BASIC

OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY AND HEALTH
(BOSH)
Pursuance with Republic Act No.
11058, Its IRR DO 198-2018
Day 1
DOLE OSH FRAMEWORK
 Introduction

COURSE TITLE:
BASIC OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND
HEALTH (BOSH) for General Industry
TYPE OF COURSE: Basic; Mandatory
METHODOLOGY: Lecture & discussions,
exercises, workshop, presentation and
reporting
DURATION: 5 Days (40-Hours)
 Course Objectives

TERMINAL OBJECTIVE:
To provide participants the basic knowledge
and skills on the basic concepts and
principles of Occupational Safety and
Health (OSH) that will enable Safety Officers
to develop and implement their company’s
Safety and Health Program
 Course Objectives
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:
• Identify existing & potential safety and health
hazards and describe their effects to the human
body;
• Relate the effects of occupational illnesses and
accidents to individuals, their families,
communities and workplaces;
• Determine the appropriate control measures for
specific hazards;
 Course Objectives
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:
• Describe the importance of effective OSH
communication (OSH trainings and meetings);
• Explain the Roles of Safety Officers in the overall
management of OSH program;
• Identify the components of an OSH program; and
• Develop a workplace-specific OSH re-entry plan.
 What is Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)?
Focus of OSH
Occupational Safety and Health is a discipline with a broad
scope involving three major fields:
Focus of Occupational Safety & Health
BOSH Framework
OSH
Situationer
MODULE 1
 OBJECTIVES
At the end of the session, the participants
will be able to:
• Explain the current Philippine OSH situation;
• Describe the OSH situation in their own
workplaces;
• Enumerate the roles of safety officers play in
OSH implementation.
• Identify the risk assessment steps/processes
and
• Define unsafe / unhealthy acts and
conditions
 Why The Need For OSH?

Every worker has

the right to a SAFE
and HEALTHY
workplace!
 Global OSH Data: ILO Report
The aggregate figures
indicate an overall
increase in the number
of deaths attributed to
work:
• From 2.33 million
deaths in 2014 to
2.78 million deaths
in 2017
Source: https://safety4sea.com/ilo-2-78-million-workers-die-from-occupational-accidents-annually/
 The OSH Situation
As work patterns changed, trends on
accidents and diseases may also
reflect how workers are affected.
Musculo
Skeletal Mental health
Disorders disorder
(MSDs)

….. are on the rise!

 ILO PHILIPPINES
Safety And Health At Work In The Philippines
Occupational accidents and diseases cause human suffering
and loss. Their economic cost is high, with some:
• 2 million workers dying each year from work-related
accidents and diseases, and the figure is on the increase in
spite of efforts to make inroads.
• 2.2 million Filipino workers in medium and large enterprises
enjoy effective occupational safety and health (OSH)
protection and services
• 38.8 million do not benefit from acceptable working
conditions
Source:
https://www.ilo.org/manila/areasofwork/safety-and-health-at-work/lang--en/index.h
tm
 OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES AND DISEASES (OID): 2019
Integrated Survey on Labor and Employment (ISLE)
Reference Number: 2022-107 Release Date: June 20, 2019

A total of 37,513 occupational

accidents were reported in all
industries in the Philippines in
2019. Around 10.9 percent
(4,186) of the total 38,305
establishments employing 20 or
more workers experienced work-
related accidents. (Table 1)

Source: https://psa.gov.ph/isle/releases/node/167577
 OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES AND DISEASES (OID): 2019
Integrated Survey on Labor and Employment (ISLE)
Reference Number: 2022-107 Release Date: June 20, 2019
Among cases of occupational injuries,
around one percent were fatal cases
while about 42.7 percent were
reported as non-fatal cases with lost
workdays. A great majority (56.6%) of
all occupational injuries were cases
without lost workdays or those cases
that required first-aid or medical
treatment only on the day of the
accident and was able to perform
again duties of the job one day after
the accident. (Table 1)
Source: https://psa.gov.ph/isle/releases/node/167577
 OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES AND DISEASES (OID): 2019
Integrated Survey on Labor and Employment (ISLE)
Reference Number: 2022-107 Release Date: June 20, 2019

These occupational accidents resulted to roughly 40,892 cases of

occupational injuries in 2019. Notably, both the number of occupational
accidents and cases of occupational injuries decreased compared to the
2017 data by -1.9 percent and -11.6 percent, respectively.
Source: https://psa.gov.ph/isle/releases/node/167577
 OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES AND DISEASES (OID): 2019
Integrated Survey on Labor and Employment (ISLE)
Reference Number: 2022-107 Release Date: June 20, 2019

These occupational accidents

resulted to roughly 40,892 cases of
occupational injuries in 2019.
Notably, both the number of
occupational accidents and cases of
occupational injuries decreased
compared to the 2017 data by -1.9
percent and -11.6 percent,
respectively. (Figure 1 and Table 1)
Source: https://psa.gov.ph/isle/releases/node/167577
 OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES AND DISEASES (OID): 2019
Integrated Survey on Labor and Employment (ISLE)
Reference Number: 2022-107 Release Date: June 20, 2019

