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    Theories of Failure

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    Rajesh Khadka
    The document discusses various theories of mechanical failure: 1. Failure can occur due to excessive elastic or inelastic deformation, fracture, creep, fatigue, corrosion, or other reasons. 2. Common failure theories proposed in the 19th century were based on stress, strain, or energy reaching a limiting value. 3. Key failure theories discussed are maximum principal stress/strain, maximum shear stress, total strain energy, and maximum distortion energy theories. Each predicts failure based on limiting values of stress, strain, or energy.

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    Theories of Failure

    Uploaded by

    Rajesh Khadka
    233 views7 pages
    The document discusses various theories of mechanical failure: 1. Failure can occur due to excessive elastic or inelastic deformation, fracture, creep, fatigue, corrosion, or other reasons. 2. Common failure theories proposed in the 19th century were based on stress, strain, or energy reaching a limiting value. 3. Key failure theories discussed are maximum principal stress/strain, maximum shear stress, total strain energy, and maximum distortion energy theories. Each predicts failure based on limiting values of stress, strain, or energy.

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    The document discusses various theories of mechanical failure: 1. Failure can occur due to excessive elastic or inelastic deformation, fracture, creep, fatigue, corrosion, or other reasons. 2. Common failure theories proposed in the 19th century were based on stress, strain, or energy reaching a limiting value. 3. Key failure theories discussed are maximum principal stress/strain, maximum shear stress, total strain energy, and maximum distortion energy theories. Each predicts failure based on limiting values of stress, strain, or energy.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    233 views7 pages

    Theories of Failure

    Uploaded by

    Rajesh Khadka
    The document discusses various theories of mechanical failure: 1. Failure can occur due to excessive elastic or inelastic deformation, fracture, creep, fatigue, corrosion, or other reasons. 2. Common failure theories proposed in the 19th century were based on stress, strain, or energy reaching a limiting value. 3. Key failure theories discussed are maximum principal stress/strain, maximum shear stress, total strain energy, and maximum distortion energy theories. Each predicts failure based on limiting values of stress, strain, or energy.

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    of 7

    Theories of Failure

    Failure is generally perceived to be fracture or complete separation of a member. However, failure may
    also occur due to excessive deformation (elastic or inelastic) or a variety of other reasons.

    Failure Modes 3
    Excessive elastic
    Yielding Fracture
    deformation
     stretch, twist, or  plastic deformation at room  sudden fracture of brittle
    bending temperature materials
     buckling  creep at elevated  fatigue (progressive fracture)
     vibration temperatures  stress rupture at elevated
     yield stress is the important temperatures
    design factor  ultimate stress is the important
    design factor

    During the latter part of the 19th century and continuing up to the present, a number of basic failure
    theories were proposed and tested on a few materials. 1 Most of the theories were based on the
    assumption that failure occurs when some physical variable such as stress, strain, or energy reaches a
    limiting value.

    Deformation:

     Elastic deformation is temporary (reversible) and involves bond stretching.


     Plastic deformation is permanent (irreversible), and involves bond breaking.
     Fracture is catastrophic.

    http://www.matse.psu.edu/matse81/Spring%202003/LectureNotes/

    Classification System for Mechanical Failure Modes 4

    Commonly Observed Mechanical Failure Modes


    Force and/or Temperature-Induced Elastic Deformation
    Manifestations of Failure Yielding
    elastic deformation Brinnelling
    plastic deformation Ductile Rupture
    rupture or fracture Brittle Fracture
    material change Fatigue
    Failure-Inducing Agents Corrosion
    force Wear
    time Impact
    temperature Fretting
    reactive environment Creep
    Failure Locations Thermal Relaxation
    body type Stress Rupture
    surface type Thermal Shock
    Galling and Seizure
    Spalling
    Radiation Damage
    Buckling
    Creep Buckling
    Stress Corrosion
    Corrosion Wear
    Corrosion Fatigue
    Combined Creep and Fatigue

    Stress Theories

    Maximum Principal Stress Theory (Rankine, Lamé)

    Applied satisfactorily to many brittle materials, the theory is based on a limiting normal stress. Failure
    occurs when the normal stress reaches a specified upper limit. 1

    Failure is predicted when either of the


    principal stresses, σ1 or σ2, equals or
    exceeds the yield strength, σyp, of the
    material.3

    σ1 < σyp
    σ2 < σyp

    Examples
    Click on image for full size.
    Maximum Shear Stress Theory (Tresca, Guest, Coulomb)

    Applied satisfactorily to ductile materials, the theory is based on the concept of limiting shearing stress at
    which failure occurs.1

    Failure by yielding in a more complicated loading situation is assumed to occur when the maximum
    shearing stress in the material reaches a value equal to the maximum shearing stress in a tension test at
    yield.

