Single Effect Evaporation (SEE) Processes

2
Objectives
To be familiar with main component of Singe
Effect Evaporation (SEE) system.
To understand the basic mass and energy
balances.
To understand and evaluate the main design
parameters:
PR; sA; and sMcw
3
Expected Outcomes
By the end of this class, you should be able to:
Carry out mass and energy balances on the main
components of SEE system.
Calculate the main design parameters.

4
Has very limited industrial applications
The is because of the thermal
performance ratio < 1.0
Used mainly in marine vessels
HOWEVER, Understanding this process is
essential for analyzing other processes
such as multiple effect evaporation and
vapor compression SEE
SEE: Introduction
5
Single effect evaporation process
Distillate, Md , Td
Feed & Cooling
Water.
(Mf+Mcw), Tcw
Heating steam
Ms, Ts
Reject Brine
Mb, Tb

Condensed
Steam
Ms, Ts
Cooling Seawater
Mcw, Tf
Feed Seawater
M
f
, T
f

Product vapor
Md, Tv
Evaporator
Condenser
Demister
6
Process component
The main components are
The evaporator
The feed pre-heater or the condenser

The evaporator consists of
Evaporator/condenser heat exchangers tube
Vapor space
Un-evaporated water pool
A line for removing the un-condensed gases
A water distribution system
Mist eliminator
7
Process components
The feed pre-heater has a shell and tube
configuration and operates in a counter
current mode where the latent heat of
condensed vapor is transferred to the
intake seawater.
8
Process description
The intake seawater (M
cw
+M
f
) at a temperature
(T
cw
) and salt conc. (X
f
) is introduced into the
tube side of the preheater where its temp.
increases to (T
f
).
The cooling water (M
cw
) is dumped back to the
sea.
The function of the cooling water is to to remove
the excess heat added to the water in the
evaporator by the heating steam.
9
Process description
The heat needed to warm the sea water inside
the condenser tubes is supplied by condensing
the vapor formed by boiling in the evaporator
Within the evaporator, the feed water is sprayed
at the top where it falls in the form of a thin
layer down the succeeded rows of tubes
arranged horizontally.
10
Process description
Condensation of the saturated heating steam
and the release of its latent heat provides the
required sensible and latent heat for water
evaporation from the feed sea water.
As a result, the feed sea water temp. increases
from (T
f
) to (T
b
)
Vapor is generated at a rate of (M
d
) at temp.
(T
v
)
11
Process Modeling
The model is is divided into five parts
Material balance
Evaporator & condenser energy balance
Boiling point elevation
Evaporator & condenser heat transfer area
Performance parameters
12
Material Balance
Overall Material and salt balance
M
f
= M
d
+ M
b
(1)

Salt balance
M
f
X
f
= M
b
X
b
(2)

From 1 & 2
M
b
= M
d
. x
f
/ (x
b
x
f
) (3)
M
f
= M
d
. x
b
/ (x
b
x
f
) (4)

13
Evaporator Load, Qe
In the evaporator, saturated steam flowing
from a steam boiler at a rate of M
s
is used to
raise the temperature of feed water (M
f
) from
T
f
to T
b
.
In addition, it supplies the latent heat required
to evaporate a specified mass of vapor, M
d

Q
e
= M
f
Cp (T
b
T
f
) + M
d

v
= M
s

s
(5)
14
Condenser Load, Qc
The condenser works on condensing the vapor
formed, M
d
by transferring its latent heat of
condensation to heat the feed seawater (M
f
+ M
cw
).

Q
c
= (M
f
+ M
cw
) Cp (T
f
T
cw
) = M
d

v
(6)
15
Overall energy balance
Assume T
cw
is the reference temperature
Heat in = Heat out (7)
Heat in = M
s

s
Heat out = M
b
Cp (T
b
T
cw
) + M
d
Cp (T
v
T
cw
)
+ M
cw
Cp (T
f
T
cw
)
Here, T
ref
is T
cw
and Cp is constant at
average T
16
Performance ratio, PR
It is the kgs of distillate water produced
per kg of steam used.