By major industry group,

manufacturing contributed the
highest share of occupational
injuries at 42.7 percent of the total
cases. The administrative and
support service activities came next
at 11.1 percent and was followed by
construction services at 9.5 percent
share. (Table 2)
Source: https://psa.gov.ph/isle/releases/node/167577
 CASES OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES WITH WORKDAYS LOST BY
CLASSIFICATION
Integrated Survey on Labor and Employment (ISLE)
Reference Number: 2022-107 Release Date: June 20, 2019

TYPE OF INJURY
Of the total 17,762 cases of occupational
injuries with workdays lost in 2019, open
wounds was recorded as the most
common type of occupational injuries
which accounted for 40.5 percent of the
total cases reported. Other common
types were superficial injuries at 22.4
percent; and burns and corrosions at 7.6
percent.
 OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
A total of 54,551 occurrences of
occupational or work-related
diseases in establishments
employing 20 or more workers
were reported in 2019, a
significant drop of about -46.4
percent from 101,851 reported
cases in 2017.
CASES OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES WITH WORKDAYS LOST BY
CLASSIFICATION
Integrated Survey on Labor and Employment (ISLE)
Reference Number: 2022-107 Release Date: June 20, 2019

OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
The most common work-related
disease experienced and suffered by
workers was back pain contributing
to roughly 39.0 percent of the total
cases. Other predominant
occupational diseases include neck-
shoulder pains at 12.1 percent and
occupational dermatitis at 9.4
percent.
CASES OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES WITH WORKDAYS LOST BY
CLASSIFICATION
Integrated Survey on Labor and Employment (ISLE)
Reference Number: 2022-107 Release Date: June 20, 2019

OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
Workers engaged in manufacturing
industry had the biggest share of
cases with work-related diseases at
31.8 percent. This was followed by
administrative and support service
activities (24.3%) and human health
and social work activities except
public health activities (9.8%).
 COMMUTING ACCIDENTS
Integrated Survey on Labor and Employment (ISLE)
Reference Number: 2022-107 Release Date: June 20, 2019

A total of 5,899 accidents occurred

on the habitual routes of workers
to/from their place of work, place of
work-related training, place where
the worker usually takes his/her
meals or the place where he/she
usually receives his/her
remuneration. These resulted to
6,170 workers injured during the time
of the commuting accidents.
OSH Issues and Concerns
• Low compliance rate to OSH
Standard (OSHS)
• Limited coverage of OSH Standard
• Absence of strict penalties
• Fragmented OSH Administration
• Outdated OSH Standard
DO 198-2018 - EFFECTIVITY

Signed:
06 December 2018

Published:
09 January 2019

Effectivity:
25 January 2019
 What happened inside our
organization because of this
accidents?
The answer to that
question will be the
starting point for
categorizing the direct
and indirect cost
factors of the accident.
COST OF THE ACCIDENT (Iceberg Theory)
 Why NOT OHS?
4 REASONS TO MAKE OSH IMPORTANT

Responsibility to Responsibility to
self family

Responsibility to Productivity and

not endanger co- health of the
workers company
ROLES OF
SAFETY
OFFICER
 OBJECTIVES
To learn the requirement
to become a Certified
Safety Officer; and to
understand the role of
being a Safety Officer in
OSH implementation
 SAFETY OFFICER
DO 198-2018 SEC 3:
Refers to any employee or officer of the
company trained by DOLE or DOLE-
Accredited Training Organization and tasked
by the employer to implement an OSH
program and ensure that it is in accordance
with the provisions of OSH standards.
DO 198-2018: Section 14: SAFETY OFFICER
DO 13 Section 7: Construction SH Officer

Safety Officer
To ensure that a safety and health
program is duly followed and
enforced, covered workplaces shall
have safety officers who shall:
Position Concept of a Safety Officer
The Site Safety Officer Is Responsible
• Developing and executing an effective program of
safety engineering and industrial hygiene within
the plant, with the appropriate procedures.
• Developing and directing safety engineering and
safety inspection personnel associated with the
construction site.
• Developing and directing safety training programs
and procedures within the construction site.
Accountability of a Safety Officer
• Reduction of the frequency and severity of accidents.
The same criteria for measurement must be consistently
used throughout the construction site.
• Reduction of costs stemming from accidents.
"Weightings" must be used to correct for dissimilarities
between operations in different areas of the
construction site.
• The efficiency and smoothness of a department's
operations within operations of the construction site as
a whole.
Other Duties of a Safety Officer

Secretary to the Health and Safety

Committee:
★ Prepare minutes of the meeting
★ Report status of recommendation made;
★ Notify members of the meetings
★ Submit to the employer a report of the
activities of the committee, including
recommendations made.
 Other Duties of a Safety Officer
★ To assist, advise or guide the employer in complying with the
provisions of this Standards, including the development of
health and safety programs.
★ Acts in an advisory capacity on all matters pertaining to health
and safety for the guidance of the employer and the workers.
★ Conducts health and safety inspection as member of the
committee.
★ Maintains or helps in the maintenance if an efficient accident
record system and coordinates action taken by supervisors to
eliminate accident causes.
 Other Duties of a Safety Officer