    This yield criterion gives good agreement with experimental results for ductile materials; because of its
    simplicity, it is the most often used yield theory.2 The main objection to this theory is that it ignores the
    possible effect of the intermediate principal stress, σ2. However, only one other theory, the maximum
    distortional strain energy theory, predicts yielding better than does the Tresca theory, and the differences
    between the two theories are rarely more than 15%.

    Failure is predicted when any of


    the three shear stresses
    corresponding to the principal
    stresses, σ1,2, equals or exceeds
    the shear stress corresponding to
    the yield strength, σyp, of the
    material in uniaxial tension or
    compression.3

    Maximum Octahedral Shearing Stress Theory


    Failure by yielding in a more complicated loading situation is assumed to occur when the octahedral
    shearing stress in the material reaches a value equal to the maximum octahedral shearing stress in a
    tension test at yield.

    Plane stress case Uniaxial stress case

    Note: This theory gives the same results as the maximum distortion energy theory.

    Strain Theories

    Maximum Principal Strain Theory (Saint-Venant)

    The theory is based on the assumption that inelastic behavior or failure is governed by a specified
    maximum normal strain.1 Failure will occur at a particular part in a body subjected to an arbitrary state of
    strain when the normal strain reaches a limiting level.

    Failure is predicted when either of


    the principal strains, resulting
    from the principal stresses, σ1,2,
    equals or exceeds the maximum
    strain corresponding to the yield
    strength, σyp, of the material in
    uniaxial tension or compression.3

    σ1 - ν(σ2 + σ3) < σyp

    Total Strain Energy Theory (Beltrami-Haigh)

    Applicable to many types of materials, the theory predicts failure or inelastic action at a point when the
    strain energy per unit volume exceeds a specified limit.1
    Failure is predicted when the total
    strain energy associated with the
    principal stresses, σ1,2, equals or
    exceeds the total strain energy
    corresponding to that for the yield
    strength, σyp, of the material in
    uniaxial tension or compression.3

    σ12 + σ22 + σ32 -2ν(σ1σ2 + σ2σ3 +


    σ1σ3) < σyp2

    Maximum Distortion Energy Theory (Huber-Henky-von Mises)

    The theory is based on a limiting energy of distortion, i.e. energy associated with shear strains. 1

    Strain energy can be separated into energy associated with volume change and energy associated with
    distortion of the body. The maximum distortion energy failure theory assumes failure by yielding in a more
    complicated loading situation to occur when the distortion energy in the material reaches the same value
    as in a tension test at yield.

    This theory provides the best agreement between experiment and theory and, along the Tresca theory, is
    very widely used today.2

    Note: This theory gives the same results as the octahedral shear stress theory.
    Failure is predicted when the
    distortional energy associated
    with the principal stresses, σ1,2,
    equals or exceeds the distortional
    energy corresponding to that for
    the yield strength, σyp, of the
    material in uniaxial tension or
    compression.3

    0.5 ( (σ1 - σ2)2 + (σ2 - σ3)2 + (σ3 -


    σ1)2) < σyp2

    Summary

    Of the failure criteria, the Tresca is the most conservative for all materials, the von Mises the most
    representative for ductile materials, and the Rankine the best fit for brittle materials.3

    Laminated-Composite Failure Envelopes


    More on failure theories

    Below is a summary of two of most popular theories of failure applied to a simple uniaxial stress state and
    to a pure shear stress state.

    Failure Criteria
    Loading
    Theory Relationship
    Uniaxial Pure Shear
    Maximum principal stress σmax = σYP σmax = τYP τYP = σYP
    Maximum principal strain εmax = σYP / E εmax = 5τYP / 4E τYP = 0.8 σYP

    Maximum octahedral shear stress τYP = 0.577 σYP

    Maximum distortional energy density τYP = 0.577 σYP


    Maximum shear stress τmax = σYP / 2 τmax = τYP τYP = 0.5 σYP

    References

    1. Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites, by J. Bodig & B.A. Jayne, Krieger
    Publishing, 1993, pp. 314-5.
    2. The Science and Technology of Civil Engineering Materials, by J.F. Young, S. Mindess,
    R.J. Gray, & A. Bentur, Prentice Hall, 1998, pp. 115-7.
    3. "Failure Prediction and Avoidance," Experimental Stress Analysis Notebook, Issue 22,
    Dec. 1993, Measurements Group, pp. 6-11.
    4. Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design - Analysis Prediction Prevention, by J. A.
    Collins, John Wiley and Sons, 1981, pp. 6-8.

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