NEBOSH IGC

ELEMENT-3
HEALTH AND SAFETY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS - DO

LEARNING OUTCOMES
3.1 Outline the health and safety roles and responsibilities of employers,
directors, managers, supervisors, workers and other relevant parties
3.2 Explain the concept of health and safety culture and its significance in
the management of health and safety in an organisation
3.3 Outline the human factors which influence behavior at work in a way that
can affect health and safety
3.4 Explain how health and safety behavior at work can be improved
3.5 Explain the principles and practice of risk assessment
3.6 Explain the preventive and protective measures
3.7 Identify the key sources of health and safety information

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LEARNING OUTCOMES
3.8 Explain what factors should be considered when developing and
implementing a safe system of work for general activities
3.9 Explain role and function of permit-to-work system
3.10
Outline the need for emergency procedures and the arrangements for
contacting emergency services
3.11
Outline requirements for, and effective provision of, first aid in the
workplace.

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3.1 ORGANIZATIONAL
HEALTH & SAFETY ROLES
AND RESPONSIBILITIES
EMPLOYERS, DIRECTORS,
MANAGERS, SUPERVISORS,
WORKERS AND OTHER
RELEVANT PARTIES
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ORGANISATIONAL ROLES OF
DIRECTORS/MANAGERS/SUPER
VISORS

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EMPLOYERS RESPONSIBILITY
In addition to the roles and responsibilities,
employers owes a duty of care to: His own employees, to ensure their health and safety
Other workers who might be working with in his work
place but not are his direct employees, eg. Casual
workers, agency workers, contractors, etc.
Continue.

EMPLOYERS RESPONSIBILITY
Workers who are not his employees and are not
working in his work place, but carrying out work on his
behalf, eg. Contractors installing a piece of machinery
on behalf of the employer at a clients premises
People who might be at his work place but no carrying
out work on his behalf, eg. Visitors, supplier, venders
etc.
People who might be out side his work place, but
affected by his work activities, eg. Members of the
public who passing by

EMPLOYERS RESPONSIBILITY

Safe Place of Work

Safe Plant and Equipment

Safe access and egress should be provided.

The need to inspect, service and replace machinery will depend on the level
of risk. Properly maintained plant and equipment is a general duty.

Safe System of Work

System should be safe in all circumstances.

Workers must be competent in using the safe system.

Appropriate review, planning and control ensure continued safety of

methods.

Training and Supervision to Ensure Competency

This ensures that all staff remain competent.

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TOP MANAGEMENT
DEMONSTRATING
COMMITMENT BY
Health and Safety policy is put in place
Ensuring availability of resources so the H&S Management
System (sufficient fund and competent personal) is established,
implemented and maintained
Defining roles and responsibilities -the right organizational
structures with clear roles and responsibilities are put in place
Appointing member of senior management appointed with
specific responsibilities for health and safety
Appointing one or more competent persons and adequate
resources to provide assistance in meeting the organizations
health and safety obligations (including specialist help where
necessary)
Role in reviewing health and safety performance of the
organization on a regular basis
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ORGANISATIONAL H&S ROLES OF

DIRECTORS
MIDDLE MANAGERS AND
They are specifically SUPERVISORS
responsible for ensuring the following:
The health and safety policy is monitored and reviewed.
SSWs are implemented.
Safety equipment is properly supplied, maintained and used.
Workers are trained and competent to carry out work.
Company workers do not create a risk to others.
Contractor work will not put others at risk.
Arrangements are made and maintained for accident reporting,
first-aid, fire precautions, etc.
Accidents/dangerous occurrences are investigated and
preventative actions are recommended (by a Safety Advisor).
Legal records are legally maintained and inspected.
Appropriate training arrangements are made.

 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

OF MIDDLE MANAGERS AND
SUPERVISORS, PERSONS WITH
PRIMARY HEALTH AND SAFETY
FUNCTIONS, WORKERS,
PERSONS CONTROLLING
PREMISES AND PLANT, SELFEMPLOYED, SUPPLIERS,
MANUFACTURERS AND
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MIDDLE MANAGERS AND

SUPERVISORS FOR THE H&S
OF WORKERS
Setting an example by working and acting safely

Take training concerning duties and responsibilities of

health and safety

Follow the policy and ensuring workers also follow it

Finding adequate resources for health and safety

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MIDDLE MANAGERS AND

SUPERVISORS FOR THE H&S
OF WORKERS

Conducting regular inspections, group meetings and

other health and safety activities
Ensuring workers are properly orientated and trained
Creating awareness among workers in health and
safety
Establishing and enforcing safe work procedures, rules
and practices

13

MIDDLE MANAGERS AND

SUPERVISORS FOR THE H&S
OF WORKERS
Holding workers accountable for their performance
Identifying the reasons for accidents, dangerous
occurrences and other deviations from safe practices
and taking corrective action
Responding to workers promptly and creating an
environment where workers are encouraged to bring
forward the deviations noticed by them
Cooperating with the occupational health & safety
committee.
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PERSONS WITH PRIMARY H&S

FUNCTIONS
Role and function depends on size and hazardous nature of
organisation.

Responsibilities will include:

Supervision of H&S programmes.

Promotion of a positive H&S culture.

Making others aware of legal obligations.

Responsibilities of others, such as first-aiders.

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PERSONS WITH PRIMARY H&S

FUNCTIONS
Provide advice and guidance on health and safety
standards
Promote a positive health and safety culture
Advice the management in accident prevention
Developing and implementing policy
Overseeing

the

development

of

adequate

assessments
Identify the training needs
Monitoring health and safety performance
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risk

WORKERS
RESPONSIBILITIES

They are responsible for their own health and safety

and that of other people who might be affected by the
thing they do and the things that they fail to do
Comply with safety instructions and procedures
Use all safety equipments in a proper way
Report any situation which they believe could be a
hazard and which they can not themselves correct
Report any work related accident or ill-health
Have the responsibility to co-operate with their
employer, when they are at work

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WORKERS RIGHTS
As far as possible, to have any risks to his health and
safety properly controlled
To be provided, free of charge, with personal protective
and safety equipments
If he has reasonable concerns about his safety, to stop
work and leave his work area, without being disciplined
to tell his employer about any health and safety
concerns
To have rest breaks during the working day, to have
time off from work during the working week, and to
have annual paid holiday

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PERSONS CONTROLLING
PREMISES AND PLANT
A person or organisation can make a workplace
available for other people to work in and yet not be
those workers employer, eg. a building owner has a
commercial building and leases space in that building
to various other organizations for them to use as
offices. In this instance the owner or agency is not the
employer, but referred to as the controllers of the
premises.

