Week 2 (Ph-1002) Lectures by Ambreen Aslam

Physics-II
(Ph-1002)
WEEK #2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Dispersion
Polarization
polarizing filters
Polarization by reflection
Scattering of light and its types
Huygens principle
Book:
University Physics by Young & Freedman 13th Edition
1
Dispersion
The speed of light in
vacuum is the same for all
wavelengths,
but
the
speed
in
a
material
substance is different for
different wavelengths.
The dependence of wave speed

and index of refraction on
wavelength is called dispersion.
2
Dispersion
The index of refraction for a material usually
decreases with increasing wavelength.
Violet light refracts more than red light when
passing from air into a material.
Angle of deviation
The amount the ray is bent away
from its original direction is called
the angle of deviation ().
Chromatic aberration
A very common optical
problem in which there is
a failure of
alenstofocusallcolors to
the same convergence
point.
Spherical Aberration
An optical effect
observed in an optical
device (lens, mirror,
etc.) that occurs due to
the increased refraction
of light rays when they
strike a lens
Spherical Aberration
It signifies a deviation of the device from the
norm, i.e., it results in an imperfection of the
produced image.
Achromats
An achromatic lens or
achromat is a lens that is
designed to limit the
effects of chromatic and
spherical aberration.
Examples of Dispersion
i. Prism Spectrometer
A prism spectrometer uses a prism to
cause the wavelengths to separate. The
instrument is commonly used to study
wavelengths emitted by a light source.
10
ii. Rainbow
A ray of light strikes a drop of water in
the atmosphere. It undergoes both
reflection and refraction.
11
Rainbow Formation (steps)

1. Light entering the raindrop is first split into all the colors of
the rainbow by dispersion (I've only shown red and violet to
keep the diagram simple).
2. Inside the raindrop, the red was refracted least, and violet the
most.
3. When the colors of light hit the back of the raindrop, they
reflect (total internal reflection).
4. When they exit on the other side, only certain colors will be at
the correct angle to enter the persons eye; drops near the top
will appear red, through the other colors, to violet at the
bottom.
12
How Rainbow forms?
13
14
15
Polarization
In an unpolarized transverse wave, oscillations
may take place in any direction at right angles to
the direction in which the wave travels.
Direction of
propagation
of wave
16
Linear Polarization
If the oscillation does take place in
only one direction then the wave is
said to be linearly polarized (or plane
polarized) in that direction.
17
Polarization
18
Polarization
Polarization can be obtained from an
unpolarized beam by:
1. Selective absorption
2. Reflection
3. Scattering
19
i. Polarization by Selective
Absorption
A number of crystalline
materials absorb more
light in one incident
plane than another.
so that light
progressing through
the material become
more and more
polarized as they
proceed.
20
ii. Polarization by Reflection

Unpolarized light can
be polarized, either
partially
or
completely,
by
reflection.
The
amount
of
polarization in the
reflected
beam
depends on the angle
of incidence.
21
Brewsters law
It is found that experimentally when the reflected ray
is perpendicular to the refracted ray, the reflected
light will be completely plane-polarized.
22
Polarizing angle (Brewsters angle)

The angle of incidence at which the reflected light is
completely plane-polarized is called the polarizing
angle (or Brewsters angle).
By Snells law, n1 sin p n2 sin r
Since p r 90o and
sin r sin( 90 o p ) cos p
Then we get
n2
tan p
n1
23
iii. Polarization by Scattering

When a light wave passes through a gas, it will be
absorbed and then re-radiated in a variety of directions.
This process is called scattering.
y
z
Gas molecule
O
x
Unpolarized
sunlight
Light scattered at right angles

is plane-polarized
24
Polarization by Scattering
Consider a gas molecule at point O. The electric field in the
beam of sunlight sets the electric charges in the molecule
into vibration.
Since light is a transverse wave, the direction of the electric
field in any component of the sunlight lies in the yz-plane,
and the motion of charges take place in this plane.
There is no electric field, and hence no motion of charge in
the x-direction.
The molecule re-emits the light because the charges are
oscillating. But an oscillating charge does not radiate in the
direction of its oscillation so it does not send any light to
the observer directly below it.
Therefore, an observer viewing at right angles to the
direction of the sunlight will see plane-polarized light. 25
Why is Scattering Important?

