LATHE MACHINE

COURSE CONTENTS

Introduction & history of lathe.
Working principle of lathe.
Classification of lathe.
Construction and parts of lathe.
Accessories of lathe.
Specifications of lathe.
Lathe operations.
Work holding devices.
Conclusion

HISTORY
The inventor of center lathe is Henry
Maudsley.
The lathe machine is one of the oldest
and most important machine tools. As
early as 1569, wood lathes were in use
in France. The lathe machine was
adapted to metal cutting in England
during the Industrial Revolution.
Lathe machine also called Engine
Lathe because the first type of lathe
was driven by a steam engine.





Lathe is one of the most important machine tools in the
metal working industry. A lathe operates on the principle
of a rotating work piece and a fixed cutting tool.

The cutting tool is feed into the work piece, which rotates
about its own axis, causing the work piece to be formed
to the desired shape.

Lathe machine is also known as the mother/father of the
entire tool family.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF LATHE
It holds the job between two rigid and strong supports
called centers which rotates the work piece.
The cutting tool held rigidly in tool post .
While job rotates about its own axis the cutting tool is fed
against the job either in parallel or at an inclination.

Type of job:
Majorly cylindrical ,conical shaped components can be
easily machined.
Type of cutting tool:
single point cutting tool is used.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF LATHE
LATHE AND ITS PARTS

Main parts of lathe are :
Bed
Head stock
Tail stock
Carriage
Legs
Feed mechanism
Screw cutting mechanism

BED:
Made from cast iron or nickel cast iron alloy.
It supports head stock, tail stock & carriage.
Machining and scraping of lathe bed is done with
high precision.
On top section are machined ways guide and align
major parts of lathe.
Lathe beds are usually made of single piece
castings.
For extremely large machine, it can be of two or
more pieces.
Its cross section is box sections with cross ribs.

LEGS:

Supports which carry complete load of machine tool.
Both legs should be rigid and robust construction.
HEAD STOCK :
Clamped on left-hand end of bed.
Headstock spindle ,Hollow cylindrical shaft
supported by bearings provides drive through gears
to work-holding devices.
These bearings and gears are used to provide
required spindle speeds.
It is also called as Live centre.

NEED FOR CHANGE OF SPEED:
Work material: harder materials need slow speeds and soft
materials are machined at faster speeds.
Cutting tool materials: harder the cutting tool the higher is the
cutting speed to take the advantage of hot hardness of material.
Type of operation: external and internal threading done at
lower speeds.
Work size: larger diameter work at lower and small diameters
work at higher speed.
Surface finish:
Rough machining---- deep cut & low speed.
Finishing ----- low depth of cut & high speed.
TAIL STOCK: [LOOSE HEAD STOCK (OR) PUPPET HEAD STOCK]
Placed at right side of lathe.
To support long workpiece.
Operations like drilling, tapping, reaming can done
using sleeve of tailstock.

The body is a single piece casting fitted to a bottom plate,
carries a slot to prevent the longitudinal movements of the two.
The upper part of the body is hollow carries a sleeve or barrel
inside it.
Front end of the sleeve is fitted by dead centre.
Collar limits inward motion of the sleeve.


CARRIAGE:







It controls and supports the cutting tool.
Saddle: slides along the guide ways( H- shape)
Cross- slide: carries compound slide and tool post.
Compound rest: sets tool for angular cuts.
Tool post: to clam the cutting tool.
Apron: attached to saddle and hangs infront of bed.It has
gears,levers and clutches, for moving carriage with the lead and
thread screw.
CROSS SLIDE:

Fitted on the Saddle
Moves cutting tool at right angles to lathe bed

COMPOUND REST:
Fitted to top of Cross slide
Carries tool post and cutting tool
Can rotate to any angle (Swivel Plate)
Is used to turn tapers
It is also called as Tool Rest (or) Top Slide.


TOOL POST:

Adjust the height on some


4 different tool holders

APRON:
It is the hanging part infront of carriage.
It serves as housing for number of gear trains for smooth
movement of entire carriage.
FEED MECHANISM:
It is employed for imparting various feeds to cutting
tool.
longitudinal,cross,angular
It consists of feed reverse lever, change gears, feed
gear box, lead screw, feed rod, apron mechanism
and half nut mechanism.
SPECIFICATIONS OF LATHE:
Height of the centre : C :Vertical distance between the lathe bed &the
centre line of the lathe spindle.
Swing diameter over bed : ELargest diameter of the work that can be
revolved without touching bed. Equal to 2C.
Length between centre : A :Max. length of work piece that can be set
between centers.
Swing dia. Over carriage : D :Largest dia. of work piece that can be
revolved over the lathe saddle.
Max. bar dia. : Max. dia. Of bar stock that pass through the hole of head
stock
Length of bed : Total length of guide ways provided on the bed.

SPECIFICATIONS OF LATHE:
LATHE
BENCH SPEED ENGINE TOOL ROOM SEMI AUTO AUTOMATIC
WOOD WORKING
CENTERING
METAL SPINNING
POLISHING
BELT DRIVE
GEAR HEAD DRIVE
INDIVIDUAL MOTOR
CAPSTAN AND
TURRET
Bench Lathe:
small lathe mounted on bench or cabinet.
Used for very small and precision work.
Capable of performing almost all the lathe operations.
SPEED LATHES:
Due to high speed of spindle it is called Speed Lathe.
Speed of Spindle : 1200 to 3600 rpm.
It is mainly used for metal spinning, polishing etc.
These type of lathes does not have provision for power
feed because of no gear box.
Tool is mounted on tool post or supported by T-shape
supporter by hand.

