8.

ABSORPTION
8.1 Introduction

Absorption is one of the important gas – liquid contact operations in which

a gaseous mixture is contacted with a solvent to dissolve one or more components
of the gas preferentially and provide a solution of them in the solvent. Some of the
applications of this operation are as follows:
(i) Ammonia is removed from coke – oven gas with water
(ii) Benzene and toluene vapors are removed using hydrocarbon oil from the coke –
oven gas.
(iii) Hydrogen sulfide is removed from naturally occurring hydrocarbon gases
with alkaline solutions.
(iv)Ammonia and other water soluble harmful gases from air are removed using
water.
8.2 Gas solubility in liquids at equilibrium
The equilibrium characteristics of gas solubility in liquids are generally
represented as partial pressure of solute in gas (p*) vs mole fraction of solute in
liquid (x). A typical gas solubility curve drawn at a particular temperature and
pressure for different gases is shown in Fig 8.1. If the gas solubility is low, then
the equilibrium pressure for that particular system is very high. The solubility of
gas is significantly affected by the temperature. Generally absorption processes
are exothermic and if the temperature is increased at equilibrium, the solubility of
gases, but not always, will be decreased due to evolution of heat.
 p* Partial pressure of solute in gas
A 40ºC
A 30ºC

A 15ºC 20ºC
B
B 10ºC

C 10ºC

x Mole fraction of solute in liquid

Fig. 8.1: Solubility of gas in liquid

8.3 Ideal and Non – ideal liquid solutions
In an ideal solution, all the components present in the solution approach
similarity with regard to their chemical nature. When the gas mixture is in
equilibrium with an ideal solution, then it follows Raoult’s law.
p* = Px (8.1)
where p* is the partial pressure of solute, P is the vapour pressure of solute at the
same temperature and x is the mole fraction of solute in liquid.
For non – ideal solutions, Henry’s law can be applied and is given as,
p*
y* = = m.x (8.2)
Pt
where ‘m’ is Henry’s constant, Pt is the total pressure and y* is the mole fraction
of solute in gas.
8.4 Choice of solvent for absorption
The following properties are to be considered while choosing a particular
solvent in any absorption system.
(i) Gas solubility: Solubility of the solute to be absorbed in solvent should be
relatively high, as it will decrease the quantum of solvent requirement.

186
 (ii) Chemical nature: Generally solvent should be chemically similar in structure to
that of the solute to be absorbed as it will provide good solubility.
(iii) Recoverability: Solvent should be easily recovered and as it will help in reusing it.
(iv) Volatility: Solvent should have a low vapor pressure (i.e.) less volatile.
(v) Corrosiveness: Solvent should not be corrosive to the material of construction
equipment.
(vi) Cost and Availability: The solvent should not be costly (inexpensive) and readily
available.
(vii)Viscosity: Should have low viscous as it will reduce pumping and transportation
costs.
(viii)Toxic, Flammability and Stability: Solvent should be non – toxic,
inflammable, chemically stable and non – reactive.
8.5 Design of Isothermal Absorption towers
The design of isothermal absorption towers is based on material balance in
them. The flow of streams could be either co current or counter current. The
operation is either carried out as a single stage operation or as a multistage
operation.

8.5.1 Single stage – one component transferred – counter current and Isothermal
Operation

Consider a single stage isothermal absorber shown in Fig.8.2, where (1)

and (2) refer the bottom and top sections of the equipment respectively. Gaseous
mixture entering the absorber at the bottom is contacted counter currently with
liquid solvent, entering from the top.
L2, x2, LS, G2, y2, GS,
X2 Y2

(2)

(1)
187

L1, x1, LS, G1, y1, GS,

Y
 Fig.8.2: Flow in a counter current absorber

Let, G1 and L2 be the molar flow rates of entering binary gaseous mixture and
liquid respectively in moles/ (area) (time).
Let, G2 and L1 be the molar flow rates of leaving gaseous mixture and liquid
respectively in moles/ (area) (time).
Let, GS and LS be the molar flow rates of inert gas and pure liquid respectively in
moles/ (area) (time).
Let x, y be the mole fractions of solute in liquid and gas phases respectively.
Let X, Y be the mole ratios of solute to inert component in liquid and gas phases
respectively.
In the gas phase, only one component is transferred and the other component
remains as inert. Similarly in the liquid phase, solvent is the inert component. It is
more convenient to represent the concentrations of solute in liquid and gas phases
in terms of mole ratios, (X and Y) of solute to inert component. So,
x y
X= and Y = (8.3)
(1 − x) (1 − y )
X Y
Likewise, x = and y = (8.4)
(1 + X ) (1 + Y )
GS
GS = G1 (1 – y1) or G = (8.5)
(1 - y)
Writing the material balance on solute basis for the above counter current
operation, we get
GSY1 +LSX2 = GSY2 +LSX1 (8.6)
∴ Gs (Y1 – Y2) = LS (X1 – X2) (8.7)
 Ls   ( Y1 − Y2 ) 
(i.e.)   =   (8.8)
 Gs  (X1 − X 2 )