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PERSONS CONTROLLING
PREMISES AND PLANT
Controllers of premises will be responsible for certain
health and safety matters that are within the control
but not for matters that are outside of their control, eg.
they will be
responsible for the
outer fabric of the building, entrance and external fire
escape routes, but not for the safety of a photocopier
that belongs to one of their tenants which is used in
that tenants office.
Controllers of premises are responsible for ensuring: The premises are safe to use as workplace
Access to and from the workplace is safe

PERSONS CONTROLLING
PREMISES AND PLANT
Persons in control of premises for the health and safety
of those who are not directly employed by the
organisation using the premises as a place of work and
for those using plant or substances provided, eg,
contractors.
Some companies may share a building and duties may
rest on a number of people or bodies.
Tenancy agreements may be used to define roles of
individuals or bodies.
Responsibility rests with both the Owner and the User.

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SELF-EMPLOYED
They have similar duties to the employer. They are
individuals working without a contract of employment.
They owe a duty of care to themselves as well as to others.

They should:
Take reasonable care to protect their own
health and safety in carrying out their
business.
Take reasonable care to protect the health and
safety of others affected by their work.
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Responsibilities of Suppliers,
Manufacturers and Designers of
Articles and Substances The
Supply
Chain
have some legal responsibilities similar to those

They
of
an employer. Duty is to all others in the supply chain to
provide health and safety related informations of the
products to customers.
Article 12 of ILO Convention C155 - places an
obligation on national governments to legislate and
control designers, manufacturers and suppliers of articles
and substances.

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RESPONSIBILITIES OF
SUPPLIERS, MANUFACTURERS
AND DESIGNERS OF ARTICLES
AND SUBSTANCES THE SUPPLY
CHAINand tested so as to be
Is adequately designed, constructed
safe for its intended purpose

Substances are safe and without risks to health.

Carry out product testing.
Supply customer (end user) with appropriate instructions and
information about safe use & keep customer up-to-date of
ensuing (resultant) risks.
Carry out research to minimise risks.
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SUPPLIER OF SUBSTANCES
Similar obligations rest on manufacturers and
suppliers of chemicals, i.e:
Ensure that product is, so far as possible, safe taking into account the natural properties.
Obtain sufficient test data - corrosivity, toxicity,
flammability etc.
Pass relevant information to customer.
Keep customer up-to-date with new
information - container label and MSDS.
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
CLIENT AND CONTRACTOR
Client -A person or organization who engages a
contractor for the work is being carried out
Contractor -A person organization engaged to under
take certain work on behalf of a client but not under
clients direct supervision and control
Sub contractor -The organization or the person who is
engaged by the contractor to carry out part of their
work.

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
CLIENT AND CONTRACTOR
The relationship between client and
contractor and the duties each has to the
other and to the others workers
Effective planning and co-ordination of
contracted work

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
CLIENT AND CONTRACTOR
The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations
2007, also known as CDM Regulations or CDM 2007,
previously defined legal duties for the safe operation of
UK construction sites. The regulations placed specific
duties on clients, designers and contractors, to plan their
approach to health and safety. They applied throughout
construction projects, from inception to final demolition
and removal.
They were introduced by the Health and Safety
Executive's Construction Division to:
Improve project planning and management;
Assign appropriate personnel to manage on-site
risks;
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PRINCIPLES OF ASSESSING
AND MANAGING
CONTRACTORS
Principles of assessing and managing
contractors
Scale of contractor use
Pre-selection and management of
contractors
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PROCEDURES FOR SELECTION OF CONTRACTORS

Identification of suitable bidders.

Identification of Hazards within the specification

Checking of Health & Safety aspects of bids and

selection of contractor.

Contractors agreement to be subject to clients

rules.

Management of the contractor on site.

Checking after completion of contract.

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CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF CONTRACTORS

Insurance details.
Status and depth of implementation of H&S Policy.
Status of the competent person.
Previous accident record.
Details of any prosecution.
Details of any enforcement notices.
Competence of workers.
Reference from previous clients.
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1. Selection of right Contractor

A copy of their health and safety policy, eg. RA, emergency

procedures, use of PPE, etc.
Examples of risk assessments
The qualifications and training records of staff
Membership of a professional organization or certified body
Names of previous or current clients
Accident history records
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1. Selection of right Contractor

Records of maintenance and test of plant and equipments
Records of enforcement action taken by authorities against
them
Experience with previous/similar jobs
Resources (man power, time, money, etc.)
Adequate insurance cover
Proof of adequate resources, such as access to specialist
safety advice
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2. Planning of the Work:Work related informations must be exchanged between the

client and contractor
Client should tell the contractor about the hazards and risk in
the work place
Contractor should tell the client about the hazards and risk
created during the work
The contractor should carry out risk assessments and adopt
the safe system of work method
The safe system should be documented as a Method
Statement
In this way the work can be planned so that everyone is kept
safe
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3. Co-ordination of the work

The contractor and client must co-ordinate their work

carefully so as not to conflict
Number of contractors is working at site at any one
time and the activities of one person or organization
must not to cause a hazard to another in the area, eg.
If one contractor is working at height it would be
sensible to avoid others working beneath

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4. Monitoring the Work

The client must make arrangements to ensure the contractor

complies with the safe working practices by: Having a signing in and out procedure (WMS)
Ensuring that the contractor provides a named works foremen
Carrying out site induction training for all contractor workers
Controlling high risk activities with a permit to work system

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JOINT PREMISES
When two employers share a single workplace, the risks
that one employer creates may affect the employees of
the other employer, eg. where two employers occupy
offices in the same building, the fire risk created by one
employer affects the safety of the employees of the
other
Employers must Co-operate and co-ordinate their
activities to ensure good health and safety standards
It requires good communication between employers
Pass the relevant informations and the development of
appropriate policies and procedures
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3.2 CONCEPT OF HEALTH

AND SAFETY CULTURE
AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN
THE MANAGEMENT OF
HEALTH AND SAFETY IN
AN ORGANISATION
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38

HEALTH AND SAFETY CULTURE

HSG65 defines culture as:
The product of individual or group values,
attitudes and competencies and
patterns of behavior, that determine the
commitment to and style and proficiency of
an organization's health and safety
programs.
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HEALTH AND SAFETY CULTURE

The safety culture of an organisation is the
product of individual and group values,
attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and
patterns of behaviour that determine the
commitment to, and the style and
proficiency of, an organisations health and
safety management. Organisations with a
positive safety culture are characterised by
communications founded on mutual trust,
by shared perceptions of the importance of
safety and by confidence in the efficacy of
preventive measures.
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HEALTH AND SAFETY CULTURE

Culture is made up of formal and informal rules, relationships,
values, customs, etc. Together they make up the feel of the
organisation.
A culture is a way of doing things that is shared, taught or
copied. Everyone in a particular culture tends to do things in a
similar way, which they would consider to be the norm.
Therefore, an organisations safety culture consists of its
shared working practices, its tendency to accept or tolerate risk,
how it controls hazards and how it deals with accidents and
near misses. Safety culture can also be described as a
combination of how people feel about safety (the safety
climate), what they actually do and the policies and procedures
the organisation has.
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HEALTH AND SAFETY CULTURE

In simple terms, culture can be thought of

as collective attitude within an organisation.