★ Coordinates all health and safety training programs for

the employees and employer.
★ To make at least a quarterly appraisal of programs and
safety performance of the establishment, including
the activities of the safety committee.
★ For purposes of effectiveness in a workplace where
full-time safety man is required, he shall report
directly to the employer.
Other Duties of a Safety Officer

Site Planning:
★ Temporary Facilities
★ Medical Services/Supplies
★ Housekeeping
★ Drinking Water and Washing
Facility
★ Health & Sanitation
Introduction to
HIRAC
An overview of the Risk
Assessment
 OBJECTIVES
• To understand hazards & its
classification in the workplace
• To assess or measure the
impact to the occupation of
the organization
• To Develop a preventive
approach to establish safe job
procedures
 What is a Risk Assessment?

HIRAC Identify hazards and risk factors that have

the potential to cause harm (hazard
RISK ASSESSMENT identification).

is a term used to Analyze and evaluate the risk associated

with that hazard (risk analysis, and risk
describe the overall evaluation)

process or method Determine appropriate ways to eliminate

the hazard or control the risk when the
where you: hazard cannot be eliminated (risk control).
 WHEN TO CREATE HIRAC?
Every activity / task should have a corresponding HIRAC,
prioritizing the following considerations:
1. High Frequency of Accidents
2. Increase occurrence of Near-Misses
3. History of Serious Accidents / Fatalities
4. Potential for Serious Harm
5. New Jobs or New Equipment
6. Changes in Procedures or Standards
 (5) Five Steps to Risk Assessment?
1. Identify the hazards
2. Decide who might be harmed and how
3. Evaluate the risks and decide on precautions
4. Record your findings and implement them.
5. Review your risk assessment and update if necessary
STEP 1: Hazard Identification?

First you need to work out how people could be

harmed. When you work in a place every day it is
easy to overlook some hazards, so here are some tips
to help you identify the ones that matter. Process of
finding and identifying:
• Hazardous agents (situations, products etc.) That could
contribute
• To provoking an occupational accident or/and disease
• The groups of workers potentially exposed to these
hazards.
 Workplace Hazards

HAZARD
Any source
of potential
damage,
harm, or
adverse
health effect
on people.
STEP 2: Decide who might be harmed and how?

For each hazard you need to be

clear about who might be harmed;
it will help you identify the best way
of managing the risk. That doesn’t
mean listing everyone by name, but
rather identifying groups of people.
STEP 3: Evaluate the risks and decide on
precautions

• Putting the results of your risk

assessment into practice will
make a difference when looking
after people and your business.
• When writing down your results,
Keep It Short & Simple (K.I.S.S.)
How are Risk Ranked or Prioritized?
Severity Criteria
How are Risk Ranked or Prioritized?
Severity Criteria
STEP 4: Record your findings and implement them

Having spotted the hazards, you

then must decide what to do
about them. The law requires you
to do everything ‘reasonably
practicable’ to protect people
from harm.
HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS
STEP 5: Review your risk assessment and update if
necessary

• Have there been any changes?

• Are there improvements you still
need to make?
• Have your workers spotted a
problem?
• Have you learnt anything from
accidents or near misses?
 CLEAR POINTS
When conducting HIRAC, it may
help to work as a team and include
both people familiar with the work
area, as well as people who are not
- this way you have both the
experienced and fresh eye to
conduct the inspection.
CLEAR POINTS
There is no one simple or single
way to determine the level of
risk nor will a single technique
apply in all situations. The
organization must determine
which technique will work best
for each situation.
THE CAUSES
OF ACCIDENTS
(UNSAFE ACTS & CONDITIONS)
OBJECTIVES
To define
Unsafe or
unhealthy
acts and
conditions.
 ACCIDENT
Is an unexpected,
unforeseen, unplanned and
unwanted occurrence or
event that causes damage
or loss of materials or
properties, injury or death.
 INCIDENT
A dangerous
condition or event
that occurred that
could lead to an
accident.
 HAZARD & RISK
HAZARD RISK
A source or situation A combination of
with a potential to the likelihood of an
cause harm in terms occurrence of a
of injury, ill health, hazardous event
damage to property, with and the severity
damage to the of injury, harm, ill
environment or a health or damage to
combination of these. property
UNSAFE ACT
o Unaware
o Unable
o Unmotivated
Examples of Unsafe Acts
• Operating equipment without authority
• Removing safety devices
• Using Defective equipment
• Improper or Nonuse of PPE
• Horse playing
• Working while under the influence of
alcohol or drugs
UNSAFE CONDITION
o Unnoticed
o Uncorrected

Examples of Unsafe Conditions

• Inadequate guards or protection
• Defective tools or equipment
• Congested or blocked exits
• Inadequate warning systems
• Slippery floors
• Hazardous environmental condition
 Mr. Heinrich's Survey

88% Unsafe or Unhealthy Acts

10% Unsafe or Unhealthy Conditions
Therefore: REMEMBER:
98% of Accidents are Preventable ACCIDENTS
2% Non-Preventable are caused...
ACCIDENTS
can be prevented
 Heinrich’s Domino Model of Accident
Causation

Any Unsafe Act & Condition The removal of the central

constitute the central factor factor makes the action of
in the accident sequence preceding factors ineffective
Accident Causation
• Refers to the factors that are
the primary reasons behind an
accident.
• For occupational health and
safety professionals,
determining causation factors in
any workplace injury or
accident is the key.
 DOMINO THEORY
• Scientific Approach to Accident or Prevention
• “Accident” is one factor in a sequence that may lead to injury.