188
Eq. (8.8) represents operating line for a single stage counter current absorber. The
operating line is linear which passes through the coordinates (X1, Y1) and (X2 ,Y2)
with a slope of (LS / Gs). Since the solute transfer is taking place from gas to
liquid phase, the operating line always lies above the equilibrium curve, which is
shown in the following Fig.8.3

Operating line
Y1

LS/GS
Y

Y2

Y = f(X)

X2 X1
X

Fig.8.3: Equilibrium curve and operating line in mole ratio basis.

Suppose, if the flow rates of gas and liquid streams are not considered on
inert basis (i.e.) on mole fraction basis, then the operating line would be a non –
linear one passing through the coordinates (x1, y1) and (x2,y2) as shown in Fig.8.4.
It is also highly impossible to know the intermediate concentrations which will
enable one to draw this operating curve passing through the terminal points (x 1,y1)
and (x2,y2). Hence, it is more preferable to obtain the linear operating line with the
known terminal concentrations of the system as shown in Fig.8.4.

Operating line
y1

y2

y*= f(x)

x2 x1
x

189
 Fig.8.4: Equilibrium curve and operating line in mole fraction basis.
8.5.2 Determination of minimum (LS/GS) ratio
In absorption, minimum (Ls/Gs) ratio indicates a slope for operating line at
which the maximum amount of solute concentration is obtained in the final liquid.
It will be achieved only at the presence of infinite number of stages for a desired
level of absorption of solute. When the operating line is tangential to the
equilibrium curve, then there is no net driving force and the required time of
contact for the concentration change desired is infinite and an infinitely tall tower
will result. This is highly uneconomical. So, the tower is operated at an (Ls/Gs)
ratio of 1.2 to 2.0 times the minimum (LS/GS) ratio.
8.5.3 Steps involved in determining the (L/G) min
1. Plot X and Y data to draw equilibrium curve.
2. Locate the point A (X2,Y2)
3. From point A draw tangent to the equilibrium curve.
4. Determine the slope of this line which will be (Ls/Gs) min.
5. Extend the line from Y1 to intersect this operating line which corresponds to the
point [(X1) max,Y1]

6. Determine (Ls/Gs) Actual and find the slope.

7. Using the operating line equation, obtain (X1) Actual as shown in Fig.8.5

B‫ﺍ‬ (Ls/Gs) min

Y1 B
(Ls/Gs) act

A: (X2, Y2)
Y2
Y A B: (X1, Y1)
B ‫ﺍ‬: (X1 max, Y1)

0 X2 (X1) max
X1
X

Fig. 8.5: Minimum L/G ratio

In some cases, the equilibrium curve will be more or less a straight line or
concave upward. In such cases the minimum (L/G) ratio can be determined as
shown in the following Figures 8.6 (a) and Fig.8.6 (b)

190
 Y1
Y1
Y (LS/GS) min
Y (LS/GS) min
Y2 Y2

X2 (X1) max X2 (X1) max

X X

Fig.8.6 (a) Fig.8.6 (b)

Fig.8.6: Equilibrium curve and operating line for special cases
 (Y1 − Y2 ) 
Therefore, (Ls/Gs) min =   (8.9)
 ( X 1 ) max − X 2 

