Design and Fabrication of Eddy Current B
Design and Fabrication of Eddy Current B
Design and Fabrication of Eddy Current B
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Abstract - In Automotive Industry many traditional Environmental damage might be caused by brake dust.
brakings which are used now a days by the concept of Reference: (Kukutschova et al., 2009) [2]. A number of toxic
mechanical blocking. It results in skidding and wear and tear chemicals in the debris have been shown to induce cancer
on the vehicle. And if the vehicle's speed is very high, the brake via interactions with DNA in live beings (Uexkull et al., 2005)
can't deliver that high braking force and it will cause [3]. When compared to traditional braking systems, eddy
problems. These disadvantages of ordinary brakes can be current braking offers various benefits. It's eco-friendly, and
overcome by a simple and effective braking mechanism called it helps keep brake pads from wearing out prematurely and
'Eddy Current Brake'. It is a method without abrasion for vibrating excessively. According to its proponents, eddy
braking vehicles, including trains. It makes use of the opposite current brakes are good for the planet because they cut
tendency of eddy current. Eddy current is the swirling current down on brake shoe wear, a major source of air pollution.
produced within a conductor, which is subject to a change of This experiment was designed to investigate the workings of
magnetic field. Due to the tendency of eddy currents to be an eddy current braking system using electromagnets and
oppositional, eddy currents lose energy. Eddy current brake aluminium for the brake discs in light of the need for novel
consists of a conductive non-ferromagnetic metal disc (rotor) braking systems that are both environmentally friendly and
attached to the rear axle of the bicycle wheel, with an capable of alleviating the aforementioned typical difficulties.
electromagnet located with its poles on the disk without I was. Eddy currents are a crucial phenomenon in
contact, so the magnetic field by electromagnets passes electromagnetic induction that may be used in a wide variety
through the disk. The electro-magnet makes it possible to vary of fields. When a conductive substance travels through a
the braking force. stationary magnetic field, it generates a drag force called
eddy current braking (Jou et al., 2006, p. Energy is lost and
Key Words: Eddy Current Braking System, Eddy Current, friction is created when flux changes cause eddy currents in
Magnetic Field, Brakes, Frictionless Brake Disc, Wheel. conductors (Jou et al., 2006) [8]. As a result, the
electromagnetic braking system has no contact parts to
lessen lining wear. Worn-out debris is reduced, which is a
Nomenclature:
positive for the environment.
P is the power lost per unit mass (W/kg), 2. WORKING PRINCIPLES OF EDDY CURRENT:
Bp is the peak magnetic field (T), Faraday's law of induction states that a changing magnetic
d is the thickness of the sheet or diameter of the wire (m), field inside a conductor would cause current loops, or "eddy
currents," as seen in Figure 1. When a magnetic field is
f is the frequency (Hz), applied to a conductor, eddy currents will form closed loops
inside the conductor and flow in a direction perpendicular to
k is a constant equal to 1 for a thin sheet and 2 for a thin the field. Changes in the magnetic flux associated with a
wire, metallic conductor result in a closed-loop induced current in
the conductor (Figure 1). Eddy currents are the common
ρ is the resistivity of the material (Ω m), and
name for several types of currents. When a conductor is
D is the density of the material (kg/m3). interrupted by the time-varying magnetic flux, eddy currents
are produced. In a conductor, eddy currents move in a plane
1.INTRODUCTION transverse to the magnetic field, following closed loops.
Lenz's law states that eddy currents react to the source of
Transitioning to a new braking system is necessary for light the magnetic field by producing a magnetic field that is
of the green technology trend, which emphasizes the perpendicular to the change in the magnetic field that caused
significance of protecting the environment. Compared to the it. These eddy currents, which circulate within the
present braking system, which employs brake pads, the new conductor, cause a magnetic field of the opposite polarity to
technology creates far less air pollution when braking. that of the externally applied field. Current in a closed loop is
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proportional to the magnetic field intensity, the loop area, the intensity of the magnetic field (and therefore the braking
and the magnetic flux rate of change, and inversely effect) can be adjusted with electromagnets, they are often
proportional to the resistivity of the material. Two magnetic employed in place of permanent magnets for eddy current
fields interacting generates a force that opposes magnetic braking. Eddy current brakes suffer mostly from a lack of
flux changes. When a moving magnetic field induces eddy retaining torque, which is a critical safety feature. Since this
currents in a nearby conductive surface, that surface acts as is the case, they are often utilized in addition to regular
a drag force against the moving magnet. Eddy current mechanical brakes.
braking is a technique that makes advantage of this
phenomenon. By way of illustration, a moving magnetic field The following equation [25] may be used to determine the
induces eddy currents in a nearby conductive surface, which power lost per unit mass for a thin sheet or wire due to eddy
creates drag and therefore resistance to the magnet's currents under particular conditions (uniform material,
forward motion. Eddy current braking makes advantage of uniform magnetic field, no skin effect, etc.).
this phenomenon. When the power is turned off, the motor
of the power tool is immediately stopped by the eddy
current brakes. When electricity flows through a conductor's
resistance, heat is generated.
this equation is valid only under the so-called quasi-static
conditions.
