Production Logging: BY:-Vibhor Kansal R820212039 500023179 B.Tech Ape Gas

PRODUCTION
LOGGING
BY :Vibhor Kansal
R820212039
500023179
B.Tech APE GAS
What is PL?
Production logging encompasses a number of well logging techniques run

on completed injection or production wells, with the goal being to evaluate
the well itself or the reservoir performance. SPE Monograph 14, Production
Logging, Hill A.D.
The purpose of production logging is to provide the most detailed

knowledge possible of the nature and behavior of the fluids in the well
during production or injection
Production Log Interpretation, Schlumberger
What is PL?
Series of measurements that will allow the

determination of the fluid type and rate in the wellbore
as a function of depth
Downhole and (mostly) continuous
Steady state
Under dynamic conditions
PL applications
Production logs are now run for the purpose of:
Monitoring & controlling the reservoir
Analyzing dynamic well performance
Assessing productivity or injectivity of different zones
Diagnosing problem wells
Monitoring the results of a stimulation or completion
The term is sometimes extended to include logs run to measure the
physical condition of the well, completion and reservoir properties:
Cement bond
Pulse neutron logs
Corrosion logs
Radioactive tracer logs
Noise logs
PL can be used in all stages through the life of a well
Typical PL toolstring
Sondex MPLT
PL operations Surface readout
Risers
Grease seal
Electric line
BOP
Logging unit
PL sensor data recorded in

the surface computer
Depth and cable speed recorded
by surface computer
Power sent down the cable to the
tool
Sensor signals sent up the cable
continuously
PL job
Production rate
Up Passes
Down Passes
Full flow
Zero flow
PL data interpreted
D epth
f
t
8200
8300
8400
Interpretation # 1
246 TEMP P1,I1 [F]
256PPRE
0
P1,I1 [psia]
D R H O P1,I1 [ g/ c c ]
Density matc h
DRHO P1,I1 [g/ cc]
1.2
.. .
Veloc ity matc h

VAPP P1,I1 [ft/
min]
.. .
QZ T
1000
B/
D
QZ I
10000
-500
B/
D
750
0
Some factors affecting

production
Reservoir
Layer kh contrasts, damage
Fluids
Contacts and capillary pressures
Fractures (carbonates)
Wellbore
Cement
Leaks due to corrosion
Perforations off depth, ineffective, plugged
Relevance of additional information
Perforation and PL
Perforating parameters are important in PL
Interpretation.
Need to know:
Perforation intervals
Nice to know:
Shot density & phasing

Charge type - big hole/deep penetrating
Gun type casing gun, through tubing gun
Perforation performed overbalanced or under balanced
Perforation history - timeline
Need to discover:
Which perforations are producing

Are the perforations on depth, or are they even there at all?
Crossflow
Three layers were initially perforated
P1
P1>BHFP
BHFP
P2
P3
P2<BHFP
Layer 2 pressure has somehow

dropped. Possibly due to high
permeability, therefore experiencing
preferential production, and depleted
faster. Or maybe it was just a smaller
reservoir which has depleted prematurely.
A point was reached where the pressure
in layer 2 is lower than the BHFP
The Crossflow behavior into layer 2
should increase during shut in
P3>BHFP
Solutions:
Flow well at higher flowrate lower BHFP
Reperforate only layers 1 and 3
Recomplete layer 3 through a different tubing
than layer 2
Close off layer 2
Crossflow
SHUT IN
FLOWING
Zoned flow
Top Zone
- zones of widely differing
perforated
permeability,
but some
perforated
high permeability will flow
Perforations
but no flow
preferentially,
Top Zone
not flowing
low perm zones may not

flow at all
- perforations plugged,
Bottom Zone
debris from the perforation
perforated
gun, mud entering while
but some
perforating overbalanced,
perforations
crushed rock in the
not flowing
perforation tunnel
Fracture Production
Fractures
Some perforations are

crossing fractures
These give high flow rates,
and often strong jetting effects
The remaining perforations
may produce nothing
Fractures
Channeling
Bad Cement
The obvious reason for a channel

is a poor primary cement job
Original
GOC
Unwanted
channeled
gas flow behind
casing
This is repaired by a squeeze if

the channel is identified in
time
(before running the
completion and/or perforating)
Channels identified during
production logging are difficult to
repair, though modern cementing
technology can help.
Original
Unwanted channeled
OWC
water flow behind casing
Bad Cement
Cement Evaluation
There are a number of tools capable of measuring the cement quality:
Cement Bond Logging Acoustic
- transmitter & receiver
- looks at the average bond around the pipe (CBL)
- only tool to see the formation - cement
bond (VDL)
Radial Cement Bond Logging Acoustic
- as above but radially distributed transmitters/receivers
Pulse Echo Logging Ultrasonic (CAST, USI)
- uses casing resonance in its thickness mode
- images all around the casing
- has a corrosion measurement as well
Casing Leak
Leaks occur because
of corrosion in the
casing or tubing
Original
GOC
This can happen at any

time in the life of the well
Logs are used to
identify corroded pipe
Original
OWC
No Perforations
Unwanted fluid
Flow from leak (+ cement)
Corrosion
stress
Mechanical (stress, sand)

Chemical
Electrochemical
H2 S
CO2
Several tools to measure corrosion:

Corrosive
formation
fluids
bimetallism
Stagnant
fluids
Mechanical calipers
internal corrosion only
Imaging tools - ultrasonic
internal and external
Electromagnetic
internal and external
multiple strings
THANK YOU

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PRODUCTION

Production logging encompasses a number of well logging techniques run

The purpose of production logging is to provide the most detailed

Series of measurements that will allow the

Downhole and (mostly) continuous

Under dynamic conditions

PL operations Surface readout

PL sensor data recorded in

Veloc ity matc h

Some factors affecting

Layer kh contrasts, damage

Contacts and capillary pressures

Leaks due to corrosion

Perforations off depth, ineffective, plugged

Relevance of additional information

Shot density & phasing

Which perforations are producing

Layer 2 pressure has somehow

high permeability will flow

low perm zones may not

debris from the perforation

gun, mud entering while

crushed rock in the

Some perforations are

The obvious reason for a channel

This is repaired by a squeeze if

water flow behind casing

This can happen at any

Mechanical (stress, sand)

Several tools to measure corrosion:

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