Final Exam Date: ________________________________ Final Exam Time: _______________________ Room #:__________

SNC2DA FINAL EXAM REVIEW

Study tips:
 Study! It is your best chance for success.
 Try to understand concepts, not memorize them.
 Don’t leave studying to the last minute. Spend 1-2 hours each night a week before the exam.
 Try to keep a regular sleep pattern. You will do better if you are more alert.

CHEMISTRY REVIEW
1. Definitions! Define each term below and also give an example.
Term Definition & Example Term Definition & Example

Element A single atom of a particular Coefficient A number put before a

type of substance that cannot compound/element to signify
be more simply broken down the quantity of said formula
chemically in order to balance out an
equation

Compound A molecule/conjoining of Physical Change A change of state, shape, or

different elements that are physical appearance of a
chemically bonded together substance. No new substance
formed

Atom The Simplest unit a Chemical Change A change which a

substance can be broken substance’s chemical makeup
down into. All elements are is changed. A new
atoms and all atoms are substance(s) is formed
elements.

Ion A negatively/positively pH scale The scale used to measure

charged atom (or polyatomic the strength of the
ion) formed in ionic bonding acicity/basicity of an aqueous
between a non metal and a substance. Stands for
metal potential hydrogen.

Acid An Aqueous solution that Base An Aqueous solution that

when added to water, creates creates an excess of
an excess of hydrogen ions hydroxide ions which will
which will bond with bond to hydrogen ions to
hydroxide ions to neutralize neutralize in water

Ionic Compound A substance created through valence shell Outer layer of electron shell
the giving of electrons of a element. THis is where
between a metal (cation electrons are
giver) and a non-metal shared/given/taken from to
(anion receiver) create a full shell
 Molecular A Substance created through WHMIS Workplace Hazardous
the sharing of electrons Materials Infomation System
Compound between multiple non-metals Set of instructions and
(can be polar/nonpolar) symbols used to reconginze
hazards inside of the
workplace

Activity Series Series of metals/halogens Solubility Table Table which shows whether a
that will determine whether ionic compound will dissolve
or not one substance will or remain solid inside of
displace another in a single water
displacement reaction.

Neutralization A double displacement Combustion A displacement reaction

reaction between an acid and where a hydrocarbon reacts
a base which produces water, with oxygen gas to create
and a salt. water and CO2. Incomplete
combustion also results in
CO and C being produces

Mole A measure/unit of a Avogadro’s The amount of atoms of

substance measuring the carbon 12 in 12g of carbon
exact amount of atoms in constant 12. Used in mole
12g of carbon 12 calculations. 6.02x10^23

Molar Mass The mass in grams of one

mole of a specific
couopound, element, etc.

Characteristic Ionic Compound Molecular Compound

Types of atoms involved Metals and non-metals Non-metals only

Structure Transferred (ionic bond) Shared (covalent bond)

Type of bond Ionic Covalent

Example Sodium chloride (NaCl) Water (H2O)

3. Complete the chart for the following compounds:

 Compound Lewis Dot Structure Bonding Structure

Fe2O3 Not applicable (Fe2O3 is a formula, not a compound) Ionic bonding structure

Lewis Dot Structure is used to represent the valence electrons of atoms in a compound, but Fe2O3 is a formula for iron(III)

oxide and doesn't represent a specific compound's structure. Iron(III) oxide consists of Fe3+ cations and O2- anions,

forming an ionic bonding structure.

N2O4 | N ≡ N-O-O | Covalent bonding structure

Lewis Dot Structure of N2O4 shows two nitrogen atoms connected by a triple bond (≡) and two oxygen atoms attached to

the nitrogen atoms. It forms a covalent bonding structure.

