Soil Reinforcement and Foundations

A project on
STUDY OF ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOIL USING AGGREGATE

DUST
GUIDED BY
DR. Mrs. S. A. BHALCHANDRA
Submitted By
1. Biradar Amasidd D.
(BE06F01F017)
2. Borgaonkar Shiwani J.
(BE06F01F043)
3. Kulkarni Swapna N.
(BE06F01F050)
4. Shinde Priyanka S.
(BE06F01F086)
5. Kucche Kaviraj J.
(BE07S01F005)
6. Shinde Mahesh B.
(BE07S01F008
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
CONCLUSION
REFERANCES
The study is conducted on locally available soil(behind Hostel-A Government
Engineering College Aurangabad) and a black cotton soil collected from near the
Madhubahan hotel Beed Bypass Aurangabad.
Aggregate dust is collected from Waluj MIDC region crusher plant
And the experiments are conducted at Geotechnical Lab. Civil engineering
department, Government Engineering College Aurangabad
1. INTRODUCTION
As we know:
1. BC soils absorb water heavily, swell, become soft, lose strength, easily
compressible and has tendency to heave during wet condition.
2. BC soils shrink in volume and develop cracks during summer(70mm wide
and 1 m deep). They are characterised by extreme hardness and cracks
when dry.
3. When Free Swell Index exceeds 50%(called highly expansive ), undergo
volumetric changes leading to pavement distortion, cracking and general
unevenness due to seasonal wetting and drying.

4. BC soils produce a CBR value of 2 to 5% if compacted efficiently
Representative heights of capillary rise

Types of soil
Rise in metres
Gravel
0.02-0.10
Coarse sand
0.10-0.15
Fine sand
0.30-1.00
Silt
1.0-10.0
Clay
10.0-30.0
Colloidal soil
More than 30
Recent
trend in research works in the field of geotechnical
Engineering and construction materials focuses more on the

search for the cheap and locally available materials such as
aggregate dust fly ash baggage ash etc. as a stabilizing agents For
the purpose of full or partially replacement of traditional wastes.
Stone dust is becoming a new focus of researchers of the

enhanced friction property such waste when combined with soil.
Thus this project is aimed at evaluating the possibility of utilizing

aggregate dust in increasing the engineering properties of soil
Materials used for improving the engineering properties of soil
1. Aggregate dust
Aggregate Dusts
2. Glass fibers
3. Fly ash
Glass Fibers
4. Cement
5. lime
6. Groundnut shell ash
7. Iron Slag
Geo-Nets
8. bamboo fibers
9. Blast furnace slag etc.
GSA
Advantages of Reinforced Earth Structure

Less expansive
Increases the maximum dry density

Increases shear strength
Less differential settlement
Stability of slopes.
Withstand earthquake forces(prevent the liquefaction of soil)
Increases CBR value which has great significance in
transportation engineering
Main components of reinforced earth

- Fill
- Reinforcement
- Facings
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
When construction is carried out in weak foundation soils
following points should be considered

Bearing capacity failures.
Differential settlements.
Large lateral pressures and movement.
Slope instability
To avoid such problems, reinforcing of soil is done by using
reinforcing material as mention.
Case Study 1.0

Geogrid-Reinforced Retaining Walls
One of the retaining wall construction along highway in the northern
area of Brazil with heights ranging from 2m to 8.2 m.

To prevent potential of pore water pressures through foundation, a
drainage system with non-woven geotextile strips as a reinforced

material was used.
After that the settlements and lateral movements were monitored
during the construction up to 90 days after the start of the

construction.
Traffic loading = 20 kPa
Uniaxial geogrids
H=2 - 8.2 m
4.50
L> 0.7H
GRPS fill platform
Jet grout columns
9m
Organic silt
and clay
(SPT N=0 to 1)
Clayey silt
(SPT N>10)
1.2 m (dia.)
3.0 m
Not to scale
Case Study 2.0

Widening Of An Existing Roadway
Widening and raising an existing roadway was required for
supporting two additional lanes of vehicular traffic in South

Africa.
The GRPS system was selected due to its technical,
economic, and environmental advantages.