• Knowing the concepts is a

shortcut
• Without prior knowledge
that accidents can happen in
a particular way,
investigations may miss the
real cause of accident.
 CLEAR POINTS
• Every workplace has different hazards,
risk, and level of exposures. Tailor fit your
OSH response.
• Safety Officers play a key role in the
overall management of programs in their
companies.
• Every workplace has different hazards,
risk, levels of exposure. Tailor fit your OSH
response.
 CLEAR POINTS
• Accidents and injuries result to losses of
lives, limbs, time and property. Most
accidents at work could have been
prevented. Immediate causes of accidents
are unsafe and unhealthy acts and
conditions.
• Conduct workplace risk assessment
through hazards IDENTIFICATION,
EVALUATION and CONTROL.
 LET’S PRACTICE!
Identify: the unsafe acts or conditions and the hazards
Workplace
Safety
Hazards
 OBJECTIVES
• Describe hazards from poor
housekeeping
• Explain the causes and
extent of fire incidents;
• Identify causes and effects
of machine related
accidents;
 SINCE…

Safety Health
•Freedom from •Freedom from
accidents illness;
•Absence of •State of wellness,
hazardous not just the
conditions and absence of disease
acts
 Categories of Hazards

HAZARD
Any source
of potential
damage,
harm, or
adverse
health effect
on people.
 Hazards are Identified

• Walk through survey or ocular

inspection
• Review of processes involved
• Knowing the raw materials used,
products and by products
• Gathering of workers’ complaints
• Safety Data Sheet
Occupational Safety Hazards

• Poor Housekeeping
• Fire Hazard
• Use of Machine
• Working with Electricity
• Material Handling &
Storage
 POOR HOUSEKEEPING
This are practices frequently contribute to incidents. A
messy workplace is a sign of an inefficient business

Low
Low Morale
Productivity

Disadvantages of Poor
Housekeeping Fire
What are the signs of disorder?
• Cluttered and poorly
arranged areas
• Untidy piling of materials
• Presence of items no longer
needed or in excess
• Blocked aisles and exits
 What are the signs of disorder?
• Dusty floors and work surfaces
• Tools and equipment left in
work areas
• Overflowing waste bins and
containers
• Overcrowded/disorderly
shelves and storage areas
• Presence of spills and leaks
ACCIDENTS FROM POOR
HOUSEKEEPING
 FIRE HAZARD
Are workplace hazards that either involve the presence of a flame, increase the
probability that an uncontrolled fire will occur, or increase the severity of a fire
should one occur..

FIRE
• The active principle of burning,
characterized by the heat and light of
combustion (RA 9514).
• It is a rapid oxidation process accompanied
with the evolution of light and heat of
varying intensities
 Common Fire Losses

• Loss of customer or client.

• Loss of return on Capital Investment.
• Loss of profits on finished products or completed works.
• Loss of trained personnel who transferred to other job.
• Cost of hiring temporary quarters.
• Loss of patterns valuable records.
• Inability to defend against unjust claims due to loss of
records.
THE FIRE TETRAHEDRON
Important Point to Remember About Liquid Fuels
The Classes of Fire
 MODE OF FIRE PROPAGATION
(Heat Transfer)
CONDUCTION
Heat transfer to another body or within
a body by direct contact.

CONVECTION
The transfer of heat through a
circulating medium, such as hot air and
gases.

RADIATION
The transfer of heat by the emission and
propagation of heat energy in the form
of rays or electromagnetic waves.
FIRE DEVELOPMENT & BEHAVIOR

Ignition Stage
(Incipient Stage)
The point at which the
four elements in the
fire tetrahedron come
together, materials
reach their ignition
temperatures, and a
fire is started.
FIRE DEVELOPMENT & BEHAVIOR
Growth Stage
Fire begins to grow,
other combustibles
heat up, liberate
flammable gases,
and ignite, the chain
of reaction to other
flammables and
resulting in an
increase in size.
FIRE DEVELOPMENT & BEHAVIOR

Flashover
Presence of huge
smoke which indicates
the rapid change of
situation and
Increasing level of
smoke with decreased
visibility.
FIRE DEVELOPMENT & BEHAVIOR

Fully Developed
Stage (Free-
Burning Stage)
This stage is
recognized as the
point at which all the
contents within the
perimeter of the fire’s
boundaries are
burning.
 Causes of Fire Deaths

• Faulty or Overloaded Electrical

System
• Open flames and candles
• Neglected Electrical Devices or
Appliances
• LPG, Smoking and matches
• Lightning & Sparks
• Friction & Spontaneous combustion
 FIRE PREVENTION
Refers primarily to measures
directed towards avoiding the
occurrence of fire. Effective
fire prevention work will
mean better security, less fire
losses and less tragedies.
 ELECTRICAL HAZARD

Can be defined as a serious

workplace hazard that
exposes workers to burns,
electrocution, shock, arc
flash or arc blast, fire, or
explosions.
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 ELECTRICITY & IT’S KIND
ELECTRICITY is composed of the simplest form of matter, the electron.
Electrons spin around the nucleus of an atom are easily broken away
when sent to a circuit, we have an electrical system.

