Lathe Machine: Its Principle, Parts, Operations

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Lathe Machine
ITS PRINCIPLE, PARTS, OPERATIONS
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PRINCIPLE OF LATHE MACHINE
The lathe is a machine tool which holds the
work piece between two rigid & strong
supports called centres or in a chuck or in
face plate which revolves. The cutting tool is
held and fed against the revolving work
piece. Cutting tool fed either parallel or at
right angles to the axis of work piece. or may
also at an angle.
LATHE SIZE 3

 A-The length of the bed


 B-The Distance between centers
 C-Diameter of the work that can be turned over the ways
 D-The diameter of the work that can be turned over the cross-
slide
PRINCIPLE PARTS OF LATHE 4
PRINCIPLE PARTS OF LATHE 5

Bed and Ways


Bed is the main body of the lathe made from sturdy cast iron. The
ways are ground surfaces on the top side of bed on which the
carriage and tailstock ride.
PRINCIPLE PARTS OF LATHE 6
Headstock and Spindle
 The headstock comprises the rectangular metal casting
at the left end of the lathe .
 It contains the spindle shaft and it supports bearings
and high/low speed shift lever and gears.
 Spindle is the main rotating shaft on which the chuck is
mounted.
PRINCIPLE PARTS OF LATHE 7
Carriage and Saddle
 The carriage supports the cross-slide, compound and
tool post.
 Moves along the ways under manual or power feed.
 Saddle rides across the top of the ways and the apron
 Carriage hand wheel moves the carriage along the
ways.
PRINCIPLE PARTS OF LATHE 8

 The Apron contains a drive mechanism to move the


carriage along the ways, using hand or power feed.
 The cross-slide allows the tool to move toward or away
from the operator, at a right angle to the axis of the
lathe.
 The compound rest permits angular tool movement.
 The too post is used to mount the cutting tool.
PRINCIPLE PARTS OF LATHE 9

Tail Stock
 The tailstock is a movable fixture that mounts on the
ways to support work between centers.
 It mounts the dead center (non-revolving) that supports
the outer end of the work.
 It can also be fitted with cutting tools for drilling,
reaming, and threading.
TYPES OF LATHE 10

Engine lathe
 Not production lathe, found in school shops, tool-
rooms, and job shops
 Primarily for single piece or short runs
 Manually operated
Special Types of Lathes 11

Turret lathe
 Used when many duplicate parts required
 Equipped with multisided toolpost (turret) to which
several different cutting tools mounted
Special Types of Lathes 12

 Single- and multiple-spindle automatic lathes


 Six or eight different operations may be performed
on many parts at the same time
 Will produce parts for as long as required
 Tracer lathes
 Used where a few duplicate parts required
 Hydraulically operated cross-slide controlled by
stylus bearing against round or flat template
Special Types of Lathes 13

 Conventional/programmable lathe
 Operated as standard lathe or programmable lathe
to automatically repeat machining operations
 2-axis (DRO) so can see exact location of cutting
tool and workpiece in X and Z axes
 Computerized Numerically Controlled (CNC) lathes
 Cutting-tool movements controlled by computer-
controlled program to perform sequence of
operations automatically
Lathe Operations 14
Feed Mechanism 15

 The feed mechanism is


used to move carriage
along the ways.
 The feed mechanism
transmits power through a
train of gears to the quick-
change gear box.
 This regulates the distance
the cutting tool travels per
revolution of the spindle.
 The lettering on the index
plate tells how to position
the levers for various
thread-cutting and feed
combinations.
Reading Assignment 16

 Read the topics


 Preparing the Lathe for Operations (26.3)
 Cleaning the Lathe (26.4)
 Lathe Safety (26.5)
Lathe Tool Holders 17

 The rigid support and proper position of the tool is


very necessary for accurate turning of the work
piece.
 Tool holder holds the cutting tool, and is tightened
with set screw.
 Single-point, High Speed Steel (HSS) cutter bit is
used for most applications.
Lathe Tool Holders 18

Tool holder shapes


 Tool holders are made in straight, right-hand, and
left-hand shapes.
Lathe Tool Holders 19

 A turret holder is also used to hold tools.