Vibration to concrete columns was used for minimizing
settlement at the outer edges of the embankment.
Permanent pavement section

Lightweight fill
Existing roadway
Temporary wall
Welded wire form slope

3.0m
Organic silt
Vibro-concrete
columns
Clayey sand fill
Organic silt
5.5m
Dense clayey fine sand
1.7m
Loose clayey fine sand
1.8m
Marl
Vibro-concrete columns
Wick drains
Not to scale
Since the completion of this widening roadway in 1997, no

problems have been reported.
3. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
The experiments has been performed to find out soil properties
Determination of Water content by oven dry method
Determination of shear parameter by Direct Shear Test
Determination of max. dry density by proctor density

method
4. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
TEST ON LOCALLY AVAILABLE SOIL
By using standard proctor test
1.
It involves the determination of dry density with

respect to moisture content for different percentage
of aggregate dust.
The stages of aggregate dust added is; 0%. 10%, 15%

20%, 30% etc.
One of market survey about Stone crusher in Aurangabad city shows

following results;
Total no. aggregate crusher plant arround the Aurangabad city;
- Chauka 4 no
- Paithan road 2 no
- Chikalthana MIDC region 1 no
- Waluj MIDC region 2 no
Rate of aggregate dust sold 1200/brass
Transportation by means of Trucks, Tractors etc
Onwer referance Tukaram Dhandage (Chauka region)
T.O. Rathod (Kannad region)
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
A. AGGREGATE DUST
1. Specific gravity of aggregate dust = 2.8
2. Sieve analysis of aggregate dust
I.S. Sieve no.
% Mass of soil
retained
0.9
6.2
Cumulative %
retained
0.9
7.1
% passing
4.75mm
2.36mm
Mass of soil
retained (gm)
9
62
1.18mm
0.6mm
0.425mm
0.300mm
0.150mm
0.075mm
pan
406
161
25
122
127
65
23
40.6
16.1
2.5
12.2
12.7
6.5
2.3
47.7
63.8
66.3
78.5
91.2
97.7
100
52.3
36.2
33.7
21.5
8.8
2.3
0.0
Fineness modulus of aggregate dust=452.7/800 = 0.56

Coefficient of uniformity=
D60 / D10 = 8.125
Coefficient of curvature= ( D30 )2 / (D10 xD60 ) = 0.84
Hence well graded
99.1
92.9
MDD VS OMC CURVE OF AGGREGATE DUST
Variation of dry density with %water content for

aggregate dust
BLACK COTTON SOIL AND LOCALLY AVAILABLE SOIL

Quantity
PROPERTY
Black cotton soil
Locally available soil
Natural moisture content %
15
Liquid limit %
93
45
Plastic limit %
21
26
Plasticity index %
72
19
Specific Gravity %
2.5
2.6
Dark grey
Dusty white
California bearing ratio %

Color
TESTS CONDUCTED ON LOCALLY AVAILABLE SOIL
1. STANDARD PROCTOR TEST
2. SHEAR STRENGTH TEST
1.STANDARD PROCTOR
TEST
0% AGGREGATE DUST
The test results show the Maximum dry density of 2000 Kg/m3 to the
corresponding Optimum moisture content as 17.20%.
10% AGRREGATE DUST
The graph shows the slightly improvement of MDD 2150 Kg/m3

corresponding to water content as 16.3%.
15% AGGREGATE DUST
The graph shows the MDD of 2200Kg/m3 corresponding to

water content as 16.4 %.
20% AGGREGATE DUST
The graph shows the maximum dry density of MDD 2250Kg/m3

30% AGGREGATE DUST
The graph shows the slightly maximum dry density of MDD 2280Kg/m3
2. SHEAR STRENGTH
TEST
0% AGGREGATE DUST
10% AGGREGATE DUST
15% AGGREGATE DUST
20% AGGREGATE DUST
30% AGGREGATE DUST
TESTS CONDUCTED ON BLACK COTTON