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
SAFETY CULTURE & SAFETY
PERFORMANCE
Relationship between
safety culture & safety
performance
What role does safety culture play in safety
performance? A simple analogy is to consider driving a
car. There are 3 distinct ingredients to safe driving:
The inherent design of the car safety features
(e.g. seat belts, crumple zones, anti-lock brakes,
etc.);
The overall traffic management arrangements (e.g.
the road design & layout, road surface, signage etc)
The driver.
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
SAFETY CULTURE & SAFETY
PERFORMANCE
Some cars are inherently safer than others
(shown by many research findings), some
traffic management arrangements are
safer than others (e.g. motorways are safer
than most single carriageway roads; auto
vehicles
have
known
deficiencies).
However, even with good systems, it is the
attitudes and behaviours of the driver that
will ultimately determine the safety
performance of driving. For the highest
levels of safety performance we need all
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
SAFETY CULTURE & SAFETY
PERFORMANCE

The true health of the safety of any organisation

is primarily defined by the frequency of key dayto-day behaviours (frontline and management)
and the extent to which these are encouraged
and supported by an effective and flexible safety
management system. The shared belief in the
importance of safety, the extent to which an
organisation actively strives to ensure health and
safety is done properly and always given a high
priority is what defines a positive safety culture.
This serves to emphasise the importance of
proactive risk management, to complement the
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45
focus on technical systems.

HEALTH AND SAFETY CULTURE

Some of the characteristics to help you identify
the culture of an organisation, follow.

Characteristics of an organisations culture:

An informed culture
A reporting culture
A just culture
A flexible Culture
A9/23/15
learning
culture
08:20:08 AM

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HEALTH AND SAFETY CULTURE

Tangible output/Indicators:
Accidents.
Absenteeism
Sickness rates.
Staff turnover.
Level of compliance with H & S rules and procedures.
Complaints about working conditions.
Employee low Morale.
Fine and Penalties.
Compensation claims.
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DETERIORATION FACTORS OF
HEALTH AND SAFETY CULTURE
Lack of leadership from the management
Presence of a blame culture
Lack of management commitment to safety (saying one,
doing another)
Health and safety receiving lower priority than other
business issues
Organizational changes
High staff turnover rates

Deterioration factors..
Lack of resources, eg. too few workers due to downsizing
Lack of worker consultation
Inter personal issues, eg. peer group pressure, bullying or
harassment
Poor management systems and procedures
External influences, eg. economic climate resulting in difficult
operating conditions

INFLUENCE OF PEERS

Interaction
Influence
Hierarchy
Norms
Peer group pressure

When people are put together into groups they interact. Some
individuals will come to have a lot of influence over the group
others will have little influence. In this way a hierarchy is
established within the group. Certain ways of behaving will
become the normal which will often be established by the more
influential members of the group. A person wishing to become a
member of the group will have to comply with the group
Norm. This pressure to comply with group norms is peer
group pressure.
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FUNCTIONS OF SAFETY
COMMITTEES
Study of accident and disease statistics.
Examination of safety audit reports.
Consider reports and information from enforcing bodies.
Consider reports from safety representatives.
Assist in development of procedures and policy.
Monitor the effectiveness of training.
Monitor and improve safety communications.
Provide a link with enforcing agency.

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WHAT MAKES A H&S COMMITTEE EFFECTIVE?

A clear management commitment
Clear objectives and function
Balance b/w management & workers representatives
Agenda should be agreed & communicated in advance
Minutes of the meeting to be produced & distributed
Effective
publicity
given
to
discussions
&
recommendations
7. Effective chairing of the meeting
8. Full participation by members
9. Access to the organisations decision making process
10.Speedy decisions by management
11.Regular meetings at appropriate frequency
12.Meetings not cancelled / postponed
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

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WHAT MAKES A H&S COMMITTEE EFFECTIVE?

Dates of meeting arranged well in advance

Appropriate topics
Access to H & S expertise
Sub-committees established where there
is a need to focus on specifics & report
back
The roles & communication lines are
properly defined & established
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3.3 HUMAN FACTORS

WHICH INFLUENCE
BEHAVIOR AT WORK

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ORGANISATIONAL FACTORS

Culture
Leadership
Resources
Work patterns
Communications

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JOB FACTORS

Task
Workload
Environment
Display and controls
Procedures

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INDIVIDUAL FACTORS

Competence
Skills
Personality
Attitude
Risk perception

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The individual Factors their personal
characteristics
People bring to their job their own mix of
knowledge and experience, attitudes habits and
personality. These individual characteristics
influence behavior in complex ways.

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The job Factors the task that they are carrying out
These are behavior characteristics of workers job that
influence their safety related behavior
Characteristics of the workplace environment like,
temperature, humidity and lighting.
Characteristics of plant, machinery and equipment like
noise or vibration
Characteristics of the work itself like worker need to
bend or stoop over while working
Mental demands of the job like worker has to handle
large volumes of work in short time.
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The organization Factors characteristics of the

organization that they are working for
- Policies and procedures.
- Commitment and leadership from
management.
- Levels of supervision.
- peer group pressure
- Training
- Communication
- Consultation and worker involvement
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LINK BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL, JOB

AND ORGANISATIONAL FACTORS
Three principal human factors:
Organisation
Job
Personal Factors
And it is the complex interaction between these three principal human
factors which decides whether a person will behave safely or unsafely in a
given situation