 They can typically hold four cutter bits to perform
different operations.
Lathe Cutting Tools 20

 Understanding of the lathe cutting tools is


important to perform the lathe operations
effectively.
Lathe Cutting Tools 21

 The shape of the cutting tool depends on the


type of work; roughing or finishing, and on the
metal which is to be machined.
 Most cutting tools are sharpened to cut in one
direction.
 The round nose cutting tool is an exception and
can cut in either direction.
Lathe Cutting Tools 22

 Roughing Tools
 These tools are used to make deep cuts to remove
considerable metal from a work-piece.
Lathe Cutting Tools 23

 Finishing Tools
 Tool which is used to produce finishing cut/surface.
 Nose of the finishing tool is rounded than the nose
of the roughing tool.
Lathe Cutting Tools 24

 Facing Tool
 Used for facing the work piece
 It is ground to prevent interference with the tailstock
center
 Round nose tool is designed for lighter turning.
Cutting Speeds and Feeds 25

 The cutting speed and feed govern the time


required to machine a piece of work and the
quality of the surface finish.
 Cutting Speed indicates the distance the
workpiece moves past the cutting tool.
 It is expressed in feet per minute (fpm) or meters
per minute (mpm).
 Measuring is done on the circumference of the
work. Meaning?
 If one long chip is cut using lathe, then the length
of the chip cut in one minute (in feet or minute) is
the cutting speed of the lathe.
Cutting Speeds and Feeds 26

 Feed is the distance that the cutter moves


lengthwise in one revolution of the work.
 There is a chart which shows the cutting speed
and feed whose values depend on many factors
such as:
 Cutting tool material
 Material being machined
 Depth of the cut
 Desired finish
 Rigidity of the workpiece
 Type of the coolant being used
Cutting Speeds and Feeds 27
Cutting Speeds and Feeds 28

 Roughing Cut:
 Roughing cut is done to reduce the work to its
approximate required size.
 The work is left 1/32” or 0.08 mm oversize for the
finishing operation.
 Since the finishing of the roughing cut is not
important, highest speed and coarsest feed,
consistent with safety and accuracy, is used.
Cutting Speeds and Feeds 29

 Finishing Cut:
 Finishing cut brings the work to the required
diameter/size and surface finish.
 Combination of high spindle speed, sharp cutting
tool, and fine feed is used.
 Depth of Cut:
 The distance the cutter is fed into the work (across
the longitudinal direction)
 The material is removed from the work at two times
the infeed distance
Cutting Speeds and Feeds 30

Calculating Cutting Speeds


 Cutting Speed (CS) is given in fpm or mpm
 CS must be converted to Revolutions Per Minute
(rpm) of the work to determine the required
spindle speed to achieve that CS.
Cutting Speeds and Feeds 31

Calculating Cutting Speeds


 For inch based system:
 Rpm = (CS x 4)/D
 Where, D = Diameter of the work in inches
 For metric based system:
 Rpm = (CS x 1000)/(D x 𝜋)
Cutting Speeds and Feeds 32

Cutting Speed Problem:


 What spindle speed is required to finish 4”
diameter aluminum alloy?
 CS = 1000 fpm (from chart)
 D = 4”
 Rpm = (CS x 4)/4 = (1000 x 4)/4 = 1000
Cutting Speeds and Feeds 33

Cutting Speed Problem:


 What spindle speed is required to finish-turn
100mm diameter aluminum alloy?
 CS = 300 mpm (from chart)
 D = 100mm
 𝜋=3
 Rpm = 1000
Lathe Work Holding 34

Attachments
 There are variety of ways in which the work can
be mounted on the lathe machine.
Reading Assignment 35

 Read the article 26.10, 26.12, and 26.14 from your


book.
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Thank you
QUESTIONS?

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