ALTERNATING DIRECT
CURRENT CURRENT
 CONDUCTORS & INSULATORS

ELECTRICAL ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTOR INSULATOR

A material having A material having

many free few free electrons
electrons that that cannot move
can move easily. easily.
 The Main Hazards With Electricity

• Contact with live parts causing

shock and burns.
• Faults which could cause fires.
• Fire or explosion where
electricity could be the source
of ignition in a potentially
flammable or explosive
atmosphere.
 Electrical Accidents
There are three direct and two indirect types of
electrical accidents:
Direct Indirect
Electrocution or death
Falls
due to electrical shock

Electrical Shock Electrical Fire

Electrical Burns
Clues That Electrical Hazards Exist

• Tripped circuit breakers or blown

fuses
• Warm tools, wires, cords,
connections, or junction boxes
• Circuit breaker that shuts off a
circuit
• Worn or frayed insulation around
wire or connection
 ELECTRICITY & WATER
Electrical Hazards • The likelihood of being shocked
is greatly multiplied in damp
locations
• People are excellent conductors
• Never use electrical equipment
in damp or wet areas
• Do Not spray water around any
electrical source
 ELECTRICAL FIRE
Electricity is one of the most
common causes of fires both in
the home and in the workplace.
Electric short circuiting, arcing,
sparks, overloading, use of
defective or misused electrical
equipment are major causes of
electrical fires.
FLOW OF CURRENT THROUGH
THE BODY DEPENDS UPON…
• Voltage of the circuit.
• Insulating quality of the place.
• Resistance of the skin.
• Area of contact.
• Pressure of contact.
 SHOCK is the most serious electrical
hazard.
SHOCK • This happens when you touch a live wire, a tool
or a machine with poor insulation.

It is the most
• You then become a conductor. The shock that
you feel is the electrical current going through
your body.
serious
SHOCK may cause :
electrical • Pain
• Loss of muscle control and coordination
hazard. •
•
Internal bleeding
Nerve, muscle or tissue damage
• Cardiac arrest or Death
Severity of the shock depends on:

• Path of current through

the body
• Amount of current
flowing through the body
(amps)
• Duration of the shocking
current through the body.
 OSH Standard Rule 1210
• The employer must train
employees in safe work practices
in working with electrical
equipment.
• The training rules distinguish
between workers & Authorized
Personnel.
 MACHINE HAZARD
Are created as a result of either powered or manual
(human) use of tools, equipment or machinery and
plant.
WHAT IS A MACHINE?
• An assemblage of parts that transmit forces, motion and
energy in a predetermined manner. It can be simple or
compound
Where Mechanical Hazard Occurs?
 IN-RUNNING NIP POINT HAZARDS
• This are caused by the rotating parts on machinery. There are
three main types of in‐running nips.
• Parts can rotate in opposite directions while their axes are
parallel to each other. These parts may be in contact (producing
a nip point) or near. In the latter case the stock fed between the
rolls produces the nip points. This danger is common on
machines with intermeshing gears, rolling mills, and cylinders.
• Nip points are also created between rotating and tangentially
moving parts. Some examples would be the point of contact
between a power transmission belt and its pulley, a chain and a
sprocket, and a rack and pinion.
• Nip points can occur between rotating and fixed parts which
create a shearing, crushing, or abrading action. Examples are
spoked handwheels or flywheels, screw conveyors, or the
periphery of an abrasive wheel and an incorrectly adjusted work
rest.
 • An individual making unwanted
contact with a moving part of a
machine.
Causes Of • Something flying from the machine.
Machine • A machine malfunction, including
mechanical and electrical energy
Related sources failure.
Accidents • Workpiece movement during a
forming or cutting process
• Can result to severe injuries
 • Loss of trained and skilled employee
• Loss in productivity
Causes Of • Damaged equipment
Machine • They are exposed to hazards through
Related inhalation, ingestion, skin contact, or
absorption through skin.
Accidents • Toxic or corrosive chemicals
• Airborne substances
 Material Handling
• A technique which includes the
art of lifting, moving, and
storing materials
• It refers to any method used
for moving materials
o by people
o by people using equipment
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 ILO, 20% - 50% of
work accidents are
MATERIAL attributed to material
handling.
HANDLING
ACCIDENTS
TYPES OF MATERIALS HANDLING

