Applying Human Factors Principles: Section B Aeronautical Decision Making

Applying Human Factors
Principles
Chapter 10
Section B
Aeronautical Decision
Making
Risk Elements
Pilot fitness, competency, currency, experience
Aircraft performance, limits, equipment,

airworthiness
Environment wx., airport conditions, ATC svcs.
Operation purpose of flight
Situation situational awareness of all above
Decision-making Process
D detect
E estimate
C choose
I identify
D do
E evaluate
Accidents Incidents
Accident
An occurrence in which any person on board the

aircraft suffers death or serious injury, or in which
the aircraft receives substantial damage
Incident
An occurrence other than an accident which

affects the safety of operations
NTSB
National Transportation Safety Board
Investigates every U. S. civil aviation accident

Issues safety recommendations
Maintains database
Conducts research on safety issues
www.ntsb.gov
Poor Judgment Chain
aka error chain
Accidents and incidents rarely, if ever, are the

result of a single cause
Usually a series of errors occurs which lead

to the accident or incident
Break one link in the chain and sequence of

events would be stopped
Risk
Flight activities where accidents are most

likely to occur
When do aviation accidents happen?
57.2% of GA accidents occur during 6% of flight time

Takeoff/initial climb, Approach, Landing
PIC Responsibility
Read top half of page 10-28
Judgment
Learned
From your mistakes

From other experiences
From the experiences of others
Ability to exercise good judgment affected by
Stressors
Stressors
Three categories
Physical stress
Physiological stress
Psychological stress
Personal checklist
Stress
Improving Judgment
Anticipate decisions
Train and practice in critical areas
Match individual skills with the job
Standardize whenever possible
Maintain positive attitudes
Practice effective communications
Be deliberate in decision making
Hazardous Attitudes
Communication
Sending
Listening
Feedback
Good ATC radio procedures help
Communication
When the rear-seat pilot of a dual-piloted T-33
aircraft attempted to adjust his position, he
inadvertently deployed the life raft in the seat
bucket survival kit. As the raft inflated, it
pushed the stick forward, which caused the
aircraft to pitch nose down. The front seat pilot
attempted to correct the dive, but met
resistance when he pulled the stick back.
Communication, continued
Meanwhile, the back seater found and
deployed the raft deflation tool. The front
seater, trying to solve the control problem,
heard an explosion as the cockpit filled with
talcum powder from inside the raft, which
looked very much like smoke. He identified the
problem as an engine failure, closed the throttle
and secured the engine.
Communication, continued
As the haze cleared in the back, the back
seater noticed the apparent engine flameout
and ejected. The front seater then deadsticked the aircraft into a field. Throughout this
entire sequence, not a word was spoken.
Barriers to Sending
Poor choice of words

Silence
Assumptions
Tone
Over load
Volume
Barriers to Listening
Boredom
Complacency
Distractions
Impatience
Anger
Feedback
Ask for clarification until you understand

Acknowledge
Restate
Confirm
Observe
Question
Disagree
Answer
Double Check When You Hear . . .
Probably
Possibly
I think so
I hope so
Maybe
Should
Internal Barriers to Communication
Rank
Attitude
Choice of words
Misinterpretation
Hearback
Hear what you want to hear or are expecting

Mixing/switching numbers 200-220, 120,210
External Barriers to Communications
High noise
Uncomfortable temperatures
High workload
Uncertain of policies/procedures
Unable to see the other person
Resources
Internal in the cockpit during flight
External outside of the cockpit during flight
Workload Management
Plan
Prepare
Prioritize
Overload
Compare
Situational Awareness
An accurate perception of the operational

and environmental factors which affect the
aircraft, pilot, and passengers during a
specific period of time.
Fixating on one thing
Complacency
ADM Works!
United Flight 232

Captain Al Haynes
We had 103 Years of flying experience in that

cockpit . . . but not one minute of that 103 years
had been spent operating an airplane the way we
were trying to fly it. If we had not worked
together, with everybody coming up with ideas
and discussing what we should do next and how
we were going to do it, I do not think we would
have made it to Sioux City.

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Applying Human Factors

Pilot fitness, competency, currency, experience

Aircraft performance, limits, equipment,

Environment wx., airport conditions, ATC svcs.

Operation purpose of flight

Situation situational awareness of all above

An occurrence in which any person on board the

An occurrence other than an accident which

National Transportation Safety Board

Investigates every U. S. civil aviation accident

Poor Judgment Chain

aka error chain

Accidents and incidents rarely, if ever, are the

Usually a series of errors occurs which lead

Break one link in the chain and sequence of

Flight activities where accidents are most

When do aviation accidents happen?

57.2% of GA accidents occur during 6% of flight time

Read top half of page 10-28

From your mistakes

Ability to exercise good judgment affected by

Good ATC radio procedures help

Poor choice of words

Ask for clarification until you understand

Double Check When You Hear . . .

Internal Barriers to Communication

Hear what you want to hear or are expecting

External Barriers to Communications

Internal in the cockpit during flight

External outside of the cockpit during flight

An accurate perception of the operational

Fixating on one thing

United Flight 232

We had 103 Years of flying experience in that

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