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    Hill Roads 073 Old

    Uploaded by

    Rajesh Khadka
    This document discusses key considerations for designing and constructing hill roads. It covers selecting road alignment, special geometric standards like gradient and hairpin bends, cross-section design, and ensuring slope stability. Factors that affect alignment selection include temperature, rainfall, wind, geology, and whether the route follows a river valley (river route) or ridge (ridge route). River routes are often more gentle but require bridges, while ridge routes involve steep grades and sharp curves. Proper drainage, retaining structures, and avoiding over-steepened slopes are also important.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Hill Roads 073 Old

    Uploaded by

    Rajesh Khadka
    2K views22 pages
    This document discusses key considerations for designing and constructing hill roads. It covers selecting road alignment, special geometric standards like gradient and hairpin bends, cross-section design, and ensuring slope stability. Factors that affect alignment selection include temperature, rainfall, wind, geology, and whether the route follows a river valley (river route) or ridge (ridge route). River routes are often more gentle but require bridges, while ridge routes involve steep grades and sharp curves. Proper drainage, retaining structures, and avoiding over-steepened slopes are also important.

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    This document discusses key considerations for designing and constructing hill roads. It covers selecting road alignment, special geometric standards like gradient and hairpin bends, cross-section design, and ensuring slope stability. Factors that affect alignment selection include temperature, rainfall, wind, geology, and whether the route follows a river valley (river route) or ridge (ridge route). River routes are often more gentle but require bridges, while ridge routes involve steep grades and sharp curves. Proper drainage, retaining structures, and avoiding over-steepened slopes are also important.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    2K views22 pages

    Hill Roads 073 Old

    Uploaded by

    Rajesh Khadka
    This document discusses key considerations for designing and constructing hill roads. It covers selecting road alignment, special geometric standards like gradient and hairpin bends, cross-section design, and ensuring slope stability. Factors that affect alignment selection include temperature, rainfall, wind, geology, and whether the route follows a river valley (river route) or ridge (ridge route). River routes are often more gentle but require bridges, while ridge routes involve steep grades and sharp curves. Proper drainage, retaining structures, and avoiding over-steepened slopes are also important.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 22

    5.

    Hill Roads

    Topics As Per Syllabus


    5.1

    Introduction

    5.2

    Special Consideration in Hill Roads

    5.2.1 Alignment of Hill Road Design: General


    Consideration, Route Location in Hills, Gradient,
    Design and Types of Hair Pin Bends, Different Types of
    Hill Road Cross-sections
    5.3

    Special Structures in Hill Roads

    5.3.1 Types of Retaining Structures, River Training


    Structures, Landslide Stabilization Structures and

    1. Introduction
    A hill road is usually defined on the basis of terrain.
    As per NRS the cross slope may be classified as:

    Road which passes through with a cross slope of 25% or more i.e.
    mountainous or steep is termed as Hill Road.
    Hill road-one which passes through terrain with cross slope of 25% or
    more.
    There are sections along hill road with cross slope less than 25%, esp.
    when the road follows river route.
    It is the overall terrain that must be considered.

    Why Hill Road in Nepal?


    Nepal area = 140,000 sq. km approx.
    66% covered with thinly/sparsely populated hills, mountains.
    90% population reside in hilly areas and depends on agro products.
    Waterways, railways, airways - difficult
    Hilly Regions Extremes of Climatic Conditions, Difficult and Hazardous
    Terrain, Topography and Vast High Altitude Areas
    Challenges of Hilly Areas: Floods, Landslides, Snowfall, etc. Fairly Weathered
    Roads Possible
    But Hilly Areas Rich: in Natural Resources, Flora and Fauna Important to
    launch development Projects (e.g. Hydropower, etc.), tourism, etc.
    For Transport, Economy, Social Reasons Justify the Construction of Hill Roads
    in the Hilly Regions.
    Where Tunnels, Viaduct Possible but Not Economical

    5.2
    Special Consideration in
    Hill Roads

    5.2.1 Design and Construction Problems of


    Hill Roads
    Characterized by a highly broken relief with widely differing elevations
    and steep slopes, deep gorges and several watercourses
    unnecessarily increase in road length
    Complex geology - different rock bed- geology differs from place to
    place assessment for road foundation is not easy
    Environmental impact - removal of vegetation etc. - stable slope may
    change to unstable slope after road construction
    Great Variation in hydrological condition [ground water condition] vary
    from place to place may lead to damages after road construction
    New earth fill for road embankment may overload the relatively weak
    underlying soil layer on hill slope may trigger new and recurrent
    slides

    Requires installation of various types of special various road


    structures - cost may rise upto 50 - 60% of total construction
    Steep slopes high speed of surface runoff - provision of
    erosion protection works
    Construction along relatively small approach stretches
    different construction technology may be needed
    Need of special safety precaution during construction
    Variations of climatic conditions - precipitation [rain and snow]
    , velocity of wind etc. - need considerations
    Frequent blasting
    Design of hairpin bends to get heights


