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    Navigation I

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    Zen Organis
    This document provides an introduction to aeronautical navigation. It discusses terrestrial coordinate systems including latitude, longitude, and map projections. It also covers navigational concepts such as lines of position, fixes, courses, headings and tracks. Several navigation systems are described including pilotage, dead reckoning, radio navigation using VOR, ADF, and NDB, as well as electronic systems like GPS and inertial navigation. Basic navigation techniques of pilotage and dead reckoning are also outlined.

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    Navigation I

    Uploaded by

    Zen Organis
    76 views34 pages
    This document provides an introduction to aeronautical navigation. It discusses terrestrial coordinate systems including latitude, longitude, and map projections. It also covers navigational concepts such as lines of position, fixes, courses, headings and tracks. Several navigation systems are described including pilotage, dead reckoning, radio navigation using VOR, ADF, and NDB, as well as electronic systems like GPS and inertial navigation. Basic navigation techniques of pilotage and dead reckoning are also outlined.

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    Navigation i

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    This document provides an introduction to aeronautical navigation. It discusses terrestrial coordinate systems including latitude, longitude, and map projections. It also covers navigational concepts such as lines of position, fixes, courses, headings and tracks. Several navigation systems are described including pilotage, dead reckoning, radio navigation using VOR, ADF, and NDB, as well as electronic systems like GPS and inertial navigation. Basic navigation techniques of pilotage and dead reckoning are also outlined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    76 views34 pages

    Navigation I

    Uploaded by

    Zen Organis
    This document provides an introduction to aeronautical navigation. It discusses terrestrial coordinate systems including latitude, longitude, and map projections. It also covers navigational concepts such as lines of position, fixes, courses, headings and tracks. Several navigation systems are described including pilotage, dead reckoning, radio navigation using VOR, ADF, and NDB, as well as electronic systems like GPS and inertial navigation. Basic navigation techniques of pilotage and dead reckoning are also outlined.

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    Aeronautical Navigation

    An Introduction

    Written for the Notre Dame Pilot Initiative


    By the Pilots of the University of Notre Dame
    Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!

    Quote
    For the execution of the
    voyage to the Indies, I did
    not make use of intelligence,
    mathematics or maps.
    Christopher Columbus

    Navigation
    Navisship
    Agereto direct

    Roadmap
    Terrestrial coordinates
    Chart projections

    Concepts of position
    Piloting & dead reckoning
    Radio navigation systems
    Other electronic navigation systems
    Celestial navigation

    Terrestrial Coordinate System


    Great Circles The largest circle that can
    be drawn on the surface of the earth & all
    like it.
    Equator
    Meridians

    Equator

    Meridian

    Great Circle

    Terrestrial Coordinate System


    Small Circles-all other circles
    Parallels

    Longitude/Latitude
    Parallels of latitude are small circles
    (with the exception of the equator)
    Meridians of longitude are great circles

    Desirable qualities of a
    chart projection:
    Maintain true shape of physical
    features.
    Maintain correct proportions of
    features relative to one another.
    True scale, permitting accurate
    measurement of distance.
    Rhumb lines plot as straight lines.
    Great circles plot as straight lines.
    No chart has all of these!

    Mercator vs. Gnomonic

    Mercator Projection

    Gnomonic Projection

    Lambert Conformal
    Projection (Sectional Chart)

    Sectional Charts

    Airways Follow Great Circles

    V-12 from HAR to JST departs HAR


    westbound on a heading of 281, and
    departs JST eastbound on a heading
    of 096.

    Navigational concepts
    A circle has 360 degrees
    A degree has 60 minutes
    1 of latitude is the same distance
    anywhere on the earth.
    How many miles is one minute of
    latitude?
    Ans. 1 min lat. = 1 nm = 2000 yds.

    Where are we?


    At the ROTC Building
    -point
    On Juniper Road
    -LOP
    mile from Golden Dome -LOP(circle)
    Near Meijer
    Ambiguous(which one?)
    Imprecise(how far?)

    We will be there in 5 minutes


    Answer to: when will we arrive there?

