Carib. STD Module III

What is a Research ?
The systematic investigation/enquiry into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
What is a Reasearch?
work undertaken in a systematic way in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications.
What is a Reasearch?
A systematic process of collecting and analyzing data for a specific purpose.
What is meant by Systematic Enquiry or Investigation.

Methodical approach repeatable and learnable through a step by step procedure. having, showing, or involving a system, method, or plan. arranged in or comprising an ordered system.
Example of systematic research

Conceptualize problem Statement Employ a literature review Use sampling procedure Use data collection strategies Analyze data statistically Discuss finding etc
What is the purpose of a Research?

Validate a theory Add New Knowledge to existing body of knowledge Solve problem exploration, description, and explanation Establish facts Reach new conclusions
Types of Research
Types of Research
ARCHIVAL RESEARCH: an examination of existing records of human activities. Researchers often examines: old newspapers, medical records, birth certificates, death certificates, marriage certificates, reports, books, diaries, letter, official documents etc.
Types of Research
CASE STUDY: a process or record of research into the development of a particular person, group, or situation over a period of time. It involves testing, interview, observation and investigation. OBSERVATION: researcher observes people as they behave in the real world. The researcher simply records what happens and does not intervene in the situation. This methods is mostly used in anthropology and psychology.
TYPES OF RESEARCH
SURVEYS: The survey is a non-experimental, descriptive research method. Surveys can be useful when a researcher wants to collect data on phenomena that cannot be directly observed (such as opinions on library services).
Types of surveys
There are two basic types of surveys: crosssectional surveys and longitudinal surveys. Cross-sectional surveys are used to gather information on a population at a single point in time. for example a questionaire that collects data on how parents feel about Internet filtering, as of March of 1999. A different cross-sectional survey questionnaire might try to determine the relationship between two factors, like religiousness of parents and views on Internet filtering.
Types of surveys
Longitudinal surveys gather data over a period of time. The researcher may then analyze changes in the population and attempt to describe and/or explain them. The three main types of longitudinal surveys are trend studies, cohort studies, and panel studies.
SAMPLING
A sample is a subset of the population being studied. It represents the larger population and is used to draw inferences about that population. It is a research technique widely used in the social sciences as a way to gather information about a population without having to measure the entire population.
TYPES OF SAMPLING
There are several different types and ways of choosing a sample from a population, from simple to complex. There are two broad categories 1. Non-probability sampling
is a sampling technique where the samples are gathered in a process that does not give all the individuals in the population equal chances of being selected. For example:
Purposive or Judgmental Sample.

A purposive, or judgmental, sample is one that is selected based on the knowledge of a population and the purpose of the study. For example, if a researcher is studying the nature of school spirit as exhibited at a school pep rally, he or she might interview people who did not appear to be caught up in the emotions of the crowd or students who did not attend the rally at all. In this case, the researcher is using a purposive sample because those being interviewed fit a specific purpose or description.
Snowball Sample.
A snowball sample is appropriate to use in research when the members of a population are difficult to locate, such as homeless individuals, migrant workers, or undocumented immigrants. A snowball sample is one in which the researcher collects data on the few members of the target population he or she can locate, then asks those individuals to provide information needed to locate other members of that population whom they know. For example, if a researcher wishes to interview undocumented immigrants from Mexico, he or she might interview a few undocumented individuals that he or she knows or can locate and would then rely on those subjects to help locate more undocumented individuals. This process continues until the researcher has all the interviews he or she needs or until all contacts have been exhausted.
Quota Sample
A quota sample is one in which units are selected into a sample on the basis of pre-specified characteristics so that the total sample has the same distribution of characteristics assumed to exist in the population being studied. For example, if you a researcher conducting a national quota sample, you might need to know what proportion of the population is male and what proportion is female as well as what proportions of each gender fall into different age categories, race or ethnic categories, educational categories, etc. The researcher would then collect a sample with the same proportions as the national population.
Probability Sampling Techniques

Probability sampling is a sampling technique where the samples are gathered in a process that gives all the individuals in the population equal chances of being selected. For example :
Simple Random Sample

The simple random sample is the basic sampling method assumed in statistical methods and computations. To collect a simple random sample, each unit of the target population is assigned a number. A set of random numbers is then generated and the units having those numbers are included in the sample. For example, lets say you have a population of 1,000 people and you wish to choose a simple random sample of 50 people. First, each person is numbered 1 through 1,000. Then, you generate a list of 50 random numbers (typically with a computer program) and those individuals assigned those numbers are the ones you include in the sample.
Systematic Sample.
In a systematic sample, the elements of the population are put into a list and then every kth element in the list is chosen (systematically) for inclusion in the sample. For example, if the population of study contained 2,000 students at a high school and the researcher wanted a sample of 100 students, the students would be put into list form and then every 20th student would be selected for inclusion in the sample. To ensure against any possible human bias in this method, the researcher should select the first individual at random. This is technically called a systematic sample with a random start.
Stratified Sample.
A stratified sample is a sampling technique in which the researcher divided the entire target population into different subgroups, or strata, and then randomly selects the final subjects proportionally from the different strata. This type of sampling is used when the researcher wants to highlight specific subgroups within the population. For example, to obtain a stratified sample of university students, the researcher would first organize the population by college class and then select appropriate numbers of freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors. This ensures that the researcher has adequate amounts of subjects from each class in the final sample.
Cluster Sample.
Cluster sampling may be used when it is either impossible or impractical to compile an exhaustive list of the elements that make up the target population. Usually, however, the population elements are already grouped into subpopulations and lists of those subpopulations already exist or can be created. For example, lets say the target population in a study was church members in the United States. There is no list of all church members in the country. The researcher could, however, create a list of churches in the United States, choose a sample of churches, and then obtain lists of members from those churches.

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Carib. STD Module III

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What is a Research ?

A systematic process of collecting and analyzing data for a specific purpose.

What is meant by Systematic Enquiry or Investigation.

Example of systematic research

What is the purpose of a Research?

Purposive or Judgmental Sample.

Probability Sampling Techniques

Simple Random Sample

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