Since (Ls/Gs) min is known, (X1) max can be determined as all the other quantities
in Eq. (8.9) are known.
8.5.4 Multistage countercurrent isothermal Absorption
Let us consider a multistage tray tower containing Np number of stages as
shown in Fig.8.7 where the suffix represents the tray number. The operation is
isothermal and assuming that the average composition of gas leaving from a tray
is in equilibrium with the average composition of liquid leaving from the same
tray. The characteristics of the entering and leaving streams are also represented.
The flow of streams is countercurrent. The liquid flows downwards and the gas
upwards and only one component is transferred. The number of theoretical or
ideal stages required for the desired operation in the tower is determined as
follows: The liquid flows downwards and the gas
The material balance on inert basis gives,
GSYNp+1 + LSX0 = GSY1 +LSXNp (8.10)
GS (YNp+1 – Y1) = LS (XNp – X0) (8.11)
 Ls   ( YNP +1 − Y1 ) 
(i.e)   =   (8.12)
 Gs   ( X NP − X 0 ) 
Eq. (8.12) represents a linear operating line for a multistage countercurrent
absorber which passes through the coordinates (X0,Y1) and (XNp,YNp+1) with a
slope (LS/GS). Between the equilibrium curve and operating line, a stepwise
construction is made to obtain the number of theoretical trays. The stepwise

191
 construction is started from (X0, Y1) since it represents operating condition in plate
number 1 (as per our convention). This is illustrated in Fig.8.8.
L0, LS, X0, x0 G1, GS,Y1, y1

Y1

Y2
X1

X2

Np – 1
YNp
Np
XNp

LS, LNp, XNp,

GS, GNp +1, YNp+1, yNp+1
xNp
Fig.8.7: Various streams in a counter current multistage tray tower

YNp+1
N
P
Operating line P
n Equilibrium curve
Y
1
Y1

X0 XNp
X

Fig.8.8: Stepwise construction for estimating the number of plates/stages

8.5.5 Analytical method to determine the number of trays.

In some special cases such as dilute gaseous mixtures or solutions, the
equilibrium curve is a straight line then the number of trays can be determined
analytically by using Kremser-Brown–Souders equation given below without
going in for a graphical method.

192
 y Np +1 − mx 0
log[ ( )(1 − 1/A) + 1/A ]
Np = y1 − mx 0 (8.13)
log A
L
where, A is the absorption factor equals , and m is the slope of the equilibrium
mG
curve.
Absorption factor is defined as the ratio of the slope of the operating line
to that of the equilibrium curve. If ‘A’ varies due to small changes in L/G from
bottom to top of the tower, then the geometric mean value of A will be
considered.
Hence, Geometric mean value of A = A1 A2 (8.14)
L1 L0
A1 = ≈
mG 1 mG 1

LNp LNp
A2 = ≈
mG Np mG NP +1

where A1 is absorption factor at the top of the tower and A2 is absorption factor at
the bottom of the tower. For larger variations in A, graphical computations must
be followed.
8.5.6 Significance of Absorption factor
If A<1, the operating line and equilibrium curve converge at the lower end
of the tower indicating that the solubility of solute is limited even for a large
number of trays provided.
If A>1, any degree of separation is possible with adequate number of
trays. However, as A increases beyond 1.0 for a fixed quantity of gas and a given
degree of absorption, the absorbed solute is dissolved in a larger quantity of liquid
and hence becomes less valuable. In addition to that, the number of trays also
decrease leading to a lower cost of equipment. This leads to a variation in total
cost of operation which will pass through a minimum. Hence, for an economical
operation, the value of A has been estimated for various systems and found to be
in the range of 1.2 to 2.0.
8.6 Design of Multistage Non – Isothermal absorber
Generally the absorption operations are exothermic. Hence, the solubility
of gas decreases as temperature of the liquid increases which in turn decreases the
capacity of the absorber. When concentrated gaseous mixtures are to be absorbed

193
in solvent then the temperature effects have to be taken into account. If the heat
liberated is more, then cooling coils should be provided for an efficient operation.
Since the temperature is varying from tray to tray, it influences the concentration
changes and as well as the flow rate of streams. Hence, energy balance should also
be incorporated along with material balance to determine the number of trays. It is
very difficult to compute manually the tray to tray calculations. A simple
algorithm is developed for one ideal tray involving trial and error calculations and
then programming to other trays for the determination of the number of trays.
Consider a stage wise tray tower operating non – isothermally as shown in
Fig.8.9.
Total mass balance around the tower gives,
GNp +1 + L0 = LNp +G1 (8.15)
Component balance gives,
[GNp +1] yNp+1 + L0x0 = LNpxNp +G1y1 (8.16)
Energy balance gives,
[GNp+1] HG,Np+1 + L0HL0 = LNpHLNp +G1HG1 (8.17)

