Services Marketing Lovelock PPT 01

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The key takeaways are that services dominate the economy in most countries, present unique marketing challenges, and require an expanded marketing mix approach.

Some of the main reasons for studying services marketing mentioned are that the services sector dominates the economy, most new jobs are created by services industries, and understanding services offers personal competitive advantages.

According to the definition provided, services create benefits without the transfer of ownership, most employ time-based performances, and are intended to bring about desired results in recipients or assets for which they have responsibility.

Chapter 1:

New Perspectives on Marketing in the Service Economy

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 1

Overview of Chapter 1
Why Study Services? What are Services? The Marketing Challenges Posed by Services The Expanded Marketing Mix Required for Services

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 2

Why Study Services?

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 3

Why Study Services? (1)


Services dominate economy in most nations

Understanding services offers you personal competitive advantages


Importance of service sector in economy is growing rapidly:
Services account for more than 60 percent of GDP worldwide Almost all economies have a substantial service sector Most new employment is provided by services Strongest growth area for marketing

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 4

Services Dominate the U.S. Economy


(Fig 1.1)

Services, 68%

Agriculture, Forestry, Mining, Fishing, 2.3% Manufacturing and Construction, 17.3%

Government, 12.4% (mostly Services)


Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business, May 2005, Table 1

INSIGHTS Private sector service industries account for over two-thirds of GDP Adding government services, total is almost four-fifths of GDP
Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz Services Marketing 6/E Chapter 1 - 5

Estimated Size of Service Sector in Selected Countries (Fig 1.2updated 10/06)


Cayman Islands (95%), Jersey (93%) Bahamas (90%), Bermuda ( 89%) Luxembourg (83%) Panama (80%), USA (79%) Japan (74%), France (73%), U.K. (73%), Canada (71%) Mexico (69%), Australia (68%), Germany (68%)

Poland (66%), South Africa (65%)


Israel (60%), Russia (58%), S. Korea (56%) Argentina (53%), Brazil (51%)

India (48%)
China (40%) Saudi Arabia (33%)
10 20 30 40 50 60
Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services as Percent of GDP


70 80 90
Chapter 1 - 6 Services Marketing 6/E

Value Added by Service Industry Categories to U.S. GDP in 2004


Other (except government) 3.6% Accommodation and food services 4.0%

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 1.5%


Healthcare and social assistance 10.4% Educational services 1.3% Professional and business services 17.3%

Real estate and rental and leasing 18.7% Finance and insurance 12.6% Information 7.1% Transportation and warehousing 4.4% Retail trade 10.3% Wholesale trade Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis,
Survey of Current Business, May 2005, Table 1
Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz Services Marketing 6/E

8.9%
Chapter 1 - 7

NAICS: A New Way to Classify and Analyze the Service Economy (RI 1.1)
NAICSNorth American Industry Classification System now used to compile and record economic data by national statistical agencies of the U.S., Canada, Mexico New classification system replaces old SIC codes in U.S. Captures huge array of new service industries, each with its own NAICS code NAPCSNorth American Product Classification System assigns codes to thousands of service products
Particularly useful for looking at rented goods services

U.S. and Canadian data easily accessible on the Web; information includes number of establishments and employment
Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz Services Marketing 6/E Chapter 1 - 8

Some Newer Service Industries Profiled by NAICS Codes But Not SIC
Casino Hotels
Continuing Care Retirement Communities Diagnostic Imaging Centers HMO Medical Centers Industrial Design Services Investment Banking and Securities Dealing Management Consulting Services Satellite Telecommunications

Diet and Weight Reducing Centers


Environmental Consulting Golf Courses, Country Clubs Hazardous Waste Collection

Telemarketing Bureaus
Temporary Help Services

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 9

Why Study Services? (2)

Most new jobs are generated by services


Fastest growth expected in knowledge-based industries Significant training and educational qualifications required, but employees will be more highly compensated Will service jobs lost to lower-cost countries? Yes, some service jobs can be exported

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 10

Changing Structure of Employment as Economic Development Evolves

Agriculture Services

Industry

Time, per Capita Income


Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz Services Marketing 6/E

Source: IMF, 1997


Chapter 1 - 11

Why Study Services? (3)


Powerful forces are transforming service markets
Government policies, social changes, business trends, advances in IT, internationalization

These forces are reshaping


Demand Supply The competitive landscape Customers choices, power, and decision making

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 12

Transformation of the Service Economy


Social Changes
Government Business Trends Advances in IT

Policies

Globalization

New markets and product categories Increase in demand for services More intense competition