METAL SPINNING VIDEO:
ENGINE LATHE:
In starting it was driven by steam engine, So it is called
as Engine lathe.
Not production lathe, found in school shops, tool rooms,
and job shops.
Primarily for single piece or short runs.
Manually operated.
Head stock is bigger in size provides mechanism for
multiple speeds in lathe.
Types :-
a) Belt driven lathe
b) Individual motor driven lathe
c) Gear head drive lathe
TOOL ROOM LATHE:
Same as Engine lathe.
It is used for production of small & precision works
like tools, gauges, fixtures and accurate parts in
tool room.
Different speeds can achieved.
Costly as compared to a same size Engine lathe.

SEMI AUTOMATIC LATHES: (CAPSTAN & TURRET LATHES)
Widely used in mass production.
It has special mechanisms for indexing of their tool heads.
To operated this low skill technician is enough.
Modified Engine lathe.
Capsten lathes are used in mass production used for light duty
workpieces.
Turret lathes are used in mass production and for heavy duty
workpieces.
No tailstock.
Instead of tailstock hexagonal turret is there.
No time waste for re-setting of tools.

AUTOMATIC LATHES:
Developed to meet all the required basic machining
processes can be done automatically.
Only mounting of work and removal of work is done by
operator.
Available in single or multiple spindles with heavy duty
& high speed lathes employed in mass production.


SPECIAL PURPOSE LATHES:
Suits to a definite class of work and to perform certained specified
operations only.
COPY LATHE:
TAPER TURNING
A taper may be defined as an uniform decrease or
increase in diameter of a piece of workpiece along
its length.
Taper turning methods:
Setting over the tailstock centre
Swiveling the compound rest
Using taper turning attachment
By form tool.


SETTING OVER TAILSTOCK:
Small tapers only.
Based on the principle of shifting the axis of rotation of
the work piece, at an angle to the axis and feeding the
tool parallel to the lathe axis.

SWIVELLING THE COMPOUND REST:
Best method as it does not effect the job centers.
In this method tool is fed at an angle to the axis of rotation of
workpiece.
Limited movement of the cross slide restricts this method to short
tapers.
Low production capacity and poor surface finish because the tool
movement is completely controlled by hand.


TAPER ATTACHMENT:

Provides wide range of tapers.
A tool is guided in a straight path set at an angle to the axis of
rotation of the workpiece, while the work is being revolved
between centres.
It consists of a bracket which is attached to the rear end of the
lathe bed and supports a guide bar provided at centre.
The bar is provided with graduations and may be swivelled on
either side of the zero graduation and can be set at desired
angles.

USING FORM TOOL:
Broad nose form tool is used.
Limited to shorter tapers only.

LATHE ACCESSORIES:
The devices employed for handling and support the work
and the tool on the lathe are called accessories.
Chucks
Face plate
Angle plate
Driving plate
Lathe carriers or dogs
Lathe mandrels
Rests
Jigs and fixtures.
CHUCKS:
Work holding device.
Commonly used chucks are:

Three jaw universal chuck
Four jaw independent chuck
Combination chuck
Magnetic chuck
Hydraulic or Air chucks
collect

THREE JAW & FOUR JAW CHUCK
Face plate: A circular cast iron disc ,having threaded hole
at its centre so it can be screwed to the threaded nose of the
spindle.

Angle plate: Used in conjunction with a face plate.
Driving plate: It is a circular disc having a projected boss
at its rear. It also have a hole to accommodate a pin which can
engages with the tail of a lathe dog or carrier.

Lathe mandrel: It is a solid steel shaft or spindle used for
holding bored parts for machining their outside surface on
lathe. They are also known as ARBORS. The common type of
mandrels are : solid & plain, collar, stepped, expanding and
double cone mandrels.

Rests:
SEMI AUTOMATIC LATHES:
SPECIFICATIONS & TYPES OF TURRET LATHES:
Specifications:
1. maximum diameter of bar
2. swing diameter of the workpiece
3. spindle speeds
4. feeds
5. chuck size
6. capacity of drive motor

Classified as:
1. Horizontal turret lathe
(a) Ram type.
(b)Saddle type.
2. Vertical turret lathe.
3. Numerically controlled turret lathe.

TYPES :
Horizontal turret : Two types RAM & SADDLE
RAM TYPE:
speed: 50 to 4000 r.p.m
work: light duty
Turret placed on a ram

SADDLE TYPE:
Turret mounted on saddle
speed: 20 to 1500 r.p.m


VERTICAL TURRET LATHE:
Consists of a rotating chuck or table in horizontal position with
the turret mounted above on cross rail.
To provide angular cuts ram and turret head may be swivell
right or left from centre.
Applicable for boring but not for bar work.

AUTOMATIC LATHES:

The lathe that have their tools automatically fed to work and
withdraw after the cycle is complete are know as automatic
lathes.

Types: 1. single spindle 2. multi spindle
cutt-off cutting off
swiss type drilling,milling,e.t.c
automatic screw bar
special special
AUTOMATIC SCREW MACHINES:
Single spindle:
1. designed for bar work of small diameter.
2. cross slide capable of carrying tools both front and rear and a
turret mounted in a vertical position on a slide with longitudinal
movement.

Multi spindle:
1. large no of spindles usually 4,6 or 8