Superconductor 1

Superconductors
ARAVINDH.V
NAVEEN.K
MEGANATHAN
Superconductors
Definition of Superconductor:
An element, inter-metallic alloy, or compound that will
conduct electricity without resistance below a certain
temperature, magnetic field, and applied current.
Definitions
Tc:
This is the critical temperature at which the resistivity of a

superconductor goes to zero. Above this temperature the
material is non-superconducting, while below it, the material
becomes superconducting.
Bc:
The scientific notation representing the "critical field" or

maximum magnetic field that a superconductor can endure
before it is "quenched" and returns to a non-superconducting
state. Usually a higher Tc also brings a higher Bc. Type II
superconductors have lower Bc1 and upper Bc2 critical fields.
Definitions
Jc :
The scientific notation representing the "critical
current density" or maximum current that a

superconductor can carry without becoming nonsuperconductive.
Meissner Effect: Exhibiting diamagnetic
properties to the total exclusion of all magnetic fields.

(Named for Walter Meissner.) This is a classic hallmark
of superconductivity and can actually be used to
levitate a strong rare-earth magnet.
Superconductor Types
Type I
Exhibits perfect diamagnetism below transition temperature Tc
and has only one critical magnetic field Bc.
Type II
Totally expels and excludes magnetic flux below lower critical field
Bc1 and partially does so between Bc1 and upper critical field Bc2; all
superconductors except elements are Type II. This type has a
larger Tc than that of a Type I superconductor.
Application of Superconductors
Particle Accelerators
Generators
Transportation
Power Transmission
Electric Motors
Military
Computing
Medical
B Field Detection (SQUIDS)
The Yamanashi MLX01 MagLev train
Superconducting Levitation
Demonstration
This demonstration apparatus comprises a stack of two disc-shaped

superconducting coils placed around an iron core. The lower coil is connected to
a power supply. The upper coil is short-circuited. When the lower coil is powered,
a reverse current is induced in the upper coil and a massive repulsive force is
created between the two coils.
Once a current is passed through the coil, the current continues to flow
permanently, due to zero resistivity in the coil. It can potentially carry current
densities over 100 times the capability of copper wires. The resulting extremely
strong magnet can lift a person. The required power supply is only a single 1.2 V
nickel-hydrogen battery. No normal conductors can carry such a high current at
such a low voltage and create a force sufficient to lift a person. Maglev vehicles
run on the same principle, though differing in construction and scale.
TRAIN
Maglev is short for Magnetic
Levitation in which trains float on a
guideway using the principle of
magnetic repulsion. Each magnet has
two poles. Now if you play with two
magnets, you'll realize that opposite
poles attract, whereas similar poles
repel. This repulsive property of
magnets is used in Maglev trains
Train track
SQUID
A SQUID (for superconducting quantum interference device) is a

very sensitive magnetometer used to measure extremely subtle
magnetic fields, based on superconducting loops containing
Josephson junctions.
SQUIDs are sensitive enough to measure fields as low as 5 aT (51018 T)
within a few days of averaged measurements.[1] Their noise levels are as
low as 3 fTHz-.[2] For comparison, a typical refrigerator magnet produces
0.01 tesla (102 T), and some processes in animals produce very small
magnetic fields between 109 T and 106 T. Recently invented SERF atomic
magnetometers are potentially more sensitive and do not require
cryogenic refrigeration but are orders of magnitude larger in size (~1cm3)
and must be operated in a near-zero magnetic field.
FUTURE OF
SUPERCONDUCTOR
Futuristic ideas for the use of superconductors,
materials that allow electric current to flow
without resistance, are myriad: long-distance,
low-voltage electric grids with no transmission
loss; fast, magnetically levitated trains; ultrahigh-speed supercomputers; superefficient
motors and generators; inexhaustible fusion
energy and many others, some in the
experimental or demonstration stages
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Superconductors

This is the critical temperature at which the resistivity of a

The scientific notation representing the "critical field" or

The scientific notation representing the "critical

current density" or maximum current that a

Meissner Effect: Exhibiting diamagnetic

properties to the total exclusion of all magnetic fields.

The Yamanashi MLX01 MagLev train

This demonstration apparatus comprises a stack of two disc-shaped

A SQUID (for superconducting quantum interference device) is a

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