4. Name the following compounds:

a. KBr - Potassium bromide

b. CO2 - Carbon dioxide

c. NaCl - Sodium chloride

d. Hg2SO4 - Mercury(I) sulfate

e. Mg(OH)2 - Magnesium hydroxide

5. Determine the following chemical formulas:

a. Beryllium oxide - BeO

b. Lithium nitride - Li3N

c. Sodium hydroxide - NaOH

d. Magnesium nitrate - Mg(NO3)2

e. Iron (III) chloride - FeCl3

6. Given the following descriptions, find the products and write the chemical equation:

a. Sodium phosphate reacts with calcium chloride to produce calcium phosphate and sodium chloride:

2Na3PO4 + 3CaCl2 → Ca3(PO4)2 + 6NaCl

b. Hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to produce sodium chloride and water:

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

7. There are four different types of reactions:

Type of Reaction How can you identify each type from a chemical equation?

Two or more substances combine to form a single product. The equation usually takes
Synthesis
the form A + B → AB.

A single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances. The equation
Decomposition
usually takes the form AB → A + B.

An element reacts with a compound, displacing another element in the compound. The
Single Displacement
equation usually takes the form A + BC → AC + B.

Two compounds react, and the positive ions in the compounds switch places. The
Double Displacement
equation usually takes the form AB + CD → AD + CB.

8. For each of the examples below, determine the products, indicate the type of reaction, and balance the equation:

a. CuO → Cu + O2 | Type: Decomposition

b. Cl2 + 2NaI → 2NaCl + I2 | Type: Double Displacement

c. H2SO4 + 2NaCl → 2HCl + Na2SO4 | Type: Double Displacement

d. Fe2O3 + 2Al → 2Fe + Al2O3 | Type: Single Displacement

e. K2SO4 + CaCl2 → 2KCL + CaSO4 | Type: Double Displacement

9. List and explain the 4 factors that affect the rate of reactions.
1. Temperature: The more excited/warm particles of a substance move, the more they will collide with each
other and possibly create a reaction
2. Surface Area: Increasing the possible surface that particles can collide with eachother creates a high
possibility of having an effective collision, thereby further creating the possibility of having a reaction occur
3. Concentration of Reactants: The more the particles of a certain reactant/substance is increased within a given
surface area, the more that the particles will collide, creating a higher chance of effective collisions,
ultimately creating a rteaction in a faster manner than with lower concentrations.
4. Enzymes/Catalysts: Catalysts can speed up the rate of a chemical reaction since they reduce the activation
energy required for a reaction to occur. This means that the particles will collide/create an effective collision
at lower energy levels, ultimately mea

10. What is the difference between an oxyacid and a binary acid?

An Oxyacid is an acid where hydrogen bonds with a polyatomic ion with oxygen in it whereas a binary acid is an
acid that only contains hydrogen and a non-metal. Oxyacids are called Polyatomic + Ous + Acid whereas
Binary Acids are called Hydro + Name of Non-Metal + Acid
11. Explain how acids and bases are formed.
Acids are formed once a non-metal oxide reacts with water, whereas bases are formed when metal-oxides react
with water
12. Find the number of CO2 molecules in 3.5 mol of CO2. How many atoms of are in 3.5 mol of CO2?
n = 3.5 mol Na = 6.02 x 10^23 molecules/mole N = ? N = n*Na N = 3.5*6.02*10^23 N = 2.1x10^24
Molecules. Therefore there are 2.1x10^24 molecules of CO2 in 3.5 moles of CO2
13. Calculate the mass of the 0.24 mol of glucose, C6H12O6.
n = 0.24 moles MC6H12O6 = 6MC+12MH+6MO m = ?
MC6H12O6= 6(12.01) + 12(1.01) + 6(16.00) = 180.18g/mol
m=nxM
mGlucose = nglucose * 0.24 mol
mGlucose = 180.18g/mol * 0.24 mol
mglucose = 43.2 g
Therefore there are 43.2 grajms of glucose in 0.24 mols of glucose

PHYSICS REVIEW

1. Definitions! Define each term below and also give an example.

Term Definition & Example Term Definition & Example

reflection The bouncing of light rays off refraction The change in the speed of light
of a reflective surface. through a particular medium
causing a “bending” illusion of
 the image

Concave lens An inward curving lens Convex mirror An outward curving mirror,
creating an “I” shape, diverges creating a “C” shape, produces
light out, creating a virtual smaller, virtual images
image that is smaller than the
object

Internal Total internal reflection occurs Index of The optical density of a

reflection when a light ray passes refraction medium, relative to the optical
through a medium of higher density of a vacuum
optical density to one of lower. N = C/V
Once the refracted ray is
parallel to the interface, the
critical angle is found and the
light ray starts to follow the
law of reflection.