The world with scattering
The world without scattering
I
1/
4
Types of scattering
1) Rayleigh scattering
Elastic scattering of light by molecules and particulate

matter much smaller than the wavelength of the incident light.
Partical size << , particles ;gases, atmospheric molecules.
Scattering intensity (I)
Mostly affects blue light
27
Why Sky looks blue?

As the original beam of sun light passes though the atmosphere, its
intensity decreases as its energy goes into the scattered light.
Detailed analysis of the scattering process shows that the intensity
of the light scattered from air molecules increases in proportion to
the fourth power of the frequency (inversely to the fourth power of
the wavelength). Thus the intensity ratio for the two ends of the
visible spectrum is (700 nm/400 nm)4 = 9.4.
Roughly speaking, scattered light contains nine times as much
blue light as red, and that's why the sky is blue. This scattering,
called Rayleigh scattering, is more effective at short wavelengths
28
Why Clouds looks

white?
Clouds contain a high concentration of water droplets or

ice crystals, which also scatter light. Because of this high
concentration, light passing through the cloud has many
more opportunities for scattering than does light passing
through a clear sky. Thus light of all wavelengths is
eventually scattered out of the cloud, so the cloud looks
white.
29
I
1/
40
2) Mie Scattering
Broad class of scattering of light by spherical particles of any

diameter. Partical size ,
Mean diameter 0.1 to 10m, Type of particles: dust, smoke, soot,
volcanic ash, water vapor, polen
Scattering Intensity (I)
to
30
Polaroid Sunglasses
The glare from reflecting surfaces can
be diminished with the use of Polaroid
sunglasses.
The polarization axes of the lens are
vertical, as most glare reflects from
horizontal surfaces.
31
Polaroid Sunglasses
32
Liquid Crystal
Liquid crystal is a substance that behaves something like
a liquid and something like a solid.
The shape of its molecules are long and thin.
Properties of Liquid Crystal
Their orientations can be aligned with one another in a
regular pattern.
A particular sort of liquid crystal, called twisted nematics
(TN), is naturally twisted. Applying an electric current to
these liquid crystals will untwist them to varying degrees,
depending on the current's voltage.
33
(Greek word means

thred like)
Twisted Nematics
They can rotate the plane of oscillation of

polarized light passing through them.
Light passes through the cell

with its plane of polarization
turned through 90
Light cannot pass through

since the line does not rotate
the plane of polarization
34
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
35
Huygenss principle
(Dutch scientist Christian Huygens in 1678)
This is a geometrical method for finding, from the known shape

of a wave front at some instant, the shape of the wave front at
some later time.
Huygens assumed that every point of a wave front may be

considered the source of secondary wavelets that spread out in
all directions with a speed equal to the speed of propagation of
the wave.
The new wave front at a later time is then found by

constructing a surface tangent to the secondary wavelets or, as it
is called, the envelope of the wavelets.
36
37
MIRAGE
A mirage is an optical phenomenon that creates the illusion of
water and results from the refraction of light through a nonuniform medium. Mirages are most commonly observed on
sunny days when driving down a roadway.
38
MIRAGE
39
Thats all for today !
40

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Physics-II

The dependence of wave speed

Rainbow Formation (steps)

How Rainbow forms?

ii. Polarization by Reflection

Polarizing angle (Brewsters angle)

iii. Polarization by Scattering

Light scattered at right angles

Why is Scattering Important?

The world without scattering

Elastic scattering of light by molecules and particulate

Why Sky looks blue?

Why Clouds looks

Clouds contain a high concentration of water droplets or

Broad class of scattering of light by spherical particles of any

(Greek word means

They can rotate the plane of oscillation of

Light passes through the cell

Light cannot pass through

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

This is a geometrical method for finding, from the known shape

Huygens assumed that every point of a wave front may be

The new wave front at a later time is then found by

Thats all for today !

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