Topic 7 Basic Air Pollution Modelling

TOPIC 7
BASIC AIR POLLUTION/

DISPERSION MODELLING
Point Source Gaussian Plume

Model

Model

Model
Model Structure and Assumptions
pollutants released from a virtual point

source
advective transport by wind
dispersive transport (spreading) follows
normal (Gaussian) distribution away from
trajectory
constant emission rate
4

Model
Model Structure and Assumptions (cont)
wind speed constant with time and elevation

pollutant is conservative (no reaction)
pollutant is reflected by ground
terrain is flat and unobstructed
uniform atmospheric stability

Model
x, y,0, H
E
exp
s y s z u
1 y
2 s y
1
H
exp
s

2
Where = downwind concentration at

ground level (g/m3)
E = emission rate of pollutant (g/s)
sy,sz = plume standard deviations (m)
u = wind speed (m/s)
x, y, z, H = distances (m)
6

Model Effective Stack Height
H h H
where
H = Effective stack height (m)
h = height of physical stack (m)
H = plume rise (m)

Model Effective Stack Height
Hollands formula
Ts Ta
vs
2
H 1.5 2.68 10 P
u
Ta
where vs = stack velocity (m/s)

d = stack diameter (m)
u = wind speed (m)
P = pressure (kPa)
Ts = stack temperature (K)
Ta = air temperature (K)
8

Model Stability Categories

Model Horizontal Dispersion
10

Model Vertical Dispersion
11

Model Wind Speed Correction
Unless the wind speed at the virtual stack height

is known, it must be estimated from the ground
wind speed
z2
u2 u1
z1
where ux = wind speed at

elevation zx
p = empirical constant
12
Example 1
A stack in an urban area is emitting 80 g/s
of NO. It has an effective stack height of

100 m. The wind speed is 4 m/s at 10 m.
It is a clear summer day with the sun
nearly overhead. Estimate the ground
level concentration at a) 2 km downwind
on the centerline and b) 2 km downwind,
0.1 km off the centerline.
13
Example
1.
Determine stability class

Assume wind speed is 4 km at ground
surface. Description suggests strong
solar radiation.
Stability class B
14
Example
2.
Estimate the wind speed at the effective stack

height
Note: effective stack height given no need to
calculate using Hollands formula
z2
u2 u1
z1
100
4
10
0.15
5.65 m/s
15
Example
3.
Determine y and z
y = 290
z = 220
220
290
16
Example
4.
Determine concentration using Eq 11-12

a.
x = 2000, y = 0
80
1 0
1 100
C (2000,0)
exp
exp

(290)(220)(5.6)
2 290
2 220
2
C (2000,0) 6.43 10 5 g/m3 64.3 g/m3
17
Example
x = 2000, y = 0.1 km = 100 m
80
1
C (2000,100)
exp
(290)(220)(5.6)
2
100
1 100
exp

290
2 220
2
C(2000,100) = 6.06 X
g./m3
= 60.6 g/m3
18
Stack height
Tall stacks are no longer considered as
an acceptable alternative for controlling

emissions from electric power generating
plants.
19
Stack height
Recently this practice has become under attack on the basis that
discharge from the tall stack is more likely to result in long range
transport with associated problems of interregional and international
transport, fumigation and acid deposition.
It is argued that, to prevent these problems, pollutants must be

removed from the effluent gases so that, even if plume are
transported for long distances, they will not cause harm when their
constituent eventually reached ground level
If such clean-up of the emission takes place, the need for such tall
stacks disappeared. Despite these arguments, the taller the stacks,
the better the closer-in receptor surrounding the source are
protected from its effluents.
20
Stack height
The ability of tall stack to inject its plume into the upper air and
disperse its pollutants widely depends upon prevalent
meteorological conditions. Some conditions aid dispersion; others
retard it. Since these conditions are measurable and predictable,
intermittent and supplementary control system (ICS/SCS) have
been developed to utilize these released from the stack before
ground level limits exceeded.
This leads to the same objections to (ICS/SCS) as were noted

above to the use of tall stacks without a high level of pollutant
removal before emission. Therefore, here again it is argued that if a
high level of cleanup is used, the need to project the effluent into the
upper air is reduced and the benefits of an operating ICS/SCS
(which is costly) in lieu of installing more efficient pollutant removal
equipment disappear.
21

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What is the Point Source Gaussian Plume Model?

What is the Point Source Gaussian Plume Model?

What are the assumptions of the Point Source Gaussian Plume Model?

What are the assumptions of the Point Source Gaussian Plume Model?

TOPIC 7

BASIC AIR POLLUTION/

Point Source Gaussian Plume

Point Source Gaussian Plume

Point Source Gaussian Plume

pollutants released from a virtual point

Point Source Gaussian Plume

wind speed constant with time and elevation

Point Source Gaussian Plume

Where = downwind concentration at

Point Source Gaussian Plume

Point Source Gaussian Plume

where vs = stack velocity (m/s)

Point Source Gaussian Plume

Point Source Gaussian Plume

Point Source Gaussian Plume

Point Source Gaussian Plume

Unless the wind speed at the virtual stack height

where ux = wind speed at

of NO. It has an effective stack height of

Determine stability class

Estimate the wind speed at the effective stack

Determine concentration using Eq 11-12

C (2000,0) 6.43 10 5 g/m3 64.3 g/m3

an acceptable alternative for controlling

It is argued that, to prevent these problems, pollutants must be

This leads to the same objections to (ICS/SCS) as were noted

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