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HUMAN FACTORS

Organisation

Job
Factors

Personal
Factors

3.4 HOW HEALTH

AND SAFETY
BEHAVIOR AT WORK
CAN BE IMPROVED
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FACTORS PROMOTING A
H & S BEHAVIOR
Securing commitment of the
management
Promoting health and safety standards by
leadership and example and appropriate
use of disciplinary procedures
Competent personnel with relevant
knowledge, skill and work experience
Effective communication within
organisation
Effective training

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EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
WITHIN ORGANISATION
Merits and limitations of different methods of
communication (verbal, written and graphic)
Use and effectiveness of notice boards and
health and safety media such as films, digital
media, company intranet, posters, toolbox
talks, memos, worker handbooks
Co-operation and consultation with the
workforce and contractors where applicable
(roles and benefits of worker participation,
safety committees and worker feedback)
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VARIOUS COMMUNICATION MEASURES

Some examples:
Notice boards
Health & safety media
Films, videos, DVDs
Poster campaigns

Toolbox talks
Memos/e-mails
Worker handbooks.
How effective are they?
Think of relative advantages and
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POSTER CAMPAIGNS
Advantages

Low cost
Flexibility
Easily understood
Serve as a constant reminder
Can allow workers to select

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POSTER CAMPAIGNS
Disadvantages
Need to change regularly
May become soiled, defaced and out-of-date
May trivialise serious matters
They might alienate people
No direct way of assessing whether the
message has been understood
They may be seen as an easy way of
discharging H & S information

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TRAINING
The effect of training on human reliability
Opportunities and need for training
provision (induction and key health and
safety topics to be covered, job change,
process change, introduction of new
legislation, introduction of new
technology).

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TRAINING
REQUIREMENTS
New Employees: when worker join an organization
Job change: when workers job changes in such a way that they are
exposed to new hazards and risks
Process change: when the way in which way the work is done
changes that require training
New Technology: new technology creates new hazards and risks
that worker should familiar with.
New Legislation: changes to the law governing a particular health
and safety issue often create need to
Train workers on the implications of new legislation.
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TRAINING
Need for additional health and safety training within organizations
New or revised legislation, code of practice, guidance note, etc.

New or modified equipment.

New or revised process or procedure.

Deficiencies identified through accident investigations, safety audits,

etc.

Retraining to maintain standards.

So the following categories are in urgent need for training:

- New employees.
- Employees transferred from one job to another.
- Temporary workers.

TRAINING
Health and safety topics in an induction training for new employees

Introduction of company health and safety policy.

Importance of immediate reporting of faults, hazards, accidents and any
shortcoming in safety arrangements.
Importance of using equipment in accordance with instructions.
No go areas or jobs .(non accessible areas)
Information on employee safety representation.
Information on enforcing authority for health and safety.
Emergency evacuation procedures.
First aid facilities.

TRAINING
Preparing and presenting health and safety training session

Establishing objective and contents of the training session.

Training methods to be used.
The target audience existing knowledge and skills.
The number of trainees.
The time available for training.
The skills required for the trainer.
Training materials required.
The suitability of training facilities (location, room size, lighting, etc.)
How to evaluate the training.

TRAINING
Induction-training programs for new employees to reduce the numbers of
accidents

Induction training helps to increase awareness of the risk, increase familiarity

with procedures and system of work, recognize and report unsafe conditions,
share a common commitment to health and safety, and recognize hazardous
areas or jobs (no go areas or jobs) and by achieving these aims, induction
training can help to reduce accidents.

TRAINING
Key points in a training session for employees in the reporting of
accidents/ incidents

To explain the importance of reporting accidents and incidents (for

legal, investigative and monitoring reasons).
The type of incident required to be reported.
The lines of reporting
How to complete internal documents & forms.
Responsibilities for completing the accident books.

TRAINING
Variety of training methods to improve the effectiveness of employee training
Lecture: is one-way process, usually with no feedback. The benefit from it depends on
lecturer personality.
Mutual lecture: the group is divided into smaller subgroups and a member from each
subgroups or syndicate is selected randomly to conduct a lecture for the other
subgroups.
Lecturette: is a short lecture where limited information is to be given in a short period of
time (5-10 minutes).
Group discussion: is suitable for small groups (up to 15). It requires a good discussion
leader.
Exercise: realistic tasks are chosen based on prior experience and knowledge.

TRAINING
Variety of training methods to improve the effectiveness of
employee
training
Case
study: is similar
to exercise. Trainees examine real or contrived situation, diagnose
its reasons and propose corrective actions.
Technical simulation: simulating, the real situation as in technical simulators for training
vehicle drivers & pilots.
Role-playing: students act out for which they are trained. The drawback of this method is
that it is usually not taken seriously.
Projects: tasks are given to individuals or groups. It is encourages imagination and
creativity and is often aided by little assistance from the tutor.
Skills training: is the best method of training. Trainees are involved in seeing &
understanding what to do, doing it under supervision and practicing until the skill is
mastered.

TRAINING
Identifying Heath & Safety Training Needs

Training is required by regulations as:

Health and safety at work act, 1974.
Management of health and safety at work regulation, 1999.
Specific regulations as:
- COSHH regulation, 2002.
- Control of asbestos at work regulation, 2002.

TRAINING
Identifying Heath & Safety Training Needs
Training needs can be identified by a risk assessment process to assess.
The need for induction training for new workers on new jobs.
The need for job specific training based on workers levels of knowledge, skills &
experience.
The need for regular refresher training (to maintain standards).
The need for training if there is change in legislation.
The need for more comprehensive training for certain at- risk group as:
- Young workers.
- Workers on high-risk tasks as those dealing with hazardous substances.

3.5 PRINCIPLES
AND PRACTICE OF
RISK ASSESSMENT

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80

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE

OF RISK ASSESSMENT
MEANING OF HAZARD, RISK AND RISK ASSESSMENT

HAZARD
Something that has the potential to cause
harm (this can include articles, substances,
plant or machines, methods of work, the
working environment and other aspects of
work organisations)

Risk
The likelihood of potential harm from that
hazard being realized
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81

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE

OF RISK ASSESSMENT
MEANING OF HAZARD, RISK AND RISK ASSESSMENT

Risk Assessment
Identifying preventive and protective
measures by evaluating the risk(s) arising
from a hazard(s), taking into account the
adequacy of any existing controls, and
deciding whether or not the risk(s) is
acceptable.