Incident ray The light ray that strikes the Virtual image An image formed when
mirrior/lens angle of incidence projecting diverging light rays
created between that ray and behind the mirror/lens. Image
the normal cannot be projected or shown
onto a surface

2. Object height is 0.5 cm, object distance is 9 cm and focal length is 2 cm. Draw the ray diagram and
measure the image distance.
F = 2cm Ho = 0.5cm Do = 9cm
1/f = 1/di + 1/do
1/f -1/do = 1/di
1/2cm - 1/9cm = 1/di
9cm - 2cm = 18/di
(di)7cm = 18/di(di)
7di = 18
/7
Di = 18/7 = 2.6 cm
Therefore the image distance is 2.6cm in font of mirror

hi/ho = -di/do
hi/0.5 = -2.6/9(0.5)
Hi = -0.14cm

Image height = -0.14cm

Image distance = 2.6cm

3. Object height is 1 cm, object distance is 4 cm and focal length is 3 cm. Draw the ray diagram and measure
the image distance.
F = 3cm ho = 1cm do = 4cm

Di = ?

1/f - 1/do = 1/di

⅓ - ¼ = 1/di

4/12-3/12 = 1/di

1/12 = 1/di

Di = 12cm

hi/ho = -di/do

hi/1 = -12/4

Hi = -3

Therefore the distance of the image is 12cm in front of the mirror

Image height = -3cm

Image distance = 12cm

4. Place
object
between
2F’ and F’

5. The speed of light in salt water is 2.30 x 108 m/s. Determine the index of refraction for salt water. Use the
GRASS method.
V = 2.30x10^8m/s C = 3.00x10^8m/2
 N=?
N = C/V
N = 3.00x10^8m/s
2.30x10^8m/s
N = 1.30
Therefore, the index of refraction for salt water is 1.30
Final Exam Date: ________________________________ Final Exam Time: _______________________ Room #:__________ CLIMATE
CHANGE REVIEW

1. Definitions! Define each term below and also give an example.

Term Definition & Example Term Definition & Example

weather The tropospheric conditions convection Heat Transfer in fluids that is

for a given location for a short caused by the heating/cooling of
time (ie. Wind speed, air moving
temperature of Milton today)

climate Overall trend weather makes in Greenhouse The effect where gases trap heat
a given area (Average effect within an atomsphere
temperature, humidity)

atmosphere Layer of air that atmospheric Pressure of air that it withstands

insulates/protects Earth pressure from the warmer air above it.
Composed of 78% nitrogen
21% oxygen and 1% trace
gases like argon, neon,
hydorgen, helium

Greenhouse gas A gas that absorbs earth’s Enhanced Additional human activities
emitted infrared rays and sends greenhouse adding to the already present
them back out, heating the effect greenhouse effect
atmosphere

2. List and describe the four different evidences/proofs that demonstrate climate change.
Rising Average The average global temperature has risen about 1 degree celsius since 1880,
Temperatures outpacing natural temperature changes and attributed to the manmade factors of
GHG’s

Rising Oceans Rising Ocean levels signify a melting of ice within glaciers. This in turn, signifies
that rising temperatures are occurring, as a result of GHG emissions.

Retreating Glaciers Melting glaciers signify the additional energy that Earth is receiving, showing that
manmade factors like GHG warm the environment.

Rising Water Increase in temperature of waters show that the climate within these ecosystems
TEmperatures are changing, as a result of temperature increases and GHG’s.