L0
x0
HL0 G1, y1, HG1, tG1
tL0
G1
1
L1 ….
2
L2 Gn

GNp-1
n
Ln
Np-1
LNp-1 GNp, yNp
Np Envelope - I
LNp

LNp GNp+1
xNp yNp+1
HL, Np HG, Np+1
tL, Np tG, Np+1

Fig.8.9: Streams in a counter current multistage tray tower and envelope – I

194
 where, H is the molal enthalpy of streams. Enthalpies can be determined using the
available literature data with reference to some base temperature say, t0. (Pure
state)
HG = CpG, inert (tG – t0) (1 – y) + y [CpG solute (tG – t0) + λ0] (8.18)
HL = CpL, inert (tL – t0) (1 – x) + x [CpL solute (tL – t0)] (8.19)
where Cp is the specific heat of the component and λ0 is the latent heat of
vaporization at reference temperature.
Now let us consider the envelope I,
Mass and energy balance in envelope I give,
Ln + GNp+1 = Gn+1 +LNp (8.20)
Ln xn + [GNp+1] y Np+1 = Gn+1y n+1 +LNpxNp (8.21)
Ln HLn + [GNp+1] HG Np+1 = Gn+1HG n+1 +LNpHLNp (8.22)
Let n = Np − 1,
LNp−1 + GNp+1 = GNp +LNp (8.23)
LNp−1 xNp−1 + [GNp+1] y Np+1 = GNpy Np+LNpxNp (8.24)
L Np−1 HL,Np−1 + [GNp+1] HG,Np+1 = GNpHG,Np+LNpHL,Np (8.25)
To solve the above system of equations and determine the number of trays, the
following procedure is used.
1. Assume the top tray temperature, tG1. The other values like GNp+1, y1, y Np+1, L0, x0,
tL0 and tG Np+1 are known.
2. Calculate GS from the relationship, GS = GNp+1 (1 - y Np+1)
3. Calculate G1 from the relationship, G1 = GS/(1 – y1)
4. Using Eq. (8.15), Calculate LNp.
5. Find xNp from Eq. (8.16).
6. Calculate HGNp+1, HL0 and HG1 using Eqs. (8.18) and (8.19)
7. Find HLNp from Eq. (8. 17).
8. Determine tLNp making use of Eq. (8.19).
9. With this knowledge of the temperature of the last tray Np, the compositions can
be determined by y* = (V.P/T.P)x or y* =m.x where V.P. is vapor pressure, T.P is
total pressure and m is equilibrium constant. Hence yNp = (m) xNp
10. Now for the last tray, xNp, yNp, tLNp are known.

195
 Gs
11. Find GNp =
(1 − y Np )

12. Now calculate LNp – 1 using Eq. (8.23)

13. Find xNp–1 from Eq. (8. 24).
14. Calculate HLNp–1 using Eq. (8.25)
15. Find tLNp–1 from Eq. (8.19).
16. Now determine the composition, yNp–1 and GNp–1 as mentioned in step (9) and step
(11) respectively.
17. Similarly calculate for the next tray by taking n = Np–2 and starting from step
(12), by making use of material and enthalpy balances.
18. Finally, the computation is stopped on reaching the value of ‘y1’ and also
satisfying the assumed tG1. If these two are not satisfied together, once again the
iteration has to be started fresh by assuming a new temperature ‘tG1’. However, the
values of ‘y1’ and ‘tG1’, are both satisfied, the number of trays are known from the
computation values.

8.7 Design of Co – current absorber

In a co - current absorber both gas and solvent streams are entering parallel
into the absorber as shown in Fig.8.10.
L1 G1
LS GS
x1 y1
X1 Y1

196
 (1)

(2)

L2 G2
LS GS
x2 y2
X2 Y2

Fig.8.10: Co – current absorber

By writing material balance,

LSX1 +GSY1 = LSX2 +GSY2 (8.26)
∴ Ls (X1 – X2) = GS (Y2 – Y1) (8.27)
 Ls   ( Y1 − Y2 ) 
(ie) -   =   (8.28)
 Gs  (X1 − X 2 )
Eq. (8.28) is the operating line equation for co – current absorption operation with
the slope - (LS/GS) and this will be presented in the X – Y diagram of Fig 8.11. If
the leaving streams are in equilibrium with each other, then the compositions are
represented by (X2’ Y2’).