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82

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE

OF RISK ASSESSMENT
Objective of risk assessment
Prevention of workplace accidents

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83

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE

OF RISK ASSESSMENT
RISK ASSESSORS:

Composition of risk assessment suitable team

Insure competence of assessors

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84

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE

OF RISK ASSESSMENT

The factors to be considered when selecting individuals to assist in carrying out risk
assessment:
Knowledge of the process or activity.
Relevant skills as:
Communication skills.
Observation skills.
Reporting skills.
Sound personal judgment abilities
Technical knowledge of plant or equipment involved.
Experience or training in hazard identification and carrying out risk
assessment.
Positive attitude towards risk assessment process.

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE

OF RISK ASSESSMENT
CRITERIA FOR A SUITABLE AND SUFFICIENT RISK
ASSESSMENT:

The risk assessment should be suitable for the

desired purpose. A suitable program or method of
assessment associated with any hazard should be
used to identify the steps needed to be taken to
remove, reduce or control such hazard
(Examples: HIRA; Task risk assessments, Process
hazard analysis, HAZOP etc)

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86

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE

OF RISK ASSESSMENT
CRITERIA FOR A SUITABLE AND SUFFICIENT RISK
ASSESSMENT:

For a risk assessment to be suitable and sufficient it

should identify all the significant risks arising from the
work process, enable the employer or manager to
identify the required control or preventive measures and
to prioritize them, be appropriate to the nature of the
work, and be valid over a reasonable period of time.
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87

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE

OF RISK ASSESSMENT
The risk assessment should be appropriate for a
condition or occasion
It should enable the development and
implementation of action(s), when appropriate, of
systems to manage risk. It should also be
appropriate to the nature of the work so that it
remains valid for a reasonable period of time.

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88

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE

OF RISK ASSESSMENT
The risk assessment should be ''sufficient''
Fulfilling the specific need or requirement but
without being abundant, thus meeting the
obligated need. In general this implies that the
employer needs to take reasonable measures to
safeguard employees and others wherever
possible, but without stretching to excessive
costs. It should be appropriate to your particular
business and work activities, remember a risk
assessment doesn't have to be overcomplicated.
This will enable the risk assessment process and
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89
the significant findings to be used positively e.g.

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE

OF RISK ASSESSMENT
IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDS
Sources and form of harm
Task analysis
Legislation
Manufactures information
Incident data

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PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE

OF RISK ASSESSMENT
Identifying population at risk

Workers
Operators
Maintenance staff
Cleaners
Contractors
Visitors
Public etc.

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91

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE

OF RISK ASSESSMENT
Evaluating risk and adequacy of current
controls
Likelihood of harm and probable severity
Risk rating

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92

- LIKELIHOOD

- Likely to fall?

- Low

- Values 123

- Bottom of ladder

- Low

- Middle of ladder

- Medium

- Top of ladder

- High

- Values 123

- RISK

- Like x Consq

- Show colours

- Colours and Numbers

- Show Matrix

- 3x3 Matrix

4. EVALUATE RISK

4. Evaluate the risk

Now that youve
estimated the risk,
what are you going
to do about it?

- 1-2, 3-4, 6-9

4. Evaluate the risk

6-9 Unacceptable
Take immediate action

3-4 Tolerable
Look to improve

1-2 Acceptable
No further action, but
ensure controls are
maintained

- Show 5x5

4. Evaluate the risk

- Likelihood 1-5

4. Evaluate the risk

Likelihood:
5 Very likely
4 Likely
3 Fairly likely
2 Unlikely
1 Very unlikely

- Consequence 1-5

4. Evaluate the risk

Consequence:
5 Catastrophic
4 Major
3 Moderate
2 Minor
1 Insignificant

- Action levels 5x5

4. Evaluate the risk

17-25 Unacceptable
Stop activity and make
immediate improvements

10-16 Tolerable
Look to improve within
specified timescale

5-9

Adequate

Look to improve at next review

1-4

Acceptable

No further action, but ensure

controls are maintained

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE

OF RISK ASSESSMENT
Recording significant findings:
- Format;
- Information to be recorded

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123

APPLY THE GENERAL HIERARCHY

OF CONTROL WITH REFERENCE
CONTROL HIERARCHY TO OHSAS 18001
ELIMINATE

BEST
BEST

SUBSTITUTION
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
SIGNAGE/WARNINGS AND/OR
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

WORST
WORST

APPLICATION BASED ON
PRIORITISATION OF RISK
Ranking or prioritizing hazards is one way to help
determine which hazard is the most serious and
thus which hazard to control first. Priority is
usually established by taking into account the
employee exposure and the potential for
accident, injury or illness. By assigning a priority
to the hazards, you are creating a ranking or an
action list. The following factors play an important
role:
Percentage of workforce exposed.
Frequency of exposure.
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Degree
of harm likely to result from the

125

APPLICATION BASED ON
PRIORITISATION OF RISK
A number of factors may affect your
risk control decision and priority such
as: number of people youre trying to protect
reliance on behaviour
maintenance
cost
reduction of risk

APPLYING CONTROLS TO
SPECIFIED HAZARDS
Physical
Hazards

Control Measures

Adverse weather - Shelter, personal protective equipment

(PPE; cold, wind/rain-proof)
Bad housekeeping - Improved safety attitude, good
management, safety inspection, good work layout
Contact with hot/cold surfaces - Insulation, guarding, PPE
(gloves, face shields, insulated clothing)
Drowning - Life guarding, life saving equipment, presence of
First Aiders
Excavation work - Physical barriers; fencing, shoring, safe
system of work, signs
Fall from height - Edge protection, safety lines/harnesses,
safe means of access, egress (e.g. scaffolding), safe system of
work (e.g. permit to work)
Fall9/23/15
of material from height - Alternative storage, physical
127

Physical

APPLYING CONTROLS TO
SPECIFIED HAZARDS

Ionising radiation - Minimum amount of

radioactivity, local rules for storage, work and
disposal, statutory controls (e.g. licensing), shielding,
PPE
Non-ionising radiation - Local rules, shielding,
PPE (e.g. eye protection)
Noise - Reduction at source, insulation, PPE
Slips/Trips/Falls on same level - Good
maintenance of work areas, good housekeeping,
good cleaning regime, good footwear
Stacking - Good work area layout, height limits,
weight limits, strong packing, mechanical assistance
Vibration
- Elimination or reduction at source, 128
9/23/15

APPLYING CONTROLS TO
SPECIFIED HAZARDS

Mechanical
Hazards

Control Measures

Hand tools - Periodic inspection, electrical testing and

maintenance
Machines - Periodic inspection, testing and maintenance,
physical barriers (guarding), safety interlocks,
supervision and training
Mechanical lifting operations - Periodic (statutory)
inspections, maintenance, supervision and training
Manual handling - Assessment under the Manual
Handling Operations Regulations (elimination and
reduction of risk), training in good lifting techniques
Moving vehicles Segregation - of traffic, good road
layout,
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129

