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    Cells: Structure and Function

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    malaitaman
    The document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It begins by discussing the early discovery of cells in the 1600s using microscopes. It then outlines the three main principles of the cell theory developed in the 1830s-1840s. The rest of the document details the diversity of cell sizes, shapes, and internal structures between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. It provides descriptions and functions of the major cellular organelles found in plant and animal cells.

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    Cells: Structure and Function

    Uploaded by

    malaitaman
    53 views51 pages
    The document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It begins by discussing the early discovery of cells in the 1600s using microscopes. It then outlines the three main principles of the cell theory developed in the 1830s-1840s. The rest of the document details the diversity of cell sizes, shapes, and internal structures between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. It provides descriptions and functions of the major cellular organelles found in plant and animal cells.

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    Cells

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    The document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It begins by discussing the early discovery of cells in the 1600s using microscopes. It then outlines the three main principles of the cell theory developed in the 1830s-1840s. The rest of the document details the diversity of cell sizes, shapes, and internal structures between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. It provides descriptions and functions of the major cellular organelles found in plant and animal cells.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    53 views51 pages

    Cells: Structure and Function

    Uploaded by

    malaitaman
    The document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It begins by discussing the early discovery of cells in the 1600s using microscopes. It then outlines the three main principles of the cell theory developed in the 1830s-1840s. The rest of the document details the diversity of cell sizes, shapes, and internal structures between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. It provides descriptions and functions of the major cellular organelles found in plant and animal cells.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 51
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    Some of the key takeaways are that cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living organisms, cells come only from existing cells through cell division, and cells vary greatly in size, shape and internal structures.

    Some major discoveries were Robert Hooke observing 'little boxes' under a microscope in 1665, Anton van Leeuwenhoek observing living cells in 1675, Matthias Schleiden concluding that plants are composed of cells in 1838, Theodor Schwann concluding that animals are also composed of cells in 1839, and Rudolph Virchow determining that cells only come from pre-existing cells in 1855.

    Some main differences are that plant cells contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis, have a cell wall and larger vacuoles, while animal cells lack these structures.

    Cells

    Structure and Function


    Section 1: Introduction to
    the Cell
    Discovery of Cells
    The invention of the lens

    Robert Hooke (1665):
    observed a thin slice of cork
    (dead plant cells) with a
    microscope. He described
    what he observed as little
    boxes (cells).
    Discovery of Cells
    Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1675):
    was the first person to observe
    living cells.
    Light Microscope
    Light Microscope
    Elodea - Aquatic Plant
    40X 400X
    Transmission Electron Microscope
    (TEM)
    Transmission Electron Microscope
    (TEM)
    Herpes Viruses
    Plant Root Cell
    Scanning Electron Microscope
    (SEM)
    Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
    Mosquito Head
    200X 2000X
    Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
    Fly Eye
    Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
    Inside of
    Stomach
    Surface of
    Tongue
    Neuron
    Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
    Pollen
    Yeast
    Red Blood
    Cell,
    Platelet,
    and White
    Blood Cell
    TEM vs. SEM
    Viruses
    leaving a
    cell
    White blood cell chases
    bacteria
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnlULOjU
    hSQ
    The Cell Theory
    Who developed the cell theory?
    Matthias Schleiden (1838): concluded that
    all plants are composed of cells
    Theodor Schwann (1839): concluded that
    all animals are composed of cells
    Rudolph Virchow (1855): determined that
    cells come only from other cells
    The Cell Theory
    1. All living things are composed of one or more
    cells.
    2. Cells are organisms basic units of structure and
    function.
    3. Cells come only from existing cells.
    Cell Diversity
    Size
    Shape
    Internal Organization
    Cell Diversity- Size
    6 inches long, 5 inches wide, 3 pounds
    Smallest Cells:
    Longest Cells:
    Ostrich Egg
    Biggest Cells:
    Cell Diversity- Shape
    Cells differ widely in shape.
    Most cells are roughly cuboidal or
    spherical.
    Cell Diversity- Internal
    Organization
    Nucleus: contains DNA which directs the activity of the cell
    Organelle: a cell component that performs specific functions
    in the cell
    Eukaryotes: cells that contain a nucleus and membrane-
    bound organelles
    Prokaryotes: cells that lack nuclei and membrane-bound
    organelles
    Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes
    Eukaryotes (animals, plants,
    fungi, protists) and
    prokaryotes (bacteria) differ
    greatly in structure.
    Prokaryotic Cell
    Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
    nucleus? NO (nucleoid) YES
    membrane-bound
    organelles?
    NO YES (Many)
    size 1 - 10 m 10 - 50 m
    when evolved? 3.5 billion years ago 1.5 billion years ago
    cytoplasm? YES YES
    cell membrane? YES YES
    cell wall? Some Do Plants
    ribosomes? YES YES
    DNA?
    Circular
    Free Floating
    Chromosomes in Nucleus
    examples Bacteria
    Plants, Animals, Fungi, and
    Protists
    Structural Organization of
    Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
    Section 2: Parts the Cell
    The Parts of the Cell
    Each living cell carries out the tasks of taking food,
    transforming food into energy, getting rid of wastes,
    and reproducing.
    Most eukaryotic cells have three main components:
    Cell Membrane
    Cytoskeleton
    Nucleus
    Structure and Function of
    Organelles
    The Structure and Function of the following organelles will be
    discussed:
    Cell Membrane
    Nucleus
    Cell Wall
    Cytoplasm
    Cytoskeleton
    Ribosomes
    Endoplasmic Reticulum
    Golgi Apparatus
    Mitochondria
    Lysosomes
    Peroxisomes
    Cilia and Flagella

