Chapter 1 Introduction

ENG2002: Mechanical and
Materials Engineering
Course Objective...
Introduce fundamental concepts in Materials
Science and Engineering
You will learn about:

material structure
how structure dictates properties
how processing can change structure
This course will help you to:

use materials properly
realize new design opportunities
with materials
Chapter 1 - 1
LECTURES
Lecturer: Hany Farag Simone Pisana (weeks 1-2)
Time: Tuesdays and Thursdays 10-11:30 AM
Location: R S137
Activities:
Present new material
Announce reading and homework
Take quizzes and midterms*
*Make-ups given only for emergencies.
Chapter 1 - 2
Tutorial
Times and Places:
Wednesdays
CLH B 9:30 am-10:30 am
Purpose:
Discuss homework, quizzes, exams
Hand back graded quizzes, exams
Discuss concepts from lecture
Tutorial starts next week.
Chapter 1 - 3
TEACHING ASSISTANTS
Name
Office
E-mail
Nader El-Taweel
LAS 3027
[email protected]
Sarah Kandil
LAS 3027
[email protected]
Teaching Assistants will

administer tutorials
have office hours to help you with course material
and problem sets.
Chapter 1 - 4
OFFICE HOURS
Tuesdays and Thursdays**
12:00 PM 1:00 PM.
**Contact professor for special arrangements
Ext: 33844
Email: [email protected]
Activities:
Discuss lectures, book
Pick up missed handouts
Chapter 1 - 5
OFFICE HOURS (FIRST 2 WEEKS)

Mondays and Wednesdays**
1:00 PM 2:00 PM.
**Contact professor for special arrangements
Ext: 77885
Email: [email protected]
Activities:
Discuss lectures, book
Pick up missed handouts
Chapter 1 - 6
COURSE MATERIALS
Required text:
Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction,
W.D. Callister, Jr. and D.G. Rethwisch, 8th edition,
John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (2010).
Optional Material:
Will be announced
Chapter 1 - 7
GRADING
Weekly in-lecture quizzes
10%
To be announced - Held at the end of class

Based on core homework problems
Midterm #1
25%
Midterm #2
25%
Tentatively scheduled for: TBD

Material covered: will be announced
Tentatively scheduled for: TBD
Material covered: will be announced
Final
40%
To be announced when official schedule is set by York U.
Chapter 1 - 8
READING SCHEDULE
Week
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Topic
General Intro; Atomic Bonding
Crystalline Structures; Imperfections
Diffusion; Mechanical Properties
Strengthening Mechanisms; Failure
Phase Diagrams
Phase Transformations
Applications & Processing of Metal Alloys
Struc., Prop., Proc., Applic. of Ceramics
Struc., Prop. of Polymers; Composites
Corrosion; Elec. & Thermal Prop.
Magnetic & Optical Prop.
Econ. & Envir. Issues
Chapter
1,2
3,4
5,6
7,8
9
10
11
12,13
14,15,16
17,18,19
20,21
22
Lectures: will highlight important portions of each chapter.

Chapter 1 - 9
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Materials drive our society
Stone Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Now?
Silicon Age?
Polymer Age?
Chapter 1 - 10
Materials Science and Engineering

Materials Science
Relationships between
the structures and
properties of materials
M. Scientist: Develop or
synthesize new
materials
Materials Engineering
Designing the structure
of a material to produce
a predetermined set of
properties.
M. Eng: create new
products or systems
using existing materials
and/or develop
techniques for
processing materials
Chapter 1 - 11
Materials Science and Engineering
Structure
It relates the
arrangement of
its internal
components
Properties
Processing
Performance
a material trait in
terms of the kind
and magnitude of
response to a
specific imposed
stimulus
Structure of a
material depends
how it is
processed
It is a function of
its properties.
Mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical and deterioration
Chapter 1 - 12
Structure, Processing, & Properties

Properties depend on structure
ex: hardness vs structure of steel

(d)
Hardness (BHN)
600
500
400
(c)
(a)
(b)
4 m
300
200
30 m
30 m
100
0.01 0.1
30 m
Data obtained from Figs. 10.30(a)

and 10.32 with 4 wt% C composition,
and from Fig. 11.14 and associated
discussion, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.
10.19; (b) Fig. 9.30;(c) Fig. 10.33;
and (d) Fig. 10.21, Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
1
10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (C/s)
Processing can change structure
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel

Chapter 1 - 13
Why Study Materials?

Chemical
Mechanical
Electrical
Civil
Selecting the right material from the thousands that are available
Strength
Ductility
Deterioration
Economic aspects
Chapter 1 - 14
The Materials Selection Process

1. Pick Application
Determine required Properties
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,

magnetic, optical, deteriorative.
2. Properties
Identify candidate Material(s)
Material: structure, composition.
3. Material
Identify required Processing
Processing: changes structure and overall shape

ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.
Chapter 1 - 15
Example Hip Implant

With age or certain illnesses joints deteriorate.
Particularly those with large loads (such as hip).
Adapted from Fig. 22.25, Callister 7e.
Chapter 1 - 16
Example Hip Implant

Requirements
mechanical
strength (many
cycles)
good lubricity
biocompatibility

Chapter 1 - 17
Example Hip Implant
Chapter 1 - 18
Hip Implant
Key problems to overcome
fixation agent to hold
acetabular cup
cup lubrication material
femoral stem fixing agent
(glue)
must avoid any debris in cup
Ball
Acetabular
Cup and Liner
Femoral
Stem
Adapted from chapter-opening
photograph, Chapter 22, Callister 7e.
Chapter 1 - 19
Types of Materials
Metals: Metallic bonding
Strong, ductile
High thermal & electrical conductivity
Opaque, reflective.
Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding

Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
Thermal & electrical insulators
Optically translucent or transparent.
Ceramics: Ionic bonding

Brittle, glassy, elastic
Non-conducting (insulators)
Chapter 1 - 20
Types of Materials (Contd)

Composites:
Composed of Two or More Different Materials
Strong, Light weight, Good resistance to fracture
High stiffness and good deformability
Collection of good Properties of each material used
Ex: Fiberglass and CFRP
Advanced Materials:
Semiconductors
Smart Materials
Biomaterials
Nanomaterials
Chapter 1 - 21
Types of Materials (Contd)
Chapter 1 - 22
Materials Characteristics
Density
Chapter 1 - 23
Stiffness
Chapter 1 - 24
Strength
Chapter 1 - 25
Resistance to Fracture
Chapter 1 - 26
Electrical Conductivity
Chapter 1 - 27
ELECTRICAL
Electrical Resistivity of Copper:
6
(10-8 Ohm-m)
Resistivity,
5
4
3
2
1
0
Cu
2
3. 3
i
t %N
Ni
%
t
Ni
16 a
.
%
t
2
a
+
2
1
.
Cu
+1
u
C
d
e
i
rm
o
N
f
e
%
t
d
a
2
1
.
+1
u
C
Cu
e
r
Pu
-200
-100
Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister &

Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 18.8 adapted
from: J.O. Linde, Ann Physik 5, 219
(1932); and C.A. Wert and R.M.
Thomson, Physics of Solids, 2nd
edition, McGraw-Hill Company, New
York, 1970.)
T (C)
Adding impurity atoms to Cu increases resistivity.

Deforming Cu increases resistivity.
Chapter 1 - 28
THERMAL
-- Silica fiber insulation
offers low heat conduction.
Adapted from chapteropening photograph,
Chapter 17, Callister &
Rethwisch 3e. (Courtesy
of Lockheed
Missiles and Space
Company, Inc.)
100 m
Thermal Conductivity
of Copper:
-- It decreases when
you add zinc!
Thermal Conductivity
(W/m-K)
Space Shuttle Tiles:
Adapted from
Fig. 19.4W, Callister
6e. (Courtesy of
Lockheed Aerospace
Ceramics Systems,
Sunnyvale, CA)
(Note: "W" denotes fig.
is on CD-ROM.)
400
300
200
100
0
0
10 20 30 40
Composition (wt% Zinc)
Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister & Rethwisch

8e. (Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook:
Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and
Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker,
(Managing Editor), American Society for Metals,
1979, p. 315.)
Chapter 1 - 29
MAGNETIC
Magnetic Storage:
vs. Composition:
-- Adding 3 atomic % Si
makes Fe a better
recording medium!
Magnetization
-- Recording medium
is magnetized by
recording head.
Magnetic Permeability
Fe+3%Si
Fe
Magnetic Field
Fig. 20.23, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and

A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of
Engineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9,
1973. Electronically reproduced
by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Chapter 1 - 30
OPTICAL
Transmittance:
-- Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material structure.
single crystal
polycrystal:
low porosity
polycrystal:
high porosity
Adapted from Fig. 1.2,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
(Specimen preparation,
P.A. Lessing; photo by S.
Tanner.)
Chapter 1 - 31
DETERIORATIVE
Stress & Saltwater...
crack speed in salt water!

crack speed (m/s)
-- causes cracks!
Heat treatment: slows

10-8
10-10
Adapted from chapter-opening photograph,

Chapter 16, Callister & Rethwisch 3e.
(from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and
Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.)
as-is
held at
160C for 1 hr
before testing
Alloy 7178 tested in
saturated aqueous NaCl
solution at 23C
increasing load
Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and

Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505, John
Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source: Markus O. Speidel, Brown
Boveri Co.)
-- material:
4 m
7150-T651 Al "alloy"
(Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)
Adapted from Fig. 11.26,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Provided courtesy of G.H.
Narayanan and A.G. Miller, Boeing Commercial Airplane
Chapter 1 - 32
Company.)
SUMMARY
Course Goals:
Use the right material for the job.
Understand the relation between properties,
structure, and processing.
Recognize new design opportunities offered
by materials selection.
Chapter 1 - 33

Chapter 1 Introduction

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ENG2002: Mechanical and

You will learn about:

This course will help you to:

CLH B 9:30 am-10:30 am

Teaching Assistants will

OFFICE HOURS (FIRST 2 WEEKS)

To be announced - Held at the end of class

Tentatively scheduled for: TBD

To be announced when official schedule is set by York U.

Lectures: will highlight important portions of each chapter.

Materials Science and Engineering

Materials Science and Engineering

Mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical and deterioration

Structure, Processing, & Properties

ex: hardness vs structure of steel

Data obtained from Figs. 10.30(a)

Processing can change structure

ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel

Why Study Materials?

The Materials Selection Process

Determine required Properties

Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,

Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: structure, composition.

Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape

Example Hip Implant

Adapted from Fig. 22.25, Callister 7e.

Example Hip Implant

Adapted from Fig. 22.24, Callister 7e.

Example Hip Implant

Adapted from Fig. 22.26, Callister 7e.

Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding

Ceramics: Ionic bonding

Types of Materials (Contd)

Types of Materials (Contd)

Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister &

Adding impurity atoms to Cu increases resistivity.

Space Shuttle Tiles:

Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister & Rethwisch

Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and

Adapted from Fig. 1.2,

crack speed in salt water!

Heat treatment: slows

Adapted from chapter-opening photograph,

Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and

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