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    History of Electricity

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    Zaigham Sultan
    This document discusses the history of electricity and electronics. It describes key figures like William Gilbert who coined the term "electricity", Benjamin Franklin's experiments with static electricity, Alessandro Volta who developed the first battery, and Michael Faraday's discoveries around electromagnetic induction. It also outlines the development of concepts like electric charge, current, voltage, capacitance and inductance. Maxwell's equations unified electricity and magnetism and Hertz and Thomson helped discover electrons and electromagnetic waves. The document then outlines the development of transistors, integrated circuits, microprocessors and computer memory in line with Moore's law. Simulation software like PSpice and design languages like Verilog and VHDL are also mentioned.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    History of Electricity

    Uploaded by

    Zaigham Sultan
    113 views34 pages
    This document discusses the history of electricity and electronics. It describes key figures like William Gilbert who coined the term "electricity", Benjamin Franklin's experiments with static electricity, Alessandro Volta who developed the first battery, and Michael Faraday's discoveries around electromagnetic induction. It also outlines the development of concepts like electric charge, current, voltage, capacitance and inductance. Maxwell's equations unified electricity and magnetism and Hertz and Thomson helped discover electrons and electromagnetic waves. The document then outlines the development of transistors, integrated circuits, microprocessors and computer memory in line with Moore's law. Simulation software like PSpice and design languages like Verilog and VHDL are also mentioned.

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    History of Electricity-from bginning to end

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    This document discusses the history of electricity and electronics. It describes key figures like William Gilbert who coined the term "electricity", Benjamin Franklin's experiments with static electricity, Alessandro Volta who developed the first battery, and Michael Faraday's discoveries around electromagnetic induction. It also outlines the development of concepts like electric charge, current, voltage, capacitance and inductance. Maxwell's equations unified electricity and magnetism and Hertz and Thomson helped discover electrons and electromagnetic waves. The document then outlines the development of transistors, integrated circuits, microprocessors and computer memory in line with Moore's law. Simulation software like PSpice and design languages like Verilog and VHDL are also mentioned.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    113 views34 pages

    History of Electricity

    Uploaded by

    Zaigham Sultan
    This document discusses the history of electricity and electronics. It describes key figures like William Gilbert who coined the term "electricity", Benjamin Franklin's experiments with static electricity, Alessandro Volta who developed the first battery, and Michael Faraday's discoveries around electromagnetic induction. It also outlines the development of concepts like electric charge, current, voltage, capacitance and inductance. Maxwell's equations unified electricity and magnetism and Hertz and Thomson helped discover electrons and electromagnetic waves. The document then outlines the development of transistors, integrated circuits, microprocessors and computer memory in line with Moore's law. Simulation software like PSpice and design languages like Verilog and VHDL are also mentioned.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 34

    By: Malik Zaigham Sultan Awan

    BSEE-12158

    Rub amber with wool.
    Amber becomes negatively charged by
    attracting negative charges (electrons)
    from the wool.
    The wool becomes positively charged.

    The amber can then pick up a feather.
    How?
    Coined the word electricity from the Greek
    word elektron meaning amber.
    English scientist and physician to
    Queen Elizabeth.
    In 1600 published "De Magnete, Magneticisque
    Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure" ("On the
    Magnet, Magnetic Bodies, and the Great Magnet of
    the Earth").

    Showed that frictional (static) electricity occurs in many common
    materials.
    Dutch physicist from Leiden, Netherlands, who
    discovered capacitance and invented the Leyden jar.
    Ref: http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/musschenbroek.htm

    Leyden jar (also called condenser)
    http://www.alaska.net/~natnkell/leyden.htm
    http://home.earthlink.net/~lenyr/stat-gen.htm
    Refs:
    700 pF, 175 KV
    Q = C x V
    = 700 x 10
    -12
    x 175 x 10
    3

    = 1.225 x 10
    -4
    coulombs
    No. of electrons =
    1.225 x 10
    -4
    coulombs / 1.6 x 10
    -19
    coul/elec
    = 7.66 x 10
    14
    electrons
    Conducted many experiments on static
    electricity from 1746 1751 (including his
    lightning experiment) and became famous
    throughout Europe by describing these
    experiments in a series of letters to Peter
    Collinson.
    Using a torsion balance Coulomb in 1784
    experimentally determined the law according to
    which charged bodies attract or repel each other.
    Coulombs Law

    1 2
    1 12
    2
    0 12
    1
    4
    q q
    r tc
    = F e
    7 2 9
    0
    1
    10 9.0 10
    4
    c
    tc