Operating line
Y1
Equilibrium curve
Y2
Y Y2’ Slope = – (LS/GS)

X1 X X2’
2
X

197
 Fig.8.11: Equilibrium curve and operating line in a co current absorber.
8.8 Design of continuous contact equipment for absorption
Packed columns and spray towers fall in the category of continuous
contact or differential contact towers. They are different from stage wise
contactors in the sense that the fluids are in continuous contact throughout the
tower. So the liquid and gas compositions change continuously with respect to the
height of the tower.
Consider a packed tower of unit cross sectional area as shown in the
Fig.8.12. The characteristics of inlet and outlet streams are also indicated.
Let ‘Z’ be the total height of the tower and ‘dZ’ be the differential height
which is same as differential volume. ‘S’ is the total effective interfacial surface
per unit tower cross section. Hence,
Interfacial area (a).[A.Z]
S= = (8.29)
Area of tower A
∴ dS = a.dZ (8.30)
where dS is the differential interfacial surface in the differential volume of
packing.
G2
L2 GS
LS y2
x2 Y2
X2
(2)

dz

(1)
L1 G1
LS GS
x1 y1
X1 Y1

198
 Fig.8.12: Continuous counter current absorber.
As shown in Fig.8.12, the quantity of solute A passing through the differential
section is G.y moles/ (area) (time). The rate of mass transfer is d (G.y) moleA/
(differential volume) (time). Since NB = 0, NA/ (NA + NB) = 1.0. The molar flux of
A is obtained by applying the original basic flux equation,
Rate of absorption of solute ' A'
NA =
Interfacial area

d (Gy )  (1 − y i ) 
= = FG ln   (8.31)
adZ  (1 − y ) 
d (Gy) can be written as
 Gs y 
d (Gy) =d   (8.32)
 (1 − y ) 
Since one component is transferred, G and y vary throughout the tower.
 Gs y  G s dy Gdy
(i.e.) d   = 2 = (8.33)
 (1 − y )  (1 − y ) (1 − y )

Substituting Eq (8.33) in Eq (8.31), rearranging and integrating we get,

Z y1
Gdy
Z= ∫ dZ = ∫ F
0 y2 G a (1 − y ) ln[(1 − y i ) /(1 − y )]
(8.34)

It is more convenient to write, y – yi = [(1 – yi) – (1 –y)] (8.35)

The numerator and denominator of Eq. (8.34) can be multiplied by the right and
left hand sides of Eq. (8.35) respectively to obtain
y1
G (1 − y ) iM dy
Z=
y2
∫F G a (1 − y )(1 − y i )
(8.36)

where (1 − y) iM is logarithmic mean of (1 –yi) and (1 –y)

G
y1
(1 − y ) iM dy
Z=
FG a ∫ (1 − y)( y − y ) ≈ H
y2 i
tG . N tG (8.37)

where H tG. is height of a gas transfer unit and NtG is number of gas transfer units.
G G G
Thus, H tG = = = (8.38)
FG a k y a (1 − y ) iM k G aPt (1 − y ) iM

In terms of other individual mass transfer coefficients,

199
N tG is simplified further by substituting the arithmetic average instead of

logarithmic average of (1 –y) iM

Hence,
(1 − y i ) − (1 − y ) (1 − y i ) + (1 − y )
(1 − y ) iM = ≈
 (1 − y i )  2 (8.39)
ln  
 (1 − y ) 
y1 y
(1 - y) iM dy 1
dy 1 (1 − y 2 )
N tG = ∫ =∫ + ln (8.40)
y2
[(1 − y )( y − y i ) y2 ( y − y i ) 2 (1 − y1 )

Similarly, when the above mentioned relations have been applied for liquid
compositions we obtain
x
L 1 (1 − x ) iM dx
FL a x∫2 [(1 − x)( xi − x)]
Z= ≈ H tL .N tL (8.41)

where H tL. is the height of liquid transfer unit, N tL is the number of liquid

transfer units and (1 –x) iM is logarithmic mean of (1 – x) and (1 –xi)

On simplification we get,
L L
H tL. = = (8.42)
FL a k x a(1 − x) iM
and
x1
dx 1 (1 − x1 )
N tL = ∫ (x
x2 i − x)
+ ln
2 (1 − x 2 )
(8.43)

The above Eqs. (8.38), (8.40), (8.42) and (8.43) can be used to determine the
height of the tower.
With the known quantities, HtG or HtL can be easily determined. But NtG

1
and NtL can be determined only through graphical method. For this plot
( y − yi )

against y and the area under the curve will give N tG . The values of y and yi can
be evaluated by drawing a line between equilibrium curve and operating line with
the slope (−kxa/kya) where y and yi are points of intersection of this line on
operating line and equilibrium curve respectively.
8.8.1 Overall transfer units