Manual Handling
Is the of lifting, transporting and
packaging of products using own physical
strength. Hand operated handling,
transporting and packaging of products.
Mechanical Handling
Pertains to more rigid, powered and non-
powered mechanics mainly for handling
bulky and heavy items
HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH
MATERIALS HANDLING
 General Hazards On Storages

These could include: COMMON HAZARDS:

• Fire. Explosion. • Unsafe racking.
• Sudden release of pressure (for • Top heavy racking.
instance, if a tank of compressed • Smoking near flammable goods.
• Improper storage of liquid petroleum
gas is punctured) gas.
• Reactivity (fire, explosion, or • Ladders with damaged or broken rungs.
release of dangerous gases that • Standing on boxes instead of ladders to
reach items on shelves.
can result from contact between • Inadequate lighting.
particular chemicals and certain • Lack of routine cleaning.
other chemicals or air or water)
 CLEAR POINTS
• A deteriorating housekeeping may be the first
evidence of a deteriorating safety and health program
• Lifting and moving things at work is something you
probably do every day. Unfortunately, it’s also an
everyday cause of disabling injuries and even deaths!
• To produce fire, three things must be present at the
time: Fuel, Heat and Oxygen.
 CLEAR POINTS
• Mechanical hazards occur:
o At The Point Of Operation,
o Power Transmission Components And
o Other Exposed Moving Parts Of The machine.
• Failure to ensure a safe design, proper work procedures,
proper servicing and maintenance of electrical equipment
often result in bodily harm or death, property damage or
both.
Workplace
Heath
Hazards
 OBJECTIVES
• To explain the principles
of Industrial Hygiene
• To identify Health
Hazards in the workplace
 Industrial Hygiene
“INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE is the science of the
Anticipation, Recognition, Evaluation and Control of
hazards arising in or from the workplace, and which
could impair the health and well-being of workers, also
taking into account the possible impact on the
surrounding communities and the general
environment.” Source: ILO,
https://www.iloencyclopaedia.org/part-iv-66769/occupati
 Concerns of Industrial Hygiene

•DETECTION, MEASUREMENT and

EVALUATION of hazards in the workplace.
•PLANNING & IMPLEMENTATION of
measures to improve environment.
•The CONSERVATION OF HEALTH &
PROSPERITY of the workers and his
community.
 COMPANY RESPONSIBILITIES
• A safe working environment.
• A safe system of work.
• Provide adequate facilities for the
welfare of their employees.
• Provide information, training and
supervision to ensure employees’
safety from injury and health risk.
EMPLOYEES’ RESPONSIBILITIES
• Take reasonable care to protect
own’s health and safety at work.
• Follow and Comply with the
company’s Health and Safety
guidelines primarily, the use of
safety devices and PPE.
 ROLE OF SAFETY OFFICER
Safety Officer has the role to
classify his establishment
through proper identification
of the different health
hazards as part of the risk
assessment process.
What are Health Hazards?

According to medical dictionaries:

• Any agent or activity posing a
potential hazard to health
• Any organism, chemicals, conditions,
or circumstance that may cause
illness
 How are Health Hazards Identified?
Now that we are familiar with the classification of
hazards, we can now discuss how to identify the
different hazards through a combination of the
following methods:
• Walk‐through or ocular inspection
• Review of the process involved
• Knowing the raw materials, by‐products, and
finished products
• Gathering workers’ complaints
• Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
Health Hazards Classification
 Factors that Determine Disease Development

PERSONAL FACTOR JOB FACTOR

• Age • Duration of Exposure
• Health Habits • Concentration of Agent
• Reproductive • Route of Exposure
Status • Workplace and Personal
• Medical Hygiene
History • Control Measures in place
 Is any substance that can
cause a health problem when
ingested or inhaled. They
Chemical include toxins, dangerous
Hazard chemicals, residue of excess
chemicals used in processing
food products.
 Chemical Hazard
Is a type of How do
chemicals
occupational become a
hazard caused by hazard?

exposure to
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chemicals in the When they become airborne,

and the concentration is
workplace.
excessive…
CHEMICAL HAZARDS TYPES & ROUTES OF
ENTRY
OSHS Rule 1072.03: Threshold Limit Values for
Airborne Contaminants (Tables)

• Table 8: Threshold limit

values for airborne
contaminants
• Table 8a: Mineral Dust
• Table 8d: Human
Carcinogens: Recognized to
have carcinogenic potentials
Occupational Exposure - Chemical

• Corrosive to the eyes, skin, and mucous

membranes
• Dermal contact may produce severe
burns, ulceration, and scarring in
humans
• Oral exposure may cause corrosion of
the mucous membranes, esophagus,
and stomach
 Organic Solvents - VAPORS
A substance diffused or suspended in the air, especially
one normally liquid or solid.
Occupational Exposure
• Degreasing of metals
• Printing
• Dry-cleaning
• Painting
• Laboratory Analysis
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 Acids & Bases - MIST
A water in the form of particles
floating or falling in the atmosphere
at or near the surface of the earth
and approaching the form of rain.