    = =
    Unit: Newton meter
    2
    / coulomb
    2
    volt meter / coulomb

    Interpreted Galvanis experiment with
    decapitated frogs as involving the
    generation of current flowing through
    the moist flesh of the frogs leg between
    two dissimilar metals.
    Argued with Galvani that the frog was
    unnecessary.
    In 1799 he developed the first battery (voltaic pile) that
    generated current from the chemical reaction of zinc and
    copper discs separated from each other with cardboard discs
    soaked in a salt solution.
    The energy in joules required to move a charge of one coulomb
    through an element is 1 volt.
    Ref: http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/oersted.htm

    1822
    In 1820 he showed that a current produces a
    magnetic field.
    X
    French mathematics professor who only a week
    after learning of Oersteds discoveries in Sept. 1820
    demonstrated that parallel wires carrying currents
    attract and repel each other.
    attract
    repel
    A moving charge of 1 coulomb per
    second is a current of
    1 ampere (amp).
    Self-taught English chemist and physicist discovered
    electromagnetic induction in 1831 by which a
    changing magnetic field induces an electric field.
    Faradays electromagnetic
    induction ring
    A capacitance of 1 coulomb per volt
    is called a farad (F)
    American scientist, Princeton University professor,
    and first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
    Discovered self-
    induction
    Built the largest
    electromagnets of his day
    Unit of inductance, L, is the Henry
    Born in Edinburgh, Scotland;
    Taught at Kings College in London (1860-1865)
    and was the first Cavendish Professor of Physics
    at Cambridge (1871-1879). They would be
    discovered by Heinrich Hertz in 1887 and this
    would eventually lead to radio, television, and
    cell phones.

    Provided a mathematical description of Faradays
    lines of force.
    Developed Maxwells Equations which describe
    the interaction of electric and magnetic fields.
    V = D
    0 V = B
    t
    c
    V =
    c
    B
    E
    t
    c
    V = +
    c
    D
    H J
    Predicted that light was a form
    of electromagnetic waves
    c = D E = B H
    The frequency of electrical signals is measured in hertz (cycles/second)
    Generates and detects electromagnetic waves in 1887
    Ref: http://www.sparkmuseum.com/HERTZ.HTM
    Discovers the electron in 1898
    J. J. Thomson
    Cathode Tube
    Cavendish Labs
    Electric Field -- corpuscle

    In 1905 publishes his Special Theory of Relativity
    based on two postulates:
    1. Absolute uniform motion cannot be detected by any
    means.
    2. Light is propagated in empty space with a velocity c
    which is independent of the motion of the source.

    =
    2


    This theory predicts seemingly unusual effects such as the measured length of
    moving bodies and time intervals being dependent on the frame of reference
    being used for the measurement.
    Samuel F. B. Morse
    (1791 1872)

    Guglielmo Marconi
    Marconi Spark Transmitter
    Built at the Hall Street Chelmsford Factory
    September, 1897
    Thomas Edison
    1847 - 1931
    Replica of original lightbulb
    Patent #223,898
    Invented and developed
    complete DC electric
    generation and distribution
    system for city lighting systems
    Carried on a major competition
    with George Westinghouse who
    developed an AC generation and
    distribution system
    Nikola Tesla
    1856 - 1943
    Over 700 patents
    Rotating magnetic field principle
    Polyphase alternating-current system
    Inducton motor
    AC power transmission
    Telephone repeater
    Tesla coil transfromer
    Radio
    Fluorescent lights
    Bell Labs Museum
    The First
    Junction Transistor
    1951
    Bell Labs

    Lab model
    M1752
    Outside the Lab
    Texas Instruments First IC -- 1958
    Jack Kilby
    Robert Noyce
    Fairchild
    Intel
    source: Computer
    Museum
    Electronics, Volume 38, Number 8, April 19, 1965
    Moore's Law
    (Doubling every 2 years)
    0.001
    0.01
    0.1
    1
    10
    100
    1000
    10000
    1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
    Year
    T
    r
    a
    n
    s
    i
    s
    t
    o
    r
    s

    (
    i
    n

    m
    i
    l
    l
    i
    o
    n
    s
    )

    8080
    286
    486
    Pentium
    Pentium II
    Pentium 4
    64K
    1M
    4M
    16M
    Memory
    Microprocessor
    PSpice analyze analog circuits
    SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuits
    Emphasis)
    1970s: SPICE Nagel and Pederson
    1980s: PSpice Microsim Corp.
    1998: Merged with OrCAD

    Verilog Digital Design
    1984: Gateway Design Automation Inc.
    1990: acquired by Cadence Design System
    1995: Verilog becomes an IEEE Standard
    VHDL Digital Design
    V: VHSIC (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit)
    HDL: Hardware Description Language
    Developed under government contract in the 1980s
    1987 (1993) IEEE standard (IEEE 1076)

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