SOIL
1. STANDARD PROCTOR TEST
1. STANDARD PROCTOR
TEST
0% Aggregate Dust
The test results show the Maximum dry density as 1890 Kg/m3 to the
corresponding Optimum moisture content as 22.10%.
10% Aggregate dust
The test results show the Maximum dry density as 1960 Kg/m3 to the corresponding
Optimum moisture content of 22.10%.
20% Aggregate dust
The test results show the Maximum dry density as 2050 Kg/m3 to the corresponding Optimum
moisture content of 22.10%.
30% Aggregate dust
The test results show the Maximum dry density as 2250 Kg/m3 to
the corresponding Optimum moisture content of 22.10%.
0% Aggregate Dust
black cotton soil with 10% aggregate dust
black cotton soil with 20% aggregate dust
Black cotton soil with 30% aggregate dust
RESULT
1. Comparison between MDD and % of aggregate dust for locally
available Soil
Sr.
No
%
Aggregate
Dust
OMC
Change
in
OMC
(%)
MDD
Kg/m3
increase
in
MDD (%)
17.2
2000
10
16.20
-5.8
2150
7.5
15
16.36
-4.8
2200
9.09
20
16.06
-6.6
2250
12.5
30
15.80
-8.1
2280
14.1
2. Comparison between OMC and % of aggregate dust for locally
available soil
Decrement of OMC with the corresponding increment in aggregate dust.

- well gradation of soil
3. variation of c and with % of aggregate dust for locally

available soil
Sr.
No
%
Aggregate
Dust
Increase
in C (%)
Increase
in (%)
Variation of C and with % aggregate dust

14
12
0.18
1.71
10
10
0.19
5.55
11.0
3
545
15
0.22
22.22
8.81
450
c * 10
8
6
4
20
0.295
63.88
12.1
3
1042
30
0.36
100
11.8
1
1010
2
0
0%
10%
15%
20%
Percentage aggregate dust added
30%
4. Comparison between MDD and % of aggregate dust for black
cotton soil
Sr.
No
%
Aggregat
e Dust
OMC
Changes in
OMC (%)
MDD
Kg/m3
2300
Changes
in
MDD
(%)
Variation of MDD with % aggregate dust
2200
22.10
1890
10
23.30
+5.42
1955
3.4
20
23.10
+4.52
2050
8.64
MDD
2100
2000
MDD(kg/m3)
1900
1800
1700
30
22.35
+1.13
2250
19.047
0%
10%
20%
Aggregate Dust
30%
5. Variation of OMC with % aggregate dust for black

cotton soil
Percentage of aggregate dust increases the optimum moisture content decreases.

- well gradation of soil.
6. variation of c and with % of aggregate dust for black cotton

soil
Sr.
No
%
Aggregate
Dust
Changes
in C (%)
Variation of C and with % aggregate dust
Changes in
(%)
6
5
10
0.201
0.201
0.25
7
2.63
10.2
c * 10
3
2
20
0.234
+16.42
2.89
11.24
1
30
0.276
+29.182
5.19
20.19
0
0%
10%
20%
Percentage aggregate dust added
30%
Quantum of work performed

TEST
PERFORMED
% OF
AGGERGATE
DUST
LOCALLY
AVAILABLE SOIL
BLACK COTTON
SOIL
0%
1
2
3
1
2
3
10%
1
2
3
1
2
3
15%
1
2
3
1
2
3
20%
1
2
3
1
2
3
30%
1
2
3
1
2
3
DRY DENSITY
SHEAR
STRENGTH
No of specimen tested :- 30 sample
CONCLUSION
For locally available soil:
There is a huge increment of maximum dry density i.e. 7.5%,

9.09%, 12.5%, and 14% to the corresponding increment aggregate
dust of 10%, 15%, 20 %, and 30% respectively.
There is tremendous increment of frictional property of 6.45,

5.15, 7.09 and 6.92 times the initial to the corresponding
aggregate dust of, 10%, 15%, 20 %, and 30% respectively.
There is slight improvement in the cohesive property of soil i.e.

