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    Vector Algebra

    Uploaded by

    Harshit Katiyar
    1. Vector algebra defines vectors as quantities having both magnitude and direction. A position vector OP from the origin O to a point P(x,y,z) represents the vector's components along the x, y, and z axes. 2. Direction cosines and ratios describe a vector's direction relative to the axes. Scalar and vector multiplication and addition follow specific properties like commutativity and associativity. 3. The scalar (dot) product of two vectors a and b results in a scalar quantity equal to the product of the magnitudes and cosine of the angle between the vectors. The vector (cross) product of two vectors a and b results in a new vector perpendicular to both vectors.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Vector Algebra

    Uploaded by

    Harshit Katiyar
    130 views3 pages
    1. Vector algebra defines vectors as quantities having both magnitude and direction. A position vector OP from the origin O to a point P(x,y,z) represents the vector's components along the x, y, and z axes. 2. Direction cosines and ratios describe a vector's direction relative to the axes. Scalar and vector multiplication and addition follow specific properties like commutativity and associativity. 3. The scalar (dot) product of two vectors a and b results in a scalar quantity equal to the product of the magnitudes and cosine of the angle between the vectors. The vector (cross) product of two vectors a and b results in a new vector perpendicular to both vectors.

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    1. Vector algebra defines vectors as quantities having both magnitude and direction. A position vector OP from the origin O to a point P(x,y,z) represents the vector's components along the x, y, and z axes. 2. Direction cosines and ratios describe a vector's direction relative to the axes. Scalar and vector multiplication and addition follow specific properties like commutativity and associativity. 3. The scalar (dot) product of two vectors a and b results in a scalar quantity equal to the product of the magnitudes and cosine of the angle between the vectors. The vector (cross) product of two vectors a and b results in a new vector perpendicular to both vectors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    130 views3 pages

    Vector Algebra

    Uploaded by

    Harshit Katiyar
    1. Vector algebra defines vectors as quantities having both magnitude and direction. A position vector OP from the origin O to a point P(x,y,z) represents the vector's components along the x, y, and z axes. 2. Direction cosines and ratios describe a vector's direction relative to the axes. Scalar and vector multiplication and addition follow specific properties like commutativity and associativity. 3. The scalar (dot) product of two vectors a and b results in a scalar quantity equal to the product of the magnitudes and cosine of the angle between the vectors. The vector (cross) product of two vectors a and b results in a new vector perpendicular to both vectors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    Vector Algebra - Part I

    Vector It is a quantity which has both magnitude and direction.


    Position Vector
    For a point P(x, y, z) in 3-D coordinate system, OP or r is the position vector
    with origin O as initial point. Z

    Magnitude of OP = |OP| = x2+ y2 + z2


    P(x, y, z)
    r
    Y
    O(0, 0, 0)
    X

    Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios


    1 Position vector OP makes angle α, β and γ with x, y and z axes.
    2 cos α, cos β and cos γ are the direction cosine of vector OP and denoted
    by l, m and n.
    3 Direction cosines are unique for a given line
    4 Number proportional to direction cosines are called as direction ratios,
    denoted by a, b and c. Z
    P(x, y, z)
    r
    γ
    z
    β y
    O Y
    x
    α
    X
    5 We also have l2+ m2 + n2 = 1.

    Types Of Vectors
    1 Zero Vector Vector with zero magnitude, denoted as ō

    2 Unit Vector Vector whose magnitude is 1 unit. Unit vector along a is


    denoted as â
    3 Cointial Vectors Two or more vectors with same initial point

    4 Collinear Vectors Two or more vectors lying on the same or parallel lines.

    5 Equal Vectors Two or more vectors with same magnitude and direction.
    6 Negative Vectors Vector with same magnitude but opposite direction
    as that of the given vector.

    Addition Of Vectors
    Triangle Law Of Addition
    C
    AC = AB + BC
    i.e AB + BC - AC = 0
    AB + BC + CA = 0
    B
    AB + BC + CA = AA
    A

    Parallelogram Law Of Addition


    B a
    C
    OA + OB = OC c
    b b
    i.e a + b = c
    a
    O A
    Properties Of Vector Addition
    a + b = b + a ; commutative property
    (a + b ) + c = a + (b + c) ; Associative property
    Vector Algebra - Part II
    Multiplication Of Scalar and Vector
    1 Multiplication of scalar λ with vector a is λa.
    2 λa is collinear to vector a.
    3 Direction of λa depends upon λ.
    a If λ is positive its direction is same as that of a.
    b If λ is negative its direction is opposite to that of a.
    4 Magnitude of λ a = | λ a |
    =|λ||a|

    Components Of Vectors
    For position vector OP of a point P(x, y, z), We have
    OP = xi + yj + zk
    Where i, j and k are unit vectors along x, y and z - axes , and
    Z
    R

    P(x, y, z)
    zk

    xi yj
    Y
    O S
    P1
    X
    xi , yj and zk are the components of vector OP along x , y and z - axes.
    Vector Joining Two Points
    p1(x1, x1, z1) p2(x2, x2, z2) Z
    p1(x1, x1, z1)
    p1p2 = (x2 - x1)i + (y2- y1)j + (z2 - z1)k
    k
    |p1p2| = (x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2 + (z2 - z1)2 p2(x2, x2, z2)
    i Y
    O j

    Section Formula
    Q
    Internal Division
    b n
    mb + na r R
    r=
    m+n O m

    a
    P
    External Division R
    n
    m
    mb - na b
    r= Q
    m-n O

    a
    P
    Midpoint Formula

    a+b
    r=
    2
    Vector Algebra - Part III
    Scalar Product
    For vectors a and b. It is denoted as
    a.b = |a| |b| cos θ
    Where θ is angle between a and b , 0 7 θ 7 Л
    Properties Of Scalar Product
    1 a.b is a scalar quantity. 8 a.b = b.a
    2 a.b = 0 _ a B b 9 a.(b + c ) = a.b + a.c
    3 a.b = |a| |b| _ θ = 00 10 if a = a1i + a2j + a3k
    4 a.b = - |a| |b| _ θ = 1800 and
    5 i.i = j.j = k.k = 1 b = b1i + b2j + b3k
    6 then
    i.j = j.k = k.i = 0
    a.b = a1b1+ a2b2 + a3b3
    a.b
    7 cos θ =
    |a| |b| 11 (λa).b = λ(a.b)
    = a.(λ.b)

    Vector Product

    For vectors a and b it is defined as n̂


    a x b = |a| |b| sin θ n̂ b
    Where θ is an angle between a and b, 0 7 θ 7 Л θ
    and n̂ is the unit vector perpendicular to both a
    and b such that a, b and n̂ form a right handed system -n̂ a
    Properties Of Vector Product
    1 a x b is a vector. 6 a x b = -b x a
    2 a x b = 0 _ a || b 7 a x (b + c) = a x b + a x c
    3 ixi =jxj=kxk=0 8 λ(a x b) = (λa) x b = a x (λb)
    4 i x j = j x k = i, k x i = j 9 if a = a1i + a2i + a3k and
    b = b1i + b2j + b3k then
    k
    i j k
    a x b = a1 a2 a3
    i j
    b1 b2 b3
    |axb|
    5 sin θ =
    | a |.|b|

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