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    (See Also Hand-Out) : Josephson

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    Jogesh Singh
    Josephson predicted in 1962 that Cooper pairs can tunnel through a weak link between two superconductors with no voltage difference. This results in a supercurrent flowing given by the Josephson equation. SQUID devices can detect incredibly small magnetic fields down to 10-14 Tesla by using the Josephson effect. SQUIDs have many applications including biomagnetism, geophysics, and materials testing. Superconducting magnets can produce strong magnetic fields through carrying large supercurrents without resistance. This leads to applications in areas like transmission lines, telecommunications, and scientific instruments.

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    (See Also Hand-Out) : Josephson

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    Jogesh Singh
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    Josephson predicted in 1962 that Cooper pairs can tunnel through a weak link between two superconductors with no voltage difference. This results in a supercurrent flowing given by the Josephson equation. SQUID devices can detect incredibly small magnetic fields down to 10-14 Tesla by using the Josephson effect. SQUIDs have many applications including biomagnetism, geophysics, and materials testing. Superconducting magnets can produce strong magnetic fields through carrying large supercurrents without resistance. This leads to applications in areas like transmission lines, telecommunications, and scientific instruments.

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    superconductivity

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    Josephson predicted in 1962 that Cooper pairs can tunnel through a weak link between two superconductors with no voltage difference. This results in a supercurrent flowing given by the Josephson equation. SQUID devices can detect incredibly small magnetic fields down to 10-14 Tesla by using the Josephson effect. SQUIDs have many applications including biomagnetism, geophysics, and materials testing. Superconducting magnets can produce strong magnetic fields through carrying large supercurrents without resistance. This leads to applications in areas like transmission lines, telecommunications, and scientific instruments.

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    30 views14 pages

    (See Also Hand-Out) : Josephson

    Uploaded by

    Jogesh Singh
    Josephson predicted in 1962 that Cooper pairs can tunnel through a weak link between two superconductors with no voltage difference. This results in a supercurrent flowing given by the Josephson equation. SQUID devices can detect incredibly small magnetic fields down to 10-14 Tesla by using the Josephson effect. SQUIDs have many applications including biomagnetism, geophysics, and materials testing. Superconducting magnets can produce strong magnetic fields through carrying large supercurrents without resistance. This leads to applications in areas like transmission lines, telecommunications, and scientific instruments.

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    of 14

    Josephson effect

    (see also hand-out)


    In 1962 Josephson predicted Cooper-pairs can tunnel through a weak link at zero voltage difference. Current in junction (called Josephson junction Jj) is then equal to:

    J J c sin 1 2

    Electrical current flows between two SC materials - even when they are separated by a non-SC or insulator. Electrons "tunnel" through this non-SC region, and SC current flows.

    Brian D. Josephson

    The Discovery of Tunnelling Supercurrents


    The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973

    JJs essential in Superconducting Interference Devices


    The SQUID may be configured as a magnetometer to detect incredibly small magnetic fields - small enough to measure the magnetic fields in living organisms.

    Threshold for SQUID: 10-14 T Magnetic field of heart: 10-10 T Magnetic field of brain: 10-13 T

    Many uses in everyday life

    Making measurements using SQUIDs


    (magnetic susceptibility, static nuclear susceptibility, Nuclear Magnetic resonance...) Biomagnetism (magnetoencephalography [MEG], magnetocardiogram) Scanning SQUID microscopy
    Geophysical applications of SQUID

    (oil prospecting, earthquake prediction, geothermal energy surveying) Higher Temperature SQUIDs (nondestructive testing of materials...)

    Fig.2 Neuromag Ltd.122 sensor array

    Fig.1 Neuromag Ltd.122 MEG system Arrays of gradiometer dc SQUID detectors are contained within a helmet surrounded by a liquid helium reservoir for cooling

    Fig. MRI scan of a human scull

    Uses of SC magnets

    Transmission Lines
    15% of generated electricity is dissipated in transmission lines Potential 100-fold increase in capacity BNL Prototype: 1000 MW transported in a diameter of 40 cm
    Pirelli Cables & Systems

    Telecommunications
    Superconductors are used as efficient filters in cellular telephone towers (now 700 worldwide) Separate signals of individual phone calls.
    Conductus Clearsite system

    Because of electrical resistance, conventional interference filters eat away part of the signal.

    Superconducting magnets
    An electrical current in a wire creates a magnetic field around a wire. The strength of the magnetic field increases as the current in a wire increases. Because SCs are able to carry large currents without loss of energy, they are well suited for making strong magnets. When a SC is cooled below its Tc and a magnetic field is increased around it, the magnetic field remains around the SC. If the magnetic field is increased to a critical value Hc the SC will turn normal.

    A typical Nb3Sn SC magnet. It produces 10.8T with a current of 146A. Bore diameter is 3.8 cm.

    Support a very high current density with


    a very small resistance A magnet can be operated for days or even months at nearly constant field

    Cross-section of multifilament Nb-Ti of 1mm overall diameter, consisting from 13255 5-mm filaments

    Other Uses of Superconductivity


    Fault

    current limiters

    Electric motors

    Electric generators
    Petaflop computers (thousand trillion floating point operations per second)

    Applications of Superconductivity
    Trade off between:

    Cost Saving and Cost Increase


    Zero resistance, no energy lost, novel uses Need refrigeration, fabrication costs.

    High-Tc Superconductivity
    164 K

    Paul Chu
    Alex Mller and Georg Bednorz

    373 K,BP of water

    295 K,room temp 273 K,FP of water

    138 K,Highest Tc for HgBaCaCuO

    77 K,Liquid Nitrogen
    4.2 K,Liquid Helium

    K.A. Muller

    J. G. Bednorz

    The Discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials


    The Nobel Prize in Physics 1987

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