantiomers are molecules that are mirror images of each other.
Concept 4.3 A few chemical groups are key to the functioning of biological molecules
functional groups
A hydroxyl group (OH
A carbonyl group (>C=O)
aldehyde.
ketone.
A carboxyl group (C=OOH)
An amino group (NH
2
)
A sulfhydryl group (SH) thiols.
A phosphate group (OPO
3
2
)
ATP is an important source of energy for cellular processes.
Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP,
Chapter 5
Overview: The Molecules of Life
Within all cells, small organic molecules are joined together to form larger molecules.
All living things are made up of four main classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
and nucleic acids.
These large macromolecules may consist of thousands of covalently bonded atoms, some with mass
greater than 100,000 daltons.
Biochemists have determined the detailed structures of many macromolecules, which exhibit unique
emergent properties arising from the orderly arrangement of their atoms.
Concept 5.1 Most macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
dehydration reaction.
hydrolysis,
An immense variety of polymers can be built from a small number of monomers.
Concept 5.2 Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material
Carbohydrates
Sugars, the smallest carbohydrates, serve as fuel and a source of carbon.
Monosaccharides
glycosidic linkage
disaccharide
Polysaccharides, the polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles.
Polysaccharides.


Starch
glycogen.
Cellulose
Concept 5.3 Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
Fats store large amounts of energy.
saturated fatty acid
unsaturated fatty acid.
Phospholipids are major components of cell membranes.
Steroids include cholesterol and certain hormones.
Steroids
Cholesterol
Concept 5.4 Proteins have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions
polypeptides.
protein
Amino acids are the monomers from which proteins are constructed.
Amino acids
peptide bond.
Repeating the process over and over creates a polypeptide chain.
At one end is an amino acid with a free amino group (the N-terminus), and at the other end is an
amino acid with a free carboxyl group (the C-terminus).
Polypeptides range in size from a few monomers to thousands.
Each polypeptide has a unique linear sequence of amino acids.
Scientists have determined the amino acid sequences of polypeptides.
Protein conformation determines protein function.
primary structure
secondary structure
helix,
pleated sheet.
Tertiary structure is determined by interactions among various R groups.
These interactions include hydrogen bonds between polar and/or charged areas, ionic bonds
between charged R groups, and hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals interactions
among hydrophobic R groups.
Quaternary structure
Concept 5.5 Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information
There are two types of nucleic acids: RNA and DNA.
ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
A nucleic acid strand is a polymer of nucleotides.
nucleotide
Pyrimidines have a single six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms.
There are three different pyrimidines: cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).
Thymine is found only in DNA and uracil is found only in RNA.
Purines have a six-membered ring joined to a five-membered ring.
The two purines are adenine (A) and guanine (G).
ribose
deoxyribose
Inheritance is based on replication of the DNA double helix.
We can use DNA and proteins as tape measures of evolution.



WORD BANK
Amino acids, animals, Carbohydrates, Cell membrane, Cholesterol, DNA, Disaccharide, Egg yolk, Energy storage, Enzymes, Fats, Fatty acid,
Fructose, Glucose, Glycogen, Hemoglobin, Hormones, Insulin, Lactose, Lipids, Monosaccharide, Nitrogen Base, Nucleotide, Nucleic Acids,
Phosphate Group, Phospholipid, Plants, Polypeptides, Polysaccharides, Proteins, Saturated, Starch, Steroids, Sucrose, Unsaturated, 4 rings of
carbon, 5 carbon sugar