3. Describe the following types of fronts:

 a. cold: A front where cold air slides in and under an opposing warm air current
b. warm: A front where Warm air replaces and slides over the cold air moving in the same
direction

4. Compare the following weather systems:

Weather System How they form Weather that results

Low Pressure Ascending warm air causing a low atmospheric Thunderstorms,

pressure at a point Precipitation

High Pressure Decending cold air is more dense, creating an area Sunny, Clear skies, low
of high atmospheric pressure. wind

5. The Earth’s atmosphere can be divided into different layers.

Atmosph Numbered Characteristic About Each Layer
ere Layer Order

Mesophere 3 “the highest layer of the atmosphere in which the gases are all mixed up
rather than being layered by their mass” (NASA)

Exosphere 5 Furthest layer of the atmosphere

Troposphere 1 Weather occurs here

Thermosp 4 Satellites orbit here

her e

Stratosphere 2 Planes fly here

BIOLOGY REVIEW

1. Definitions! Define each term below and also give an example.

Organ/System Role

Pumping and circulating blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and
Heart
nutrients to tissues.
Small intestine Absorption of nutrients from digested food into the bloodstream.

Blood vessel Transporting blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body.

Facilitating the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and
Lungs
blood during respiration.

Contracting and generating force for movement and maintaining body

Muscle tissue
posture.

Respiratory Facilitating the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the

system body and the environment.

Processing and breaking down food into absorbable molecules and

Digestive system
eliminating waste.

Circulatory Transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout

system the body.

Breaking down and partially digesting food through muscular contractions

Stomach
and the secretion of digestive enzymes.

Playing a key role in breathing by contracting and relaxing to expand and

Diaphragm
contract the lungs.

​
The circulatory system and respiratory system work together to transport oxygen to cells. The respiratory
system, specifically the lungs, takes in oxygen from the air during inhalation. The oxygen enters the
bloodstream and binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells. The circulatory system, primarily the heart and
blood vessels, then transports the oxygen-rich blood to body tissues. At the tissues, oxygen is released from
hemoglobin and diffuses into the cells, where it is used for cellular respiration to produce energy. Carbon
 dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration, is carried back to the lungs by the circulatory system and
eliminated through exhalation.
​ The path of food from the mouth to the anus is as follows: Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small
Intestine → Large Intestine (Colon) → Rectum → Anus
​ Compare photosynthesis with respiration:

Comparison Photosynthesis Respiration

Starting Materials Carbon dioxide and water Oxygen and glucose

Products Oxygen and glucose Carbon dioxide and water

Occurs in plants (?) Yes Yes

Occurs in animals (?) No Yes

Formulas: Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 →
6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

​ The small intestine is long to maximize the surface area available for nutrient absorption. The inner lining
With a larger surface area, there is more opportunity for nutrients to be absorbed into the bloodstream and
transported to cells throughout the body.
​ The phloem having a two-way flow is important for nutrient distribution in plants. Phloem transports
sugars (mainly sucrose) produced in the leaves during photosynthesis to other parts of the plant, such as
roots, stems, and fruits. The two-way flow allows for the movement of sugars both upward (from leaves to
other parts) and downward (from storage organs to growing tissues). This bidirectional flow ensures that
nutrients can be distributed to where they are needed, supporting growth, metabolism, and energy storage
in different plant parts.
​ Alveoli and root hairs are both specialized structures involved in absorption, but they differ in their
locations and functions.

Alveoli are small, thin-walled sacs found in the lungs. They are responsible for the exchange of gases (oxygen and
carbon dioxide) between the air and bloodstream during respiration. The large surface area of alveoli facilitates
efficient gas exchange. Root hairs, on the other hand, are tiny projections that extend from the roots of plants. They
increase the surface area of the root system and enhance the absorption of water and minerals from the soil. Root
hairs play a crucial role in the uptake of nutrients necessary for plant growth and development. While alveoli are
involved in gas exchange in the lungs, root hairs are involved in nutrient absorption in plant roots. Both structures
have increased surface areas to enhance their respective functions.