APPLYING CONTROLS TO
SPECIFIED HAZARDS
Mechanical
Hazards

Control Measures

Hand tools - Periodic inspection, electrical testing and

maintenance
Machines - Periodic inspection, testing and maintenance,
physical barriers (guarding), safety interlocks, supervision
and training
Mechanical lifting operations - Periodic (statutory)
inspections, maintenance, supervision and training
Manual handling - Assessment under the Manual
Handling Operations Regulations (elimination and
reduction of risk), training in good lifting techniques
Moving vehicles - Segregation of traffic, good road
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130
layout,

APPLYING CONTROLS TO
SPECIFIED HAZARDS
Fire
Hazards
Control Measures
Combustible materials - Avoid, reduce storage of
combustible materials, isolate from sources of heat
and ignition
Flammable gases - Storage of gas cylinders (e.g.
hydrogen, acetylene) outside in an isolated, wellventilated area, signs, no smoking
Flammable solvents - Controlled storage, use and
disposal (e.g. limit quantities held), fire proof storage,
signs, no smoking, no naked flames, emergency
plans
Heaters - Segregation from sources of combustion,
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guarding
special construction if used in hazardous131

APPLYING CONTROLS TO
SPECIFIED HAZARDS
Chemical:
Chemical substances, Corrosives (acids, alkalis),
Carcinogens, Irritants COSHH Assessments:
Avoid use, substitute less harmful substances,
use, maintain and test engineering controls,
monitor for hazardous substances, inform and
train employees, use personal protective
equipment (PPE), emergency plans for
uncontrolled releases.
.

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APPLYING CONTROLS TO
SPECIFIED HAZARDS

Biological:
Biological agents (micro-organisms; pathogens,
mutagens, carcinogens) COSHH Assessments:

Avoid use, substitute less harmful substances, use,

maintain and test engineering controls, monitor for
hazardous substances, inform and train employees, use
personal protective equipment (PPE), emergency plans for
uncontrolled releases.
Food safety
Statutory compliance (Food Safety Regulations, EHO,
MAFF inspections), good food hygiene standards, good
cleaning / disinfection regimes, staff information and
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training,
good personal hygiene, protective clothing. 133

ACCEPTABLE /
TOLERABLE RISK
LEVELS

Any risk that remains after controls

have been implemented is called
residual risk

Prioritising risks and setting your risk appetite

It is not possible to get rid of all risks, and a number will offer little
scope for treatment. Therefore it is important to define broadly
what the organisations tolerance of each risk will be, and specify a
priority for each risk based on this tolerance. It may well be that
you will be comfortable with some risks at red, if only because you
have limited scope to mitigate those. For example, a risk may be
that your product is more expensive than your competitors, but
you accept that this is because your product is of a better
standard.
Setting a priority gives you secondary information on the risk, in
addition to its traffic-lighted status, so that you can readily identify
the most significant or urgent risks to deal with.
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135

DISTINCTION
BETWEEN PRIORITIES
AND TIMESCALES
It is strongly recommended that you draw up a
health and safety action plan to ensure that
improvements needed are prioritised according to
the level or risk identified. Remember to include
realistic time scales in your action plan and
identify who will be responsible for checking that
the objectives of the plan have been met. It is up
to you to decide an appropriate time scales for
action based on priority.
High risk hazard must be controlled the earliest
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136
though
may need more effort or time.

USE OF GUIDANCE,
SOURCES AND EXAMPLES
Legislation OF LEGISLATION

Codes of practices
British/ European International Standards
HSE guidance
Manufactures data
Accident record
Risk assessment
Opinion of the workforce
Medical record

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE

OF RISK ASSESSMENT

REVIEWING:
Reasons for review after

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incidents,
process change
equipment change
worker change
legislative changes
passage of time
138

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE

OF RISK ASSESSMENT

Special case applications to young persons, expectant and

nursing mothers; Disabled workers and lone workers.

Parking
Special parking would be needed for disabled working one comes with vehicle.
Special toilet
Special toilet would be needed for disabled person.
Support in emergency
Someone dedicated to support in case an emergency
Method of communication
Communication method should be pre stablished to be used by the disabled in
any need and also to communicate with disabled in emergency.
Escape route
Escape route should be assessed for suitability for the disabled or if needed to
have additional escape route.
Special support
Additional support to be provided to disabled person as per the special need of
the disabled person with particular disability.
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139

FACTORS TO CARRYOUT RISK

ASSESSMENT

The nature of the hazard (i.e.: electrical, fire, noise, mechanical, manual handling, etc.).
Frequency and duration of activities.
Likelihood and severity of the harm.
Who are affected by the risk:
Employees directly involved with the work.
Other employees.
Special groups as young workers, disabled workers, etc,
Available information related to the risk.
Monitoring and emergency procedures.
Are there any special statutory requirements that might apply (i.e. COSHH).
The effectiveness of the existing control measures.

3.6 PREVENTIVE
AND PROTECTIVE
MEASURES

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141

PREVENTIVE AND PROTECTIVE

MEASURES
General principles of the preventive and protective measures with reference to
ILO-OSH 2001: Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management
Systems:

Eliminate the hazard/risk at source, through the use of

engineering controls or organizational measures;
Minimize the hazards/risks by the design of safe work
systems, which include administrative control measures;
Where residual hazards/risks cannot be controlled by
collective measures, the employer should provide for
appropriate personal protective equipment, including
clothing, at no cost, and should implement measures to
ensure its use and maintenance.
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PREVENTIVE AND PROTECTIVE

MEASURES
General principles of the preventive and protective measures with reference to
ILO-OSH 2001: Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management
Systems:

Hazard prevention and control procedures or arrangements

should be established and should:
be adapted to the hazards and risk encountered by the
organization;
be reviewed and modified if necessary on a regular basis;
comply with national laws and regulations, and reflect good
practice;
consider the current state of knowledge, including
information or reports from organizations, such as labour
inspectorates, occupational safety and health services, and
others services as appropriate.
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143

3.7 SOURCES OF
HEALTH AND SAFETY
INFORMATION

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144

SOURCES OF HEALTH
AND SAFETY
INFORMATION
Internal to the organization

accident/ill health/absence records

inspection

audit

Investigation reports,

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SOURCES OF HEALTH
AND SAFETY
INFORMATION