Innovation in service products & delivery systems, stimulated by better technology

Customers have more choices and exercise more power

Success hinges on: Understanding customers and competitors Viable business models Creation of value for customers and firm
Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz Services Marketing 6/E Chapter 1 - 13

Factors Stimulating Transformation of the Service Economy (1)


Social Changes
Government Business Trends Advances in IT

Policies

Globalization

Changes in regulations Privatization New rules to protect customers,


employees, and the environment

New agreement on trade in services


Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 14

Factors Stimulating Transformation of the Service Economy (2)


Social Changes
Government Business Trends Advances in IT

Policies

Globalization

Rising consumer expectations More affluence More people short of time Increased desire for buying experiences
versus things equipment

Rising consumer ownership of high tech

Easier access to information Immigration Growing but aging population


Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz Services Marketing 6/E Chapter 1 - 15

Factors Stimulating Transformation of the Service Economy (3)


Social Changes
Government Business Trends Advances in IT

Policies

Globalization

Push to increase shareholder value Emphasis on productivity and cost savings Manufacturers add value through service and
sell services

More strategic alliances and outsourcing Focus on quality and customer satisfaction Growth of franchising Marketing emphasis by nonprofits
Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz Services Marketing 6/E Chapter 1 - 16

Factors Stimulating Transformation of the Service Economy (4)


Social Changes
Government Business Trends Advances in IT

Policies

Globalization

Growth of the Internet Greater bandwidth Compact mobile equipment Wireless networking Faster, more powerful software Digitization of text, graphics, audio, video
Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 17

Factors Stimulating Transformation of the Service Economy (5)


Social Changes
Government Business Trends Advances in IT

Policies

Globalization

More companies operating on transnational


basis

Increased international travel International mergers and alliances Offshoring of customer service Foreign competitors invade domestic markets

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 18

What Are Services?

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 19

What Are Services? (1)


The historical view
Goes back over 200 years to Adam Smith and Jean-Baptiste Say Different from goods because they are perishable (Smith 1776) Consumption cannot be separated from production, services are intangible (Say 1803)

A fresh perspective: Services involve a form of rental, offering benefits without transfer of ownership
Include rental of goods Marketing tasks for services differ from those involved in selling goods and transferring ownership

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 20

What Are Services? (2)


Five broad categories within non-ownership framework:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Rented goods services Defined space and place rentals Labor and expertise rentals Access to shared physical environments Systems and networks: access and usage

Implications of renting versus owning (Service Perspectives 1.1)


Markets exist for renting durable goods rather than selling them Renting portions of larger physical entity (e.g., office space, apartment) can form basis for service Customers more closely engaged with service suppliers Time plays central role in most services Customer choice criteria may differ between rentals and outright purchases Services offer opportunities for resource sharing

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 21

Defining Services
Services
Are economic activities offered by one party to another Most commonly employ time-based performances to bring about desired results in:
recipients themselves objects or other assets for which purchasers have responsibility

In exchange for their money, time, and effort, service customers expect to obtain value from
Access to goods, labor, facilities, environments, professional skills, networks, and systems But they do not normally take ownership of any of the physical elements involved

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 22

Service Products versus Customer Service and After-Sales Service


A firms market offerings are divided into core product elements and supplementary service elements Is everyone in service? Need to distinguish between:
Marketing of services Marketing goods through added-value service

Good service increases the value of a core physical good

After-sales service is as important as pre-sales service for many physical goods


Manufacturing firms are reformulating and enhancing existing added-value services to market them as standalone core products
Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz Services Marketing 6/E Chapter 1 - 23

Challenges Posed by Services

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 24

Services Pose Distinctive Marketing Challenges

Marketing management tasks in the service sector differ from those in the manufacturing sector
The eight common differences are:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Most service products cannot be inventoried Intangible elements usually dominate value creation Services are often difficult to visualize and understand Customers may be involved in co-production People may be part of the service experience Operational inputs and outputs tend to vary more widely The time factor often assumes great importance Distribution may take place through nonphysical channels

What are marketing implications?