Occupational Exposure
• Wastewater treatment
• Acids from electroplating
• Oil mists from cutting & grinding operation
• Mist from Spray painting operation
 Heavy Metals - FUMES
Volatilized solid that condenses when they contact air

Occupational Exposure
•Soldering operation
•Welding
•Lead-battery making
•Mining operation
 DUST - Powder / Fibers
Refers to the suspension of solid particles in air.
Dust are classified according to size:
• Total Dust – all dust particles in the
area
• Respirable Dust – fraction of total
dust which passes through a selector
which can be inhaled and deposited
in the lungs
 DUST - Occupational Exposure
EXAMPLES OF DUSTS OR
PARTICULATES
SILICA DUST METAL DUST ASBESTOS
• Building • Leaded paint DUST
materials • Grinded • Thermal &
such as metal acoustic
stone, bricks insulation
& concrete • Fire resistant
walls &
WOOD DUST partitions
• Flooring • Asbestos
• Wood fixtures cement sheets
& flooring
 GASES - GAS

• Substances in the gaseous

state at room temperature
and pressure.
• They do not have a
warning odor at a
dangerous concentration.
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GASES - GAS

Occupational Exposure
• By‐product of incomplete
combustion (carbon monoxide)
• Wastewater treatment plant
(hydrogen sulfide & chlorine
gas)
• Refrigeration & fertilizer plants
(ammonia)
• Machinery using diesel engine
(nitrogen dioxide)
 • Is an agent, factor or
circumstance that can
cause harm with or without
Physical contact.
Hazard • It include noise,
illumination, vibration, heat
and cold stress, radiation
and pressure hazards.
 Physical Hazard - Noise
• A form of vibration •
Frequency – measured in
conducted through (Hertz) cycle per seconds
Solids, Liquids, or •Loudness or Intensity –
Gases. measured in decibel (Db)
•Duration
• Unwanted and
excessive sound Harmful or Unwanted
Sound
 Noise Health Effects & Control

“If two (2) people with no

hearing impairment have to
raise their voices or shout to
be heard at a distance of
less than arms length from
each other, the sound level
≥85 dB = Action Level Value is potentially hazardous.”
 Noise Levels Prevailing in Some Manufacturing
Industries in the Philippines
Industry Noise Levels
Textile and Weaving 102-104 dBA
Iron and Steel Rolling 94-99 dBA
Car grinding 94-96 dBA
Stamping 95-97 dBA
Cement Mill Area 100-102 dBA

Wire and Cable Stranding 100-102 dBA

Occupational Exposure - Noise

Video Credits to Dr. Albert Asprec

 Physical Hazard - Vibration
It is a physical factor that acts on man by transmission of mechanical
energy from sources of oscillation.

Low frequency or Whole‐Body Vibration

• It is a generic term used when vibrations (mechanical
oscillations) of any frequency are transferred to the human body.

High frequency or Segmental Vibration

• Refers to a medical condition that affects a section of the body,
in particular the hands and arms from being exposed to
repetitive vibratory sensations such as caused from handling
mechanical equipment that generates rough oscillatory
sensation.
Occupational Exposure - Vibration
 Physical Hazard - Illumination
HAZARDS OF ILLUMINATION
• Bright - if the workplace illumination
is higher than the recommended by
the OSH Standard
• Dark - if the workplace illumination is
lower than the recommended by the
OSH Standard
Illumination is the measure
of the stream of light falling
on a surface. It is measured
in lumens or lux
Physical Hazard - Illumination
Illumination: Sources
Illumination: Types
Occupational Exposure - Illumination
Physical Hazard - Temperature Extreme

It’s either HOT or Cold

Heat Stress
Occurs when the body can
not get rid of excess heat
Cold Stress
Occurs by driving down the skin temperature,
and eventually the internal body temperature.
 FACTORS INFLUENCING HEAT STRESS

FACTORS INFLUENCING
HEAT STRESS
• Air Temperature
• Air Humidity
• Air Velocity
• Radiant Temperature
Working an open field which exposes • Physical Workload
workers to direct sunlight or Heat Stress
 FACTORS INFLUENCING COLD STRESS

FACTORS INFLUENCING
COLD STRESS
• Cold Climates
• Refrigerated Space
• Wind Chill

Food processing and cold storage for food

can expose workers to Cold Stress
 Physical Hazard - Radiation
RADIATION
It is the emission or
transmission of
energy as waves or
moving particles.
NON-IONIZING RADIATION IONIZING RADIATION
Refers to any type of electromagnetic A radiation consisting of particles, x-
radiation that does not carry enough rays, or gamma rays with sufficient
energy to ionize atoms or molecules that is, energy to cause ionization in the
to completely remove an electron from an medium through which it passes.
atom or molecule.
 Physical Hazard - Pressure
This is the atmospheric force that is constantly applied on the body,
which may be affected by changes in altitude or artificially induced
work conditions.
We perceive pressure in relation to the earth’s
atmosphere at sea level, about 14.7 PSI

IMAGE:
http://clipart-library.com/clipart/6TryGAzac.htm
Occupational Exposure – Atmospheric
Pressure
 POOR VENTILATION
Poor indoor air quality can lead to
employees suffering from headaches,
fatigue, hypersensitivity and allergies, sinus
congestion dizziness, shortness of breath,
coughing and nausea. Extreme temperature
in the office causes fatigue, discomfort and
distraction and can increase accidents in the
workplace as a result.