4. BRAKING EFFICIENCY:
STEP 1
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5.1 COMPONENTS OF EDDY CURRENT BRAKING (As a wide variety of devices, including motors, generators,
per Table 1) : relays, speakers, hard drives, MRI machines, scientific
equipment, and magnetic separation devices.
5.1.1 ELECTROMAGNETS: Electromagnets are used for lifting and moving heavy
ferrous materials in the industrial sector, such as scrap metal
and steel.
5.1.2 BATTERY
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17. Fewer expenses for maintenance. Note: Provide the smallest possible space between the
electromagnets and the Ms disc.
18. Higher durability as compared to standard brakes.
6. Install the battery in the frame of the bike. Attach a button
to the grip of the handlebars.
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related to the frictional force between the lining and the 10.References:
drum and the amount of pressure applied by the band or
shoe. In contrast, if the force exerted exceeds a particular [1] A.Aravind , V.R.Akilesh, S.Gunaseelan, S.Ganesh “ Eddy
threshold. More force is wasted when the brakes lock up and current embedded conventional braking system” - IJIRSET
the wheels slide over the pavement. So, the adhesion Volume 5, Special Issue 7, April 2016
between the tyre and the road determines the greatest
braking effect that can be achieved, which in turn is [2] K. Kukutschovaa, V. Roubiˇceka, K. Malachovab, Z.
determined by the load on the wheel upon which the brake Pavliˇckovab, R. Holuˇsab, J. Kubaˇckovac, V. Miˇckac, D.
operates and the coefficient of friction between the tyre and MacCrimmond, P. Filip d. 2009. Wear Mechanism in
the road. To what extent the vehicle slows down depends on Automotive Brake Materials, Wear Debris and its Potential
how quickly its kinetic energy is transformed into thermal Environmental Impact, International Journal of Wear
energy. The electromagnet's spinning of the Ms Disc is halted [3] O. Uexkull, S. Skerfving, R. Doyle, M. Braungart. 2005.
by eddy currents when the push switch is pushed. Eddy Carbide Antimony in brake pads—a carcinogenic
currents are used to slow the bike to a halt. Estimated results component, J. Cleaner Prod. 13(2005) 19-31.
of eddy current bicycle are shown below in chart 2
[4] Er shivanushrivastava “A Parametric Analysis of
Magnetic Braking – The Eddy Current Brakes – For High
Speed and Power Automobiles and locomotives” IJAREEIE
Vol. 3, Issue 8, August 2014
Chart 2 : Approx Stop Time/ Bicycle Speed Results [8] M. Jou, J.K. Shiau, C.C. Sun. 2006. Design of a Magnetic
Braking System,
9.Conclusion:
[9] Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 304(2006)
It was a terrific chance to put our little expertise to use on c234-c236.
this project. Working on this project taught us a great deal
[10] GigihPriyandoko, M.Z Baharom, (2015), “Eddy current
about preparation, economy, construction, and processing.
braking experiment using brake disc from aluminium series
Taking on a project together is a great way to bring academia
of A16061 and A17075”
and business together, in our opinion. Bicycles equipped
with electromagnetic eddy current braking systems that are [11] G. Priyandoko, M.Z. Baharom, (2011), “Eddy Current
both well-designed and manufactured perform well. We fully Braking Study for Brake Disc of aluminium, Copper and Zink,
appreciate the challenges of maintaining quality and Regional Engineering Postgraduate Conference (EPC) 2011
tolerances. We made excellent use of the resources afforded
to us by using our knowledge and expertise. This is why we [12] P. Hanyecz, (1982), “Calculation of Braking force in
came up with the "Eddy Current Electromagnetic Brake Eddy current brakes”, Department of Theoretical Electricity.
System," which aids in the construction of a more effective Technical University Budapest
braking system than is possible with traditional braking
[13] Gurav Mahadeo, Neeraj Gupta, Shivam Chaturvedi,
systems. Various additional technologies may be included
Pratik Raut International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas
into its evolution and refinement as needed for specific uses.
and Innovations in Technology,2017
The project is merely at the prototype stage, but it can be
readily used in automobiles and other uses. [14] “Experiments with eddy currents: the eddy current
brake”- Manuel I Gonzalez- Departamento de F´ısica,
Universidad de Burgos, 09006 Burgos,Spain
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