    Cell Membrane
    Structure: phospholipid
    bilayer with proteins
    that function as
    channels, markers, and
    receptors
    -also contains
    cholesterol which
    provides rigidity
    Function: selectively
    permeable boundary
    between the cell and the
    external environment
    Nucleus
    Structure: the nucleus is a
    sphere that contains another
    sphere called a nucleolus
    Function: -storage center of
    cells DNA
    -manages cell functions
    Cell Wall
    Structure: rigid wall made
    up of cellulose, proteins,
    and carbohydrates
    Function: boundary around
    the plant cell outside of the
    cell membrane that provides
    structure and support
    Cytoplasm
    Structure: gelatin-like
    fluid that lies inside the
    cell membrane
    Function: -contains salts,
    minerals and organic
    molecules
    -surrounds the organelles
    Cytoskeleton
    Structure: a network of thin,
    fibrous elements made up of
    microtubules (hollow tubes)
    and microfilaments (threads
    made out of actin)
    Function: -acts as a support
    system for organelles
    -maintains cell shape
    Ribosomes
    Structure: consist of two
    subunits made of protein
    and RNA
    Function: location of protein
    synthesis
    Endoplasmic Reticulum
    Structure: a system of membranous tubules and sacs
    Function: intercellular highway (a path along which
    molecules move from one part of the cell to another)
    Two types:
    Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
    Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
    Rough Endoplasmic
    Reticulum
    Rough Endoplasmic
    Reticulum (rER): prominent
    in cells that make large
    amounts of proteins to be
    exported from the cell or
    inserted into the cell
    membrane
    Covered with ribosomes
    Smooth Endoplasmic
    Reticulum
    Smooth Endoplasmic
    Reticulum (sER): involved
    in the synthesis of lipids
    and breakdown of toxic
    substances
    Not covered with ribosomes
    Golgi Apparatus
    Structure: stacked flat sacs
    Function: receives proteins
    from the rER and distributes
    them to other organelles or
    out of the cell
    (receiving, processing,
    packaging, and shipping)
    Mitochondria
    Structure: folded membrane
    within an outer membrane
    The folds of the inner membrane
    are called cristae
    Function: -converts energy
    stored in food into usable
    energy for work
    cellular respiration
    Lysosomes
    Structure: spherical
    organelles that contain
    hydrolytic enzymes within
    single membranes
    Function: breaks down food
    particles, invading objects,
    or worn out cell parts
    Peroxisomes
    Structure: spherical
    organelles that contain
    enzymes within single
    membranes
    Function: Degrade
    hydrogen peroxide, a toxic
    compound that can be
    produced during
    metabolism.
    Cilia and Flagella
    Structure: hair-like organelles that extend from the
    surface of cells
    When they are present in large numbers on a cell they are called
    cilia
    When they are less numerous and longer they are called flagella
    Both organelles are composed of nine pairs of microtubules
    arranged around a central pair.
    Function: cell motility
    Cillia and Flagella
    Chloroplasts
    Structure: stacked sacs
    (thylakoids) that
    contain chlorophyll
    surrounded by a
    double membrane
    Function:
    photosynthesis
    (conversion of light
    energy to chemical
    energy stored in the
    bonds of glucose)
    Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells
    Animal cells are very similar to
    plant cells except for the following
    major differences:
    Animal cells do not contain chloroplasts
    Animal cells are not surrounded by cell
    walls
    The vacuoles in plants are much larger
    than those of animals
    Animal Cell
    Plant Cell
    Microscope Pictures of a
    Plant Cell and an Animal Cell
    Elodea Human Cheek Cells
    Hierarchy of Biological Order
    THE END!

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