200
 In some cases where the equilibrium curve is straight and the ratio of mass
transfer coefficients is constant, it is more convenient to make use of overall mass
transfer coefficients. The height of the tower can be expressed in such cases as
Z = NtoG.HtoG (8.44)
y1 y1
(1 − y ) *M dy dy 1 (1 − y 2 )
N toG = ∫y (1 − y)( y − y*) ≈ ∫ ( y − y*) + 2 ln (1 − y )
y2 1
(8.45)
2

G G G
H toG = = = (8.46)
FOG a K y a(1 − y ) *M K G aPt (1 − y ) *M
x1
dx 1 (1 − x1 )
N toL = ∫ ( x * − x) + 2 ln (1 − x
x2 2)
(8.47)

L L
H toL = = (8.48)
FoL a K x a(1 − x) *M
8.8.2 Dilute solutions
For Dilute solutions or gaseous mixtures, the above equations become
much simpler. The second term in Eq. (8.45) and in Eq. (8.47) becomes
negligible.
Hence,
y1 x1
dy dx
N toG = ∫y ( y − y*) or N toL = ∫ ( x * − x)
x2
(8.49)
2

If the equilibrium curve in terms of mole fractions is also linear over the entire
range of x, then
y* = m.x + C (8.50)
If the solutions are dilute, there won’t be variations in L/G ratio throughout, and
the operating line can be considered as a straight line so that the driving force
(y – y*) is also linear. In such cases, Eq. (8.43) is simplified to
( y1 − y 2 )
N toG = (8.51)
( y − y*) M
where (y – y*)M is logarithmic average of the concentration differences at the
terminals of the tower.
Therefore,
( y1 − y1 *) − ( y 2 − y 2 *)
( y − y*) M =
( y − y1 *) (8.52)
ln 1
( y 2 − y 2 *)

201
 G G
and HtoG = or (8.53)
K ya K G a Pt
8.8.3 Dilute solutions using Henry’s law
In dilute solutions, if Henry’s law is applied, then
y* = m.x (8.54)
The operating line can be written in a linear form as
(y – y2) = (L/G) (x – x2) (8.55)
Eliminating x between Eqs. (8.54) and (8.55) and substitution of y* in Eq. (8.49)
gives,
 y − mx 2   1   1  
ln  1  1- + 
 y 2 − mx 2   A   A  
NtoG = (8.56)
 1
1 - A 
 
where A is the absorption factor = L/mG
The overall height of transfer units can also be expressed in terms of individual
phases,
HtoG = HtG + (mG/L) HtL or Ht0L = HtL + (L/mG) HtG (8.57)

8.9 Stripping or Desorption

When mass transfer occurs from liquid to gas, i.e., the solute is removed
from the liquid solution by contacting with a gas, then the operation is called
Desorption or Stripping.
8.9.1 Operating line for stripper
The schematic representation of operating lines for both countercurrent
and co-current operations of a stripper are shown in Fig.8.13 and Fig.8.14.

Y1

Y Slope (LS/GS)

YNP+1

XNP

202
 X
Fig.8.13: Equilibrium curve and operating line in a counter current stripper.

Y2
Y
Slope – (LS/GS)
Y1

X2 X1
X

Fig.8.14: Equilibrium curve and operating line in a co current stripper.

8.9.2 Analytical relation to determine number of plates.
 x 0 − y Np +1 /m   1   1  
log  1 -  +   
Np =  x Np − y Np +1 /m   S   S   (8.58)
log S
mG
where S is the stripping factor, S =
L
For dilute solutions, if Henry’s law is applied,
 x − y1 /m 
ln [ 2 ](1 − A) + A 
NtoL =  x 1 − y1 /m  (8.59)
1− A
Worked Examples:
1) An air- NH3 mixture containing 5% NH3 by volume is absorbed in water using a
packed tower at 20ºC and 1 atm pressure to recover 98% NH3. Gas flow rate is

kg
1200 . Calculate a) minimum mass flow rate of liquid. b) NTU using 1.25
hr m 2
times the minimum liquid flow rate c) Height of packed column using K Ga = 128

kg
atm. The equilibrium relation is y = 1.154x where, x, y are expressed in
hr m 2
mole fraction units.

203
 L2, x2, LS, X2 G2, y2, GS, Y2

(2)

(1)

L1, x1, LS, X1 G1, y1, GS, Y1