    ,
    http://bit.ly/1P8Nrd2

    5.2.2

    Special Consideration in Hill Roads

    1. Selection of Road Alignment


    2. Special Geometric Standards (Gradient and Hari Pin Bends)
    3. Cross-section Design
    4. Design of Drainage Structures (Special Structures may
    Require)
    5. Stability of Slopes

    1. Selection of Road Alignment


    Alignment through hilly areas is slightly different from
    aligning through a flat terrain.
    For the purpose of efficient and safe operation of vehicles
    through a hilly terrain special care should be taken while
    aligning the highway.
    Alignment should be - short, easy, economical & safe

    Alignment survey
    Reconnaissance Tentative alignment after map study-topographical,
    geological and meteorological
    Trace cut route selected in step 1 is translated on the ground to
    provide an access for subsequent detailed survey. A 11.2 m wide track is constructed with easier gradient

    Detailed survey
    Fixing of bench marks
    Cross section and longitudinal sections 15 m on straight, 30
    m at sharp curves
    Design of horizontal curves and hair pin bends
    Soil investigation, geology, hydrology study

    2. Special Geometric Standards


    The geometric standards followed in hilly areas are
    different from those in at terrain.
    The alignment chosen should enable the ruling gradient
    to be attained in minimum of the length, minimizing
    steep gradient, hairpin bends and needless rise and fall.

    3. Cross-section Design

    4. Hill Side Drainage

    Adequate drainage facility should be provided across the


    road.
    Attempts should be made to align the roads in such a way
    where the number of cross drainage structures required are
    minimum.
    This will reduce the construction cost.

    5. Stability of Slopes
    For hilly areas, the road should be aligned through the side
    of the hill that is stable.
    The common problem with hilly areas is that of landslides.
    Excessive cutting and filling for road constructions give way
    to steepening of slopes which in turn will affect the stability.

    Factors Affecting Selection of Alignment in


    Mountainous and Hilly Areas
    Following points to be considered while aligning the hill roads:
    i) Temperature
    ) The temperature of air varies inversely with altitude.
    ) The temperature drop being about 0.5 0C per 100m of rise.
    ) Similarly, the amount of heat received by hill slopes varies enormously with their orientation
    in relation to the exposure to sun.
    ) Temperature - lower temperature in hill drop by 0.5 0C per 100m rise - slopes facing south
    and north
    ii) Rainfall
    ) The amount of rainfall in hilly region is inversely proportional to the altitude.
    ) In hilly regions, wind often flows along the valley and gorges, as consequence of which the
    rainfall in the valley is substantially higher than on high-lands and water-sheds.
    ) Also, maximum rainfall occurs in few months only. So these all uneven situation create the
    problem in construction and maintenance of the road.
    ) Rainfall- heavy rainfall affects construction and maintenance

    iii) Atmospheric pressure and Winds


    Atmospheric pressure is inversely proportional to altitude.
    At high altitudes, the velocity of wind is frequently coming at 25 30 m/s.
    The change in character of wind is due to appreciable difference of atmospheric pressure in
    valleys and on mountain passes.
    Wind-high wind velocity contribute to damage weathering of rocks, blowing away binding
    material in valley
    iv) Geological condition
    The tendency of sedimentary rocks is to slip under the influence of force parallel to the layer.
    The degree of stability of hill slopes depends upon the type of rock, the degree of strata
    inclination or dip, the occurrence of clay seem, the hardness of rock and presence of ground
    water.
    The instability of road may be due to ground water, landslides and unstable folds.
    v) Route location
    )The approach to the location of hill road alignment varies for the sections along the valley
    bottom and along the mountain pass.
    )The first is called river route and second is called ridge route.

    Route Location
    Hill road follow twist and turns- curves
    Location of alignment varies for sections along valley and mountain
    pass
    Alignment through valley - river route; mountain - ridge route
    A hill road may be only river route, ridge route or combination of
    both

    Most frequent Gentle slope

    River
    Route situated
    Serves rural
    settlement
    next to the water course
    Low vehicle operation cost

    Ridge Route
    Steep gradient, sharp curves including hair
    pin bends

    Availability
    of
    material and water

    construction

    Expensive rock works, successive


    mountain pass

    Route climbs up continuously from the


    valley till mountain pass and descends
    down

    Involves numerous horizontal


    curves, construction of large Construction of special structures, tunnels,
    snow fences etc.
    bridges
    Special retaining protection on
    hill sides
    River training works may be
    extensive- toe cutting, etc.

    Are most stable

    a) River Route
    The location of a route along the river valley is known as river
    route. River route is frequently used in hill road due to
    comparatively gentle gradient.
    - It is advantageous that availability of water and other
    construction material in vicinity.
    - However, a river route may involve numerous horizontal
    curves, construction of large bridges over tributaries and on
    stretches along steeply sloping hill sides.
    - It may also be necessary to construct special structures on
    hill side for the safe of road against landslides.

    b) Ridge Route
    A ridge route is characterized by very steep gradient,
    numerous sharp curves including hair pin bends and the
    expensive rock works.
    - The road usually follows the top section of the hill system and
    crosses successively mountain pass.
    - Geologically stable and comparatively mild slope sections are
    selected for the artificial development of the route.

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