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    Biomolecules: The Building Blocks of Life

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    malaitaman
    Biomolecules are the organic molecules that make up living organisms and are composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. There are four main types of biomolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Proteins are made of amino acid chains bonded together through peptide bonds. Carbohydrates include simple sugars like glucose and complex sugars like starch and cellulose made of many glucose units bonded together. Lipids are composed of fatty acid chains connected to a glycerol backbone and function to store energy. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA carry genetic information and aid in protein synthesis.

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    Biomolecules: The Building Blocks of Life

    Uploaded by

    malaitaman
    43 views23 pages
    Biomolecules are the organic molecules that make up living organisms and are composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. There are four main types of biomolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Proteins are made of amino acid chains bonded together through peptide bonds. Carbohydrates include simple sugars like glucose and complex sugars like starch and cellulose made of many glucose units bonded together. Lipids are composed of fatty acid chains connected to a glycerol backbone and function to store energy. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA carry genetic information and aid in protein synthesis.

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    Bio Molecules

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    Biomolecules are the organic molecules that make up living organisms and are composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. There are four main types of biomolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Proteins are made of amino acid chains bonded together through peptide bonds. Carbohydrates include simple sugars like glucose and complex sugars like starch and cellulose made of many glucose units bonded together. Lipids are composed of fatty acid chains connected to a glycerol backbone and function to store energy. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA carry genetic information and aid in protein synthesis.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    43 views23 pages

    Biomolecules: The Building Blocks of Life

    Uploaded by

    malaitaman
    Biomolecules are the organic molecules that make up living organisms and are composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. There are four main types of biomolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Proteins are made of amino acid chains bonded together through peptide bonds. Carbohydrates include simple sugars like glucose and complex sugars like starch and cellulose made of many glucose units bonded together. Lipids are composed of fatty acid chains connected to a glycerol backbone and function to store energy. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA carry genetic information and aid in protein synthesis.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 23

    Biomolecules

    The Building Blocks of Life


    Biomolecules are Organic
    Molecules
    1. Molecules containing Carbon, Hydrogen,
    Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur, and Phosphorous

    2. They make up living organisms

    3. Examples: Methane (CH
    4
    ) Glucose (C
    6
    H
    12
    O
    6
    ) are
    all organic molecules

    Biomolecules
    1. Basic Molecule: Proteins (amino acids),
    Carbohydrates (sugars), Lipids (Fats), Nucleic
    Acid (DNA, RNA)

    2. Macromolecule: Large molecules of the above that
    can be broken down.
    Ex. Starch into sugar



    Biomolecules
    1. Subunits: The smaller molecules that are the
    building blocks of macro molecules
    Sugars that make up starch or cellulose
    Amino Acids that make up Proteins
    Fatty acids and glycerol make up lipids


    Carbohydrate
    Simple vs. Complex
    sugars

    Simple sugars:
    Monosaccharide:
    One Sugar
    We will focus on glucose:
    C
    6
    H
    12
    0
    6

    The basic source of organism
    energy

    Simple
    Sugars:Carbohydrates
    Simple Sugars:
    Disaccharide
    Two Sugars

    Examples:
    Table sugar: sucrose=
    Glucose + Fructose

    Maltose=
    Glucose + Glucose
    Complex Sugars:
    Polysaccharide
    many sugars Complex Sugar.

    Functions: Cells use them for energy and structure.

    They allow organisms to gradually use energy since
    it is stored in a large structure.
    Complex Sugars:
    Polysaccharide
    Starch : has thousands of
    glucoses (sugars) bonded
    together


    Thousands
    Complex Sugars:
    Polysaccharides
    Cellulose: Makes up the walls of plant cells. Also
    made from glucose.

    Ruminants (cattle, sheep) can digest both cellulose
    and glucose.

    Humans can digest starch, but not cellulose

    Polysaccharides
    Glycogen: Animals store carbohydrates (glucose)
    in the form of glycogen; similar in form to starch.
    Why????

    This is why
    This is our reserve energy
    Stored in liver and muscles
    We do not want to lose our carbs all at once!!
    Proteins
    Made of Amino Acid
    Chains

    Amino Acids are
    bonded through a
    peptide bond
    Each sphere is
    an amino
    acid.
    Bonded by
    peptide
    bonds

    There are 20
    Amino Acids

    20 different amino acids

    Protein Function
    1. Building material: muscle, hair, fingernails
    2. Enzymes: Help with chemical reaction in the cells
    and body (catalyst)
    3. Immunity: make up antibodies
    4. Other specific functions such as Hemoglobin:
    carry O
    2
    in red blood cells
    Examples of Protein
    Structures
    The shape of protein is
    important to its
    function.
    Enzyme: Quaternary Structure
    Lipids (Fats)
    A common lipid
    is made of 3 fatty
    acids chains
    connected to a
    glycerol
    Lipids (Fats)
    Glycerol: a type of alcohol. The back bone of Fats.
    3 Fatty acid chains: Long chains of C & H
    Saturated=as many C & H bonded as possible (Solid
    at Room Temp.)
    Unsaturated= C and C bonds can be double (usually
    Liquid at Room Temp.)
    Lipids (Fats) Functions
    The main energy storing molecule because of the
    high # of carbon to carbon bonds. Why are bonds
    important?
    because they Store chemical energy
    Lipids store more energy than any other
    biomolecule
    9 Cal/gram = lipids
    4 Cal/gram = carbohydrates and proteins
    Lipids (Fats) Functions
    Insulate and protect

    Main molecule of the
    Cell membrane

    Make up all
    hormones
    (testosterone)
    Nucleic Acids (DNA)
    Deoxyriboose Nucleic Acid (DNA)
    Ribose Nucleic Acid (RNA)

    DNA
    Used to store information inside the
    nucleus of each cell.
    Used as the energy currency of
    the cell, ATP
    DNA has 4 different nucleotide
    bases
    Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and
    Thymine
    RNA
    Used to relay genetic information inside the cell.
    Major component of ribosome, which joins amino
    acids together to form enzymes.
    Genetic material for some viruses.
    Questions?
    What type of bond connects Amino Acids?
    What are lipids composed of?
    What are three of the macromolecules of carbohydrates?
    What is the sugar subunit?
    What are the four types of elements that make up
    biomolecules?

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