Lathe Machine: Bed: Usually Made of Cast Iron. Provides A Heavy Rigid Frame in Which

LATHE MACHINE
INTRODUCTION
Lathe machine was invented in 1740. Even today, though this lathe operates
with the help of motor, it is known as engine lathe. Various attachments and
accessories are used with the lathe machine. The worker working on lathe
machine, i.e. the operator of lathe is called Turner because on lathe machine
many operations such as plain turning, facing, taper turning, drilling, reaming,
tapping, boring, knurling, screw cutting etc are carried out.
LATHE COMPONENTS
1. Bed: Usually made of cast iron. Provides a heavy rigid frame in which
all the main components are mounted.
2. Ways: Inner and outer guide rails that are precision machined parallel
to assure accuracy of movement.
3. Headstock: Mounted in a fixed position on the inner ways, usually at

the left end. Using a chuck, it rotates the work.
4. Gearbox: Inside the headstock, providing multiple speeds with a
geometric ratio by moving levers.
5. Spindle: Hole through the headstock to which bar stock can be fed,
which allows shafts that are up to 2 times the length between lathe
centers to be worked on one end at time.
6. Chuck: 3-jaw (self centering) or 4-jaw (independent) to clamp part

being machined. Chuck allows the mounting of difficult work pieces that
are not round, square or triangular.
7. Tailstock: Fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide towards any
position the headstock to fit the length of the work piece. An optional
taper turning attachment would be mounted to it.
8. Carriage: Moves on the outer ways. Used for mounting and moving
most the cutting tools.
9. Cross slide: Mounted on the traverse slide of the carriage and uses a
hand wheel to feed tools into the work pieces.
10. Tool post: To mount tool holders in which the cutting bits are clamped.
11.Compound rest: Mounted to the cross slide, it pivots around the tool
post.
12. Apron: Attached to the front of the carriage, it has the mechanism and
controls for moving the carriage and cross slide.
13. Lead screw: for cutting threads.
The purpose of a lathe is to rotate a part against a tool whose position it

controls. It is useful for fabricating parts and/or features that have a circulate
cross section. The spindle is the part of the lathe that rotates. Various work
holding attachments such as three jaw chucks, collets, and centers can be
held in the spindle. The spindle is driven by an electric motor through a
system of belt drives and/or gear trains. Spindle speed is controlled by varying
the geometry of the drive train. The tailstock can be used to support the end
of the work piece with c center, or to hold tools for drilling, reaming, thread or
cutting tapers. It can be adjusted in position along the ways to accommodate
different length work pieces. The ram can be fed along the axis of rotation
with the tailstock hand wheel. The carriage controls and supports the cutting
tool.
It consists of:
1. A saddle that mates with and slides along the ways.
2. An apron that controls the feed mechanisms.
3. A cross slide that controls transverse motion of the tool (toward or away
from the operator).
4. A tool compound that adjusts to permit angular tool movement.
5. A tool post T-slot that holds the tool post.
MACHINING OPERATIONS:
FACING
Facing is the machining of the end surfaces and shoulders of a work piece.
In addition to squaring the ends of the work, facing provides a way to cut work
to length accurately. Generally, only lightly cuts are required since the work
will gave been cut to approximate length or rough machined to the shoulder.
TURNING
Turning is the machining of excess stock from the periphery of the work piece
to reduce the diameter. In most of the lathe machine operations requires
removal of large amounts of stock. A series of roughing cuts is taken to
remove most of the excess stock then a finishing cut is taken to accurately
“size” the work piece.
PARTING
A parting tool is deeper and narrower than a turning tool. It is designed for
making narrow grooves and for cutting off parts.
DRILLING
A lathe can also be used to drill holes accurately concentric with the centerline
of a cylindrical part.
BORING
Boring is an operation in which a hole is enlarged with a single point cutting

tool. A boring bar is used to support the cutting tool as it extends into the
hole. Because of the extension of the boring bar, the tool is supported less
rigidly and is more likely to chatter. This can be corrected by using slower
spindle speeds or by grinding a smaller radius on the nose of the tool.
LATHE SAFETY:
1. Do not attempt to operate a lathe until you know the proper procedures
and have been checked out on its safe operation by your instructor.
2. Never attempt to operate a lathe while your senses are impaired by
medication or other
substances.
3. Dress appropriately! Remove any necklaces or other dangling jewelry,
wristwatch, or rings.
Secure any loose-fitting clothing and roll up long sleeves. Wear an apron
or a properly fitted
shop coat. Safety glasses are a Must!
4. Clamp all work solidly. Use the correct size tool and work-holding device
for the job.
Get help when handling large sections of metal, heavy chucks and
attachments.
5. Check work frequently when it is being machined between centers. A
work piece expands
as it heats up from friction and could damage the tailstock center.
6. Be sure all guards are in place before attempting to operate the machine.
Never attempt to
defeat or bypass a safety switch.
7. Turn the faceplate or chuck by hand to be sure there is no binding or
danger of the work
striking any part of the lathe.
8. Keep the machine clear of tools, and always stop the machine before
making measurements
and adjustments.
9. Metal chips are sharp and can cause severe cuts. Do not try to remove
them with your hands
when they become “stringy” and build up on the tool post. Stop the
machine and remove
them with pliers.
10. Do not permit small-diameter work to project too far from the chuck
without support from
the tailstock. Without support, the work will be tapered or worse, spring
up over the cutting
tool and / or break.
11. Do not run the cutting tool into the chuck.
12. Stop the machine before attempting to wipe down its surface, so the
cloth doesn’t become
caught on rotating parts. When knurling, keep the coolant brush clear of
the work.
13. Before repositioning or removing work from the lathe, move the cutting
tool clear of the
work area.
14. Avoid talking to anyone while running the lathe! Do not permit anyone to
fool around with
the machine while you are operating it. You are the only one who should
turn the machine
on or off, or make any adjustments.
15. Always remove the key form the chuck.
16. Tools must not be placed on the lathe ways. Use a tool board or place
them on the lathe tray.
17. When doing filing on a lathe, make sure the file has a securely fitting
handle.
18. If any odd sounding noise or vibration develops during lathe operation,
stop the machine
immediately. If you cannot locate the trouble get help from your
instructor.
19. Remove sharp edges and burrs from the work piece before dismounting it
from the machine.
Burrs and sharp edges can cause painful cuts.
20. Use care when cleaning the lathe. Chips sometimes stick in recesses.
Remove them with a
paintbrush or wooden stick, not a dust brush.

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LATHE MACHINE

3. Headstock: Mounted in a fixed position on the inner ways, usually at

6. Chuck: 3-jaw (self centering) or 4-jaw (independent) to clamp part

13. Lead screw: for cutting threads.

The purpose of a lathe is to rotate a part against a tool whose position it

2. An apron that controls the feed mechanisms.

4. A tool compound that adjusts to permit angular tool movement.

5. A tool post T-slot that holds the tool post.

Boring is an operation in which a hole is enlarged with a single point cutting

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