5.55%, 22.22%, 63. 88% and 100% to the corresponding aggregate
dust of 10%, 15%, and 20 % 30% respectively
For black cotton soil:
The increment of maximum dry density of 3.5%, 8.46% and

19.04% is recorded with the corresponding increment in aggregate
dust of 10%, 20% and 30% respectively.
There is considerable increment of frictional property () i.e.

10.2, 11.2 and20.19 times to the corresponding aggregate dust of
10%, 20 % and 30% respectively.
There is slight improvement in the cohesive property (C) of soil

i.e. 0%, 16.42%, and 29.18% to the corresponding aggregate dust
of 10%, 20 % and 30% respectively
All above conclusions will overcome the socio-economic

constraints with economy.
This field is new area of research and further development

for geotechnical engineers.
REFERENCES
Dr. B. C. Punmia, Ashok Kumar Jain, Arun Kumar Jain ,Soil
Mechanics & Foundations (16 Edt.), Laxmi Publication Ltd, 2005

Shashi K. Gulhati, Manoj Datta ,Geotechnical Engineering Tecmax
Publication, 2006,
Indian Standard codes & Publication Series IS-2720 (Part 1-30), SP
20
BS 1377, method of testing soil for civil engineering purpose, British
standard Institute London
I Murugan & C Natarajan, Reinforcing traditional Indian
construction with morden construction technique Indian Journal of
traditional knowledge, Vol. 8(4) Oct.2009, page
ASTM (1992) Annual book of ASTM standards

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A project on

STUDY OF ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOIL USING AGGREGATE

DR. Mrs. S. A. BHALCHANDRA

The study is conducted on locally available soil(behind Hostel-A Government

unevenness due to seasonal wetting and drying.

Representative heights of capillary rise

trend in research works in the field of geotechnical

Engineering and construction materials focuses more on the

Stone dust is becoming a new focus of researchers of the

Thus this project is aimed at evaluating the possibility of utilizing

Materials used for improving the engineering properties of soil

Advantages of Reinforced Earth Structure

Increases the maximum dry density

Increases CBR value which has great significance in

Main components of reinforced earth

following points should be considered

To avoid such problems, reinforcing of soil is done by using

reinforcing material as mention.

Case Study 1.0

area of Brazil with heights ranging from 2m to 8.2 m.

drainage system with non-woven geotextile strips as a reinforced

during the construction up to 90 days after the start of the

Traffic loading = 20 kPa

Case Study 2.0

Widening and raising an existing roadway was required for

supporting two additional lanes of vehicular traffic in South

economic, and environmental advantages.

settlement at the outer edges of the embankment.

Permanent pavement section

Welded wire form slope

Clayey sand fill

Dense clayey fine sand

Loose clayey fine sand

Since the completion of this widening roadway in 1997, no

Determination of Water content by oven dry method

Determination of shear parameter by Direct Shear Test

Determination of max. dry density by proctor density

It involves the determination of dry density with

The stages of aggregate dust added is; 0%. 10%, 15%

One of market survey about Stone crusher in Aurangabad city shows

Fineness modulus of aggregate dust=452.7/800 = 0.56

D60 / D10 = 8.125

Coefficient of curvature= ( D30 )2 / (D10 xD60 ) = 0.84

Hence well graded

MDD VS OMC CURVE OF AGGREGATE DUST

Variation of dry density with %water content for

BLACK COTTON SOIL AND LOCALLY AVAILABLE SOIL

Locally available soil

Natural moisture content %

California bearing ratio %

TESTS CONDUCTED ON LOCALLY AVAILABLE SOIL

1. STANDARD PROCTOR TEST

2. SHEAR STRENGTH TEST

10% AGRREGATE DUST

The graph shows the slightly improvement of MDD 2150 Kg/m3

15% AGGREGATE DUST

The graph shows the MDD of 2200Kg/m3 corresponding to

20% AGGREGATE DUST

The graph shows the maximum dry density of MDD 2250Kg/m3