External sources of information

manufacturers data,
legislation,
EU (European Union)/HSE(Health and Safety
Executive) publications,
trade associations;
International, European and British Standards,
ILO (international labour Organisation)
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA)(USA),
Worksafe (Alberta, Canada)

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3.8 FACTORS THAT

SHOULD BE CONSIDERED
WHEN DEVELOPING AND
IMPLEMENTING A SAFE
SYSTEM OF WORK FOR
GENERAL WORK
ACTIVITIES

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FACTORS THAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHEN

DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING A SAFE
SYSTEM OF WORK FOR GENERAL WORK
ACTIVITIES

Employers responsibility to provide safe systems of work

Role of competent persons in the development of safe
systems
Importance of worker involvement in the development of
safe systems
Importance and relevance of written procedures
The distinction between technical, procedural and
behavioural controls
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FACTORS THAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHEN

DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING A SAFE
SYSTEM OF WORK FOR GENERAL WORK
ACTIVITIES

The distinction between technical, procedural

and behavioural controls
Development of a safe system of work
Analysing tasks, identifying hazards and
assessing risks
Introducing controls and formulating
procedures

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FACTORS THAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHEN

DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING A SAFE
SYSTEM OF WORK FOR GENERAL WORK
ACTIVITIES

Instruction and training in the operation of the

system
Monitoring the system
Definition of and specific examples of confined
spaces and lone working and working and
travelling abroad in relation to safe systems of
work.
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3.9 ROLE AND

FUNCTION OF A
PERMIT-TO-WORK
SYSTEM
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ROLE AND FUNCTION OF A

PERMIT-TO-WORK SYSTEM
Meaning of permit-to-work system
Role and function in controlling a permit-towork
Operation and application of a permit-towork system
Circumstances in which a permit-to-work
system may be appropriate, with reference
to: hot work, work on electrical systems,
machinery maintenance, confined spaces,
work at height.
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152

3.10 EMERGENCY
PROCEDURES AND THE
ARRANGEMENTS FOR
CONTACTING EMERGENCY
SERVICES

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153

EMERGENCY PROCEDURE
Importance of developing emegency
procedure
An emergency is a serious, unexpected,
often dangerous situation that requires
immediate action. The emergency
procedure is a plan of actions to be
conducted in a certain order or manner,
in response to an emergency event.
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154

EMERGENCY PROCEDURE
What should be included in emergency
procedure:
why an emergency procedure is required
Size and nature of potential accidents and the
consequences if they occur
Procedures for raising the alarm
Action of the employees on site
Dealing with the media
Arrangement for contacting emergency and rescue
services

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155

EMERGENCY PROCEDURE
Organizations are frequently required to
have written emergency procedures in
place to comply with statutory
requirements;demands from their
insurers, their regulatory agency,
shareholders, stakeholders and unions; to
protect staff, the public, the environment,
the business, their property and their
reputation.
9/23/15 08:20:24 AM

EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
It is important to develop and implement
emergency procedures to quickly control loss &
minimise the consequences. The incidents that
could be addressed are:

Fire
Spillage
Poisoning exposure to pathogens etc.
Natural calamities

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157

EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
Planning for emergencies cannot be
considered reliable until it is exercised and
has proved to be workable, especially since
false confidence may be placed in the
integrity of a written plan.
Generally, participants in exercises should
have an awareness of their roles and be
reasonably comfortable with them, before
they are subject to the stresses of an
exercise. Exercising is not to catch people
out. It tests procedures, not people. If staff
are under-prepared, they may blame the
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158
plan, when they should blame their lack of

EMERGENCY PROCEDURE
Size and nature of potential accidents and the
consequences if they occur
Before preparing a procedure, it may be
appropriate to carry out a risk assessment,
estimating how likely it is for an emergency
event to occur and if it does, how serious or
damaging the consequences would be. The
emergency procedure should provide an
appropriate and proportionate response to this
situation.
A Risk assessment is usually in the style of a
table, this table rates a risk on its likelihood and
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159
severity
using the numbers 1-10. these

EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
Why training is necessary
It is important that all those within an
organisation who may be involved in
planning for and responding to an
emergency should be appropriately
prepared. This requires a clear
understanding of their roles and
responsibilities and how they fit into the
wider picture.
Without
training, an organisation and its
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160

EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
Live exercises
Live exercises are a live rehearsal for implementing
a plan. Such exercises are particularly useful for
testing logistics, communications and physical
capabilities.
They also make excellent training events from the
point of view of experiential learning, helping
participants develop confidence in their skills and
providing experience of what it would be like to use
the plans procedures in a real event.

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161

EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
Importance of training and testing emergency procedures
Emergency preparedness training
Training is about raising the awareness of key staff about
what the emergencies are that they may face and giving
them confidence in the procedures an organisation uses and
their ability to carry them out successfully. It is also about
developing competencies and skill-sets so that staff can fulfil
key roles.
Organisations should consider 2 broad types of training:
emergency preparedness - training key staff to carry out risk
assessment, business continuity management (BCM) and
emergency planning
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162
emergency response - training staff to carry out response

3.11 Requirements for,

and effective provision
of, first-aid in the
workplace
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163

FIRST-AID
Requirements for, and effective
provision of, first-aid in the workplace

First-aid requirements
Role, training and number of first-aiders
Requirements for first-aid boxes
Coverage in relation to shift work and
geographical location.
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164

FIRST-AID REQUIREMENT
People at work can suffer injuries or be
taken ill. It doesnt matter whether the
injury or illness is caused by the work they
do or not, it is important to give them
immediate attention and call an ambulance
in serious cases. You should make
arrangements to ensure this happens. It
can save lives and prevent minor injuries
becoming major ones.
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165

FIRST-AID REQUIREMENT
The Health and Safety (First-Aid)
Regulations 1981 require employers to
provide adequate and appropriate
equipment, facilities and personnel to
ensure their employees receive
immediate attention if they are injured
or taken ill at work. These Regulations
apply to all workplaces including those
with less than five employees and to
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166

FIRST-AID REQUIREMENT
As a minimum, a low-risk workplace such as a
small office should have a first-aid box and a
person appointed to take charge of first-aid
arrangements, such as calling the emergency
services if necessary. Employers must provide
information about first-aid arrangements to their
employees.
Workplaces where there are more significant
health and safety risks are more likely to need a
trained first-aider. A first-aid needs assessment
will help employers decide what first aid
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167
arrangements
are appropriate for their workplace.