PR = M
d
/ M
s
(8)
17
Evaporator heat transfer
area, Ae
It is calculated from the
Amount of heat to be transferred, Q
e

The overall heat transfer coefficient, U
e

The difference between the condensing
temperature of the steam T
s
, and boiling
temperature of the boiling water, T
b

Q
e
= U
e
A
e
(T
s
T
b
) (9)
18
It is calculated from the
Amount of heat to be transferred, Q
c

The overall heat transfer coefficient, U
c

The logarithmic mean temperature difference,
(LMTD)
c

Q
c
= U
c
A
c
(LMTD)
c
(10)

LMTD = (T
f
T
cw
)/ln ((T
v
- T
cw
)/(T
v
- T
f
)) (11)

Condenser heat transfer
area, Ae
19
Boiling Point Elevation, BPE
The rise in sea water boiling temperature
due to salinity.
T
b
= T
v
+ BPE (11)
Tv = Vapor phase Temp.

20
Cp &
Cp is calculated at the average temperature of
the stream
is either calculated or from steam tables at the
saturation temperature.

21
Overall Energy Balance
Use Eqn(6) to eliminate [M
cw
Cp (T
f
T
cw
)] in Eqn(7)
M
s
l
s
= M
b
Cp (T
b
T
f
) + M
d
Cp (T
v
T
f
) + M
d
l
v
(12)

Subs. Eqn(11) into (12):
M
s
l
s
= M
b
Cp (T
v
+ BPE T
f
) + M
d
Cp (T
v
T
f
) + M
d
l
v
(13)
Or:
22
Cont.
M
s
l
s
= M
b
Cp (T
v
T
f
) + M
b
Cp BPE + M
d
Cp (T
v
T
f
) + M
d
l
v
(14)
Use Eqn(3) to eliminate Mb, simplify:

(15)

Write Eqn(15) in terms of ratio of flow rates:

( )
(
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
v
F b
F
F v
F b
F
d s s
X X
X
BPE Cp T T Cp
X X
X
M M . 1
( )
(
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
v
F b
F
F v
F b
F
s
s
d
X X
X
BPE Cp T T Cp
X X
X
M
M
. 1
23
Obtaining Performance
Ratio (PR)

(16)

________________________________

( )
(
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
v
F b
F
F v
F b
b
s
s
d
X X
X
BPE Cp T T Cp
X X
X
M
M
PR .
24
Specific Flow Rate of Cooling
Water (sMcw):
Rearrange Eqn(6):

M
cw
Cp (T
F
T
cw
) = M
d

d
M
F
Cp (T
F
T
cw
) (17)

Use Eqn(4) to eliminate M
F
, rearrange:

( )
( )
cw F
F b
b
cw F d
d
cw
cw
T T Cp
X X
X
T T Cp
M
M
sM
|
|
.
|
\
|

= =

25
Specific Heat Transfer Area of
the Evaporator (sAe):
Evaporator
A
e
= Q
e
/[U
e
(T
s
T
b
)] (9)

Subst. Qe from Eqn(5) into Eqn(9):
A
e
= [M
F
Cp (T
b
T
F
) + M
d

v
]/[U
e
(T
s
T
b
)] (19)
Eliminate M
F
using Eqn(4), Rearrange:

(20)
( ) ( )
( )
b s e
F b b F b v
d
e
e
T T U
X X X T T Cp
M
A
sA
+
= =

26
Specific Heat Transfer Area of
the Condenser (sAc):
Ac = Q
c
/[U
c
LMTD
c
] (22)

Qc can be obtained from Eqn(6)
sAc = Ac/M
d
= l
d
/[U
c
LMTD
c
] (23)
T
d
T
cw
T
F
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
F d
cw d
cw F
c
T T
T T
T T
LMTD
ln
27
Summary of SEE Performance
Parameters:
Thermal Performance Ratio (PR):
Equation (16)

Specific Heat Transfer Area (sA):
sA = sAe + sAc (25)

Specific Flow Rate of Cooling Water
(sMcw):
Equation (23)
28
SEE Example
Determine the
performance parameters
for the following SEE
Desalination plant.
Carry out a What if ?
analysis!
Which of the following
parameters has the least
effect on PR and Why??
Ts, Tf and Tcw
Excel Solution
Ts 100 C
Tcw 25 C
Xf 42000 ppm
Xb 70000 ppm
M
f
2.49 kg/s
CP 4.2 kJ/kgC
Tf 80 C
Md 86 m3/hr
Ue 2.70 kW/m2.C
Tv 86.00 C
BPE 0.80 C

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