    Line of Position (LOP)


    A line that defines our position in 1-D
    Not necessarily straight
    Arc, circle, hyperbola, intersection of
    spheres

    Need a second line to define a fix in 2-D


    Need a third to be sure

    Navigational Elements
    Measurement
    Point
    Bearing
    Range
    2 bearings
    2 ranges
    Bearing & range

    Results
    Fix
    LOP
    LOP (arc)
    Fix
    Fix
    Fix

    Aviation Example
    Over SBN
    GIJ 178R
    GIJ 4.2 DME
    GSH 313/GIJ 178
    GSH 16.3/GIJ 4.2
    GIJ 178/4.2

    How do we get there?


    Plot a course
    Whats a course?
    path of intended motion

    Steer a heading
    Whats a heading?
    the direction the aircraft is pointed

    Make a good track


    Whats a track?
    the aircrafts path over the ground

    Course, Heading, & Track

    Big Bad Wind

    Types of Navigation Systems


    Pilotage
    Dead Reckoning
    Radio Navigation
    ADF
    VOR/DME/RNAV

    Electronic Navigation
    Loran
    GPS
    Inertial

    Celestial

    Basic VFR Navigation


    Techniques:
    Pilotage
    Sectional chart

    Dead reckoning
    (DEDuced reckoning)
    Compass & watch

    Nomenclature
    True & magnetic courses are given
    in 3 digits, e.g. 090
    Relative bearings are given in
    degrees or clock position, e.g. 10
    left of the nose, or 11 oclock

    Dead Reckoning
    DEN
    1300 DR

    N
    W

    PHX

    Big Bad Tower


    1100 DR

    0
    07

    0900 DR
    0800 Fix

    1200 DR

    1000 DR
    Big Bad Mountain

    Types of Navigation Systems


    Pilotage
    Dead Reckoning
    Radio Navigation
    ADF
    VOR/DME/RNAV

    Electronic Navigation
    Loran
    GPS
    Inertial

    Celestial

    The Radio Compass

    1946 Stinson Voyager

    ADF/NDB
    The ADF, or Automatic
    Direction Finder, is
    the receiver in the
    aircraft

    The NDB, or
    Nondirectional Radio
    Beacon, is the
    transmitting antenna
    on the ground

    The ADF is the receiver of the NDBs transmissions

    NDB
    The NDB is a ground-based radio
    transmitter that emits a signal in every
    direction
    Benefits
    Economic
    Easy to maintain
    Not line of sight

    Errors
    Susceptible to interference (T-Storms)
    Bounces around coastlines

    NDB
    Operates on 190-535kHz
    Range is 190-1750kHz

    Types
    HH 2000+ watts; 75nm range
    H 50-1999 watts; 50nm range
    MH less than 50 watts; 25nm range
    Compass Locator less than 25 watts;
    15 nm range

    ADF
    The ADF determines the bearing
    from the aircraft TO the station
    Needle ALWAYS points to the station

    Indicates relative bearing


    Bearing, measured clockwise, from the
    nose of the aircraft TO the station
    Card only indicates angle has nothing
    to do with direction aircraft is pointed

    ADF
    Using relative bearing and magnetic
    heading, magnetic bearing can be
    found
    Actual heading to fly to the station
    MB = MH + RB

    Homing the NDB


    Homing
    Flying the aircraft on any heading
    required to keep the needle pointed
    straight ahead (0 RB)
    Works great without wind
    Takes longer and not direct with wind

    Tracking the NDB


    Tracking flying on a heading that
    maintains a constant, desired track
    to/from a station

    Find heading/course that takes you to the


    station
    Once off by 10, double the deflection and turn
    towards station (head of the needle)
    Once deflection equals correction, you are
    back on course
    Turn 10 towards needle
    Repeat as necessary and become more
    precise with correction

    Intercepting the NDB


    Parallel course
    Note deflection
    Double it
    Turn towards needle
    Once deflection equals correction,
    you are on course
    Correct for wind (tracking)
    NOTE: very similar to tracking

    Types of ADFs
    Fixed Card
    Always shows 0 at the top

    Moveable Card
    Can show magnetic heading at top
    Bad idea

    RMI Radio Magnetic Indicator


    Slaved to move with aircraft
    GREAT to have!

    Types of ADFs

    Fixed Card

    Moveable Card

    RMI

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