Factors affecting Poor Ventilation

• Air flow or velocity
• Contaminant or Chemical hazard generation
• Hazard controls present
• Heat controls
• Design of the ventilation system
 Also known as
BIOHAZARDS, refer to
biological substances
Biological
that pose a threat to the
Hazard health of living
organisms, primarily
that of humans.
 Biological Hazard
GENERAL CONCEPT

The greater the possibility a micro-organism will cause an infection

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nsparent-clip-art-biohazard-warning-sign-png.png
Types of Biological Hazard
 Occupational Exposure - Biological Hazard

• Poor sanitation and • Direct or Indirect

housekeeping • Droplet
• Vector
• Hospital works • Common Vehicle
• Removal of industrial waste • Airborne
and sewage
MODES OF
• Poor personal cleanliness TRANSMISSION
 “Ergonomics is
the science of
Ergonomic fitting jobs to the
Hazard
people who work
in them”
Ergonomic Hazard: Types
PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARD
• Is any hazard that affects the
mental well-being or mental health
of the worker by overwhelming
individual coping mechanisms and
impacting the worker's ability to
work in a healthy and safe manner.
 Psychosocial Hazard: Health Effects

Unrelieved Stress can lead to:

• Muscle and joint pain
• Stomach pain &
indigestion
• Anxiety, tension or
helplessness
• Anger, irritability,
confusion
 Ergonomic Hazard: Types

PHYSIOLOGICAL HAZARD
• Those basically environmental
factors that exposes the
worker to:
o Non-recovery of the body
o Repetitive nature of the work
o Uncomfortable working
https://duckbilllaw.com/Inc/images/PZD.jpg
station
Occupational Exposure - Ergonomic
Occupational Exposure - Ergonomic
 DO 136-2014
Guidelines for the
implementation of
Globally Harmonized
Systems (GHS) in
chemical safety
program in the
workplace.
OBJECTIVES OF DO 136-2014
• To protect the workers and
properties from the hazards of
chemicals
• To prevent and reduce the
incident of chemically induced
accidents, illnesses, and
death resulting in the misuse
of chemicals
 DO 136-2014: HAZCOM
Establishments shall also create and implement
a Chemical Safety Program:
 GHS
Sample
Pictograms
based on
DO 136-
2014 https://www.google.com.ph/url?
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GHS Label Elements
 Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
A summary of the important
health, safety, and
toxicological information on
the chemical or the mixture
ingredients
• The Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
shall be well communicated and
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l
made available to the workers
• It shall have 16 sections
• Symbols & Signal word
Elements of the Safety Data Sheet (SDS)

Product Identifier and

Hazard Statements

Precautionary
Statements

Sections outside of OSHS

jurisdiction but inclusion
of these sections is
necessary for a GHS
compliant SDS
GHS Label Elements Based on SDS
 REMEMBER
• Conduct walk through survey or ocular
inspection
• Review of processes involved
• Knowing the raw materials used, products and
by products
• Gathering of workers’ complaints
• GHS Labels and Safety Data Sheet
 CLEAR POINTS
• Industrial Hygiene is the science and art
devoted to the identification, evaluation
and control of hazards.
• Safety Officer has the role to classify his
establishment through proper
identification of the different health
hazards as part of the risk assessment
process.
• There are various ways or strategies to
identify different health hazards in the
workplace.
EXERCISE: HEALTH HAZARD
IDENTIFICATION
EXERCISE: HEALTH HAZARD
IDENTIFICATION
EXERCISE: HEALTH HAZARD
IDENTIFICATION
EXERCISE: HEALTH HAZARD
IDENTIFICATION
WORKSHOP 1: Hazards
Identification
 What is a Risk Assessment?

HIRAC Identify hazards and risk factors that have

the potential to cause harm (hazard
RISK ASSESSMENT identification).

is a term used to Analyze and evaluate the risk associated

with that hazard (risk analysis, and risk
describe the overall evaluation)

process or method Determine appropriate ways to eliminate

the hazard or control the risk when the
where you: hazard cannot be eliminated (risk control).
 WHEN TO CREATE HIRAC?
Every activity / task should have a corresponding HIRAC,
prioritizing the following considerations:
1. High Frequency of Accidents
2. Increase occurrence of Near-Misses
3. History of Serious Accidents / Fatalities
4. Potential for Serious Harm
5. New Jobs or New Equipment
6. Changes in Procedures or Standards
 HAZARD & RISK
HAZARD RISK
A source or situation A combination of
with a potential to the likelihood of an
cause harm in terms occurrence of a
of injury, ill health, hazardous event
damage to property, with and the severity
damage to the of injury, harm, ill
environment or a health or damage to
combination of these. property
 Categories of Hazards

HAZARD
Any source Something that Something that
of potential has a potential has a potential
damage, for harm or to cause illness
harm, or injury or ill health
adverse
health effect Safety Health
on people. Hazards Hazards
INCIDENT OCCURRENCE