Services Marketing 6/E Chapter 1 - 25

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Differences, Implications, and Marketing-Related Tasks (1) (Table 1.1)


Difference Implications Marketing-Related Tasks
pricing, promotion, and Use reservations to smooth

Most service products


cannot be inventoried

Customers may be
turned away

demand; work with ops to manage capacity

Intangible elements
usually dominate value creation

Harder to evaluate
service and distinguish from competitors

Emphasize physical clues,

employ metaphors and vivid images in advertising

Services are often


difficult to visualize and understand

Greater risk and


uncertainty perceived

Educate customers on
making good choices; offer guarantees

Customers may be
involved in coproduction

Interaction between
customer and provider; but poor task execution could affect satisfaction

Develop user-friendly
equipment, facilities, and systems; train customers, provide good support

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 26

Differences, Implications, and Marketing-Related Tasks (2) (Table 1.1)


Difference Implications Marketing-Related Tasks

People may be part of


service experience

Behavior of service
personnel and customers can affect satisfaction

Recruit, train employees to


reinforce service concept Shape customer behavior

Operational inputs and


outputs tend to vary more widely

Hard to maintain quality,


consistency, reliability

Redesign for simplicity and


failure proofing Institute good service recovery procedures

Difficult to shield Time is money;

customers from failures


customers want service at convenient times

Time factor often


assumes great importance

Find ways to compete on


speed of delivery; offer extended hours

Distribution may take


place through nonphysical channels

Electronic channels or
voice telecommunications

Create user-friendly,

secure websites and free access by telephone

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 27

Value Added by Physical, Intangible Elements Helps Distinguish Goods and Services (Fig 1.6)
Physical Elements
High
Salt Detergents CD Player Wine Golf Clubs New Car Tailored clothing Fast-Food Restaurant

Plumbing Repair Health Club Airline Flight Landscape Maintenance Consulting Life Insurance Internet Banking

Low

Source; Adapted from Lynn Shostack

Intangible Elements
Services Marketing 6/E

High
Chapter 1 - 28

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Progressive and REI: Two Types of Website Reflecting Core Product (Fig 1.8)
Websites can deliver info-based services like Progressives car insurance but

REIs camping gear must be delivered through physical channels to customers after they have used the website to make choices, order, and pay
Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz Services Marketing 6/E Chapter 1 - 29

Expanded Marketing Mix for Services

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 30

Services Require An Expanded Marketing Mix


Marketing can be viewed as:
A strategic and competitive thrust pursued by top management A set of functional activities performed by line managers A customer-driven orientation for the entire organization

Marketing is the only function to bring operating revenues into a business; all other functions are cost centers The 8Ps of services marketing are needed to create viable strategies for meeting customer needs profitably in a competitive marketplace

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 31

The 8Ps of Services Marketing


Product Elements (Chapter 3) Place and Time (Chapter 4) Price and Other User Outlays (Chapter 5) Promotion and Education (Chapter 6) Process (Chapter 8) Physical Environment (Chapter 10) People (Chapter 11) Productivity and Quality (Chapter 14)
Fig 1.9 Working in Unison: The 8Ps of Services Marketing
Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz Services Marketing 6/E Chapter 1 - 32

The 8Ps of Services Marketing: (1) Product Elements


Embrace all aspects of service performance that create value Core product responds to customers primary need Array of supplementary service elements
Help customer use core product effectively Add value through useful enhancements

Planning marketing mix begins with creating a service concept that:


Will offer value to target customers Satisfy their needs better than competing alternatives

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 33

The 8Ps of Services Marketing: (2) Place and Time


Delivery decisions: Where, When, How

Geographic locations served


Service schedules

Physical channels
Electronic channels Customer control and convenience Channel partners/intermediaries

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 34

The 8Ps of Services Marketing: (3) Price and Other User Outlays
Marketers must recognize that customer outlays involve more than price paid to seller Traditional pricing tasks:
Selling price, discounts, premiums Margins for intermediaries (if any) Credit terms

Identify and minimize other costs incurred by users:


Additional monetary costs associated with service usage (e.g., travel to service location, parking, phone, babysitting, etc.) Time expenditures, especially waiting Unwanted mental and physical effort Negative sensory experiences

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 35

The 8Ps of Services Marketing: (4) Promotion and Education


Informing, educating, persuading, reminding customers Marketing communication tools
Media elements (print, broadcast, outdoor, retail, the Internet, etc.) Personal selling, customer service Sales promotion Publicity/PR

Imagery and recognition


Branding Corporate design

Content
Information, advice Persuasive messages Customer education/training

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 36

The 8Ps of Services Marketing: (5) Process


How firm does things may be as important as what it does Customers often actively involved in processes, especially when acting as co-producers of service Process involves choices of method and sequence in service creation and delivery
Design of activity flows Number and sequence of actions for customers Nature of customer involvement Role of contact personnel Role of technology, degree of automation