FIRST-AID REQUIREMENT
What is adequate and appropriate
will depend on the circumstances in
the workplace. This includes whether
trained first-aiders are needed, what
should be included in a first-aid box
and if a first-aid room is required.
Employers should carry out an
assessment of first-aid needs to
determine what to provide
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168

FIRST-AID REQUIREMENT
How many people are employed on site? The minimum
provision is:
an appointed person to take charge of first-aid
arrangements;
a suitably stocked first-aid box.
Depending on your circumstances, you should consider
providing:
first-aiders;
additional first-aid equipment;
first-aid room.
Are there inexperienced workers on site (including those
on work experience), or employees with disabilities or
particular health problems? You should consider:
169
9/23/15
additional training for first-aiders;

FIRST-AID REQUIREMENT
What injuries and illness have occurred in
your workplace and where did they
happen?
Make sure your first-aid provision caters for
the type of injuries and illness that might
occur in your workplace. Monitor accidents
and ill health, and review your first-aid
provision as appropriate.
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170

ROLE OF FIRST-AIDER
The role of a first aider
First aid is the help given to someone who
is injured or ill, to keep them safe until they
can get more advanced medical treatment
by seeing a doctor, health professional or
go to hospital.
The role of a first aider is to give someone
this help, while making sure that they and
anyone else involved are safe and that
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171

TRAINING
REQUIREMENT
Yearly renewal of training for BLS
(Basic Life Support)

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172

REQUIREMENT OF FIRST-AID BOXES

Does your workplace have low-level
hazards, eg the ones you might find in
offices and shops?
The minimum provision is:
an appointed person to take charge
of first-aid arrangements;
a suitably stocked first-aid kit.

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REQUIREMENT OF FIRST-AID BOXES

Does your workplace have higher-level hazards, such as
chemicals or dangerous machinery? Do your work
activities involve special hazards, such as hydrofluoric
acid or confined spaces?
You should consider:
providing first-aiders;
additional training for first-aiders to deal with injuries
caused by special
hazards;
additional first-aid equipment;
precise location of first-aid equipment;
providing a first-aid room;
informing the emergency services in advance.
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REQUIREMENT OF FIRST-AID BOXES

Do you have employees who travel a lot,
work remotely or work alone?
You should consider:
issuing personal first-aid kits;
issuing personal
communicators/mobile phones to
employees.

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REQUIREMENT OF FIRST-AID BOXES

Do any of your employees work shifts or
work out of hours?
You should ensure there is adequate firstaid provision at all times people are at
work.
Are the premises spread out, eg are there
several buildings on the site or multi-floor
buildings?
You should consider provision in each
building or on each floor.
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REQUIREMENT OF FIRST-AID BOXES

Is your workplace remote from emergency
medical services?
You should:
inform the emergency services of
your location;
consider special arrangements with
the
emergency services;
consider emergency transport
requirements.

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REQUIREMENT OF FIRST-AID BOXES

Do any of your employees work at sites occupied
by other employers?
You should make arrangements with other site
occupiers to ensure adequate provision of first
aid. A written agreement between employers is
strongly recommended.
Do you have enough provision to cover for your
first-aiders or appointed persons when they are
absent?
You should consider:
what cover is needed for annual leave and
other planned absences;
what cover is needed for unplanned and
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exceptional absences.

REQUIREMENTS OF FIRSTAID
BOX
a minimum
stock
of first-aid items would be:
a leaflet giving general guidance on first aid (eg
HSEs leaflet Basic advice on first aid at work )
individually wrapped sterile plasters (of assorted
sizes), appropriate to the type of work (you can
provide hypoallergenic plasters if necessary);
sterile eye pads;
individually wrapped triangular bandages,
preferably sterile;
safety pins;
large, individually wrapped, sterile, unmedicated
wound dressings;
medium-sized, individually wrapped, sterile,
unmedicated wound dressings;
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disposable gloves

ARRANGEMENTS FOR
CONTACTING EMERGENCY &
RESCUE SERVICES
Emergency services to be contacted before
commencement of work.
Emergency numbers to be prominently displayed.
Assigned person for calling emergency services.
Arrangements for loss of power.
Identifying closest hospital facility.
Arrangement for First Aid

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180

ARRANGEMENTS FOR FIRST AID

First Aid requirements.

Role of First Aiders

Training of First Aiders.

Appointed Person.

Selection of First Aiders.

Number of First Aiders.

Requirements of First Aid Boxes.

Coverage in relation to Shift Work & Geographical Location.

Shared facilities and arrangements.

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181

EXAM QUESTION
Two organizations
worksite.

share

the

same

Outline how the organizations could

work together to help ensure the
workplace is safe and healthy.
(8)

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182

EXAM QUESTION
An organization needs to review its provision of health and
safety training for its workers.
a.)Identify factors that should be considered when developing
a program of health and safety training.
(8)
b.)Identify measures that might be used to assess the
effectiveness of health and safety training.
(4)
c.)Identify checks that could be made to help to assess
whether a person is competent.
(4)
d.)Give reasons why it is important for an employer to keep a
record of the training provided to each worker.
(4)

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183

EXAM QUESTION

Identify FOUR types of emergency that would

require an organization to have an emergency
procedure.
(4)
Outline why visitors to a workplace should be
informed of an organizations emergency
procedures.
(4)

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184

EXAM QUESTION
a.) Identify THREE types of emergency
in the workplace that may require the
evacuation of workers.
(3)
b.) Outline why it is important to
develop emergency procedures in the
workplace. (5)

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185

EXAM QUESTION
Outline ways in which an organization
could encourage workers to be
involved in setting and maintaining
high standards of health and safety.
(8)

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186

EXAM QUESTION
Identify factors relating to the
individual which increase the risk to
them while at work.
(8)

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187

EXAM QUESTION
Outline ways in which the health and
safety culture of an organization
might be improved.
(8)

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188

EXAM QUESTION
There has been a significant deterioration in the
health and safety culture of an organization.
a) Give the meaning of the term health and
safety culture
(2)
b)Identify factors that could have contributed
to the deterioration of the health and safety
culture within the organization.
(6)

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9/23/15 08:20:28 AM

189

EXAM QUESTION
a.)Identify TWO main purposes of
first-aid treatment.
(2)
b.) Outline factors to be considered
when carrying out an assessment of
first aid requirements
in a
workplace.
(6)

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190

EXAM QUESTION
a.) Identify FOUR types of health and safety
information that could be displayed on a
notice board within a workplace. (4)

b.) Identify how the effectiveness of notice

boards as a method of communicating
health and safety information can be
increased. (4)

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ANY QUESTION?
THE END

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192