Badly designed processes waste time, create poor experiences, and disappoint customers
Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz Services Marketing 6/E Chapter 1 - 37

The 8Ps of Services Marketing: (6) Physical Environment


Design servicescape and provide tangible evidence of service performances Create and maintain physical appearances Buildings/landscaping Interior design/furnishings Vehicles/equipment Staff grooming/clothing Sounds and smells Other tangibles

Manage physical cues carefully can have profound impact on customer impressions
Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz Services Marketing 6/E Chapter 1 - 38

The 8Ps of Services Marketing: (7) People


Interactions between customers and contact personnel strongly influence customer perceptions of service quality The right customer-contact employees performing tasks well Job design Recruiting Training Motivation The right customers for firms mission Contribute positively to experience of other customers Possessor can be trained to have needed skills (co-production) Can shape customer roles and manage customer behavior
Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz Services Marketing 6/E Chapter 1 - 39

The 8Ps of Services Marketing: (8) Productivity and Quality


Productivity and quality must work hand in hand Improving productivity key to reducing costs Improving and maintaining quality essential for building customer satisfaction and loyalty

Ideally, strategies should be sought to improve both productivity and quality simultaneouslytechnology often the key
Technology-based innovations have potential to create high payoffs But, must be user friendly and deliver valued customer benefits

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 40

Marketing Must Be Integrated with Other Management Functions

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 41

Marketing Must Be Integrated with Other Management Functions (Fig 1.10)


Three management functions play central and interrelated roles in meeting needs of service customers

Operations Management Customers

Marketing Management

Human Resources Management


Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz Services Marketing 6/E Chapter 1 - 42

A Framework for Developing Effective Service Marketing Strategies (Fig 1.11)

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 43

A Framework For Developing Effective Service Marketing Strategies: Overview


Understanding Customer Needs, Decision Making, and Behavior in Service Encounters
Chapter 2

Building the Service Model


Part II: Chapters 3-7

Managing the Customer Interface


Part III: Chapters 8-11

Implementing Profitable Service Strategies


Part IV: Chapters 12-15
Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz Services Marketing 6/E Chapter 1 - 44

Framework for Developing Effective Service Marketing Strategies: Part I


I: Understanding Customer Needs, Decision Making, and Behavior in Service Encounters
(Chapter 2)

Differences among Services Affect Customer Behavior Three-Stage Model of Service Consumption
Prepurchase Stage: Search, evaluation of alternatives, decision
Service Encounter Stage: Role in high-contact vs. low-contact delivery

Post-Encounter Stage: Evaluation against expectations, future intentions

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 45

Framework for Developing Effective Service Marketing Strategies: Part II


Building The Service Model
Part II: Chapters 3-7 The Value Proposition

Develop service concept: core & supplementary elements

Select physical & electronic channels for service delivery

Value Exchange

Set prices with reference to costs, competition & value


The Business Model

Educate customers & promote the value proposition

Position the value proposition against competing alternatives

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 46

Framework for Developing Effective Service Marketing Strategies: Part III


III: Managing the Customer Interface
(Chapters 8-11)

Design and manage service processes

Balance demand against productivity capacity

Plan the service environment

Manage service employees for competitive advantage

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 47

Framework for Developing Effective Service Marketing Strategies: Part IV


IV: Implementing Profitable Service Strategies
(Chapters 12-15)

Create customer relationship and build loyalty

Plan for service recovery and create customer feedback systems

Continuously improve service quality and productivity

Organize for change management and service leadership

Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz

Services Marketing 6/E

Chapter 1 - 48

Chapter 1 Summary: New Perspectives on Marketing in the Service Economy


Reasons for studying services:
Service sector dominates economy in most nations, many new industries Most new jobs created by services Powerful forcesgovernment policies, social changes, business trends, IT advances, and globalizationare transforming service markets Understanding services offers personal competitive advantage

The service concept and its definition:


Services create benefits without transfer of ownership Most employ time-based performances to bring about desired results in recipients or in assets for which they have responsibility Customers expect value from access to goods, facilities, labor, professional skills, environments, networks & systems in return for money, time, effort

Services present distinctive marketing challenges relative to goods, requiring:


Expanded marketing mix comprising 8Ps instead of traditional 4Ps Integration of marketing function with operations and human resources
Slide 2007 by Christopher Lovelock and Jochen Wirtz Services Marketing 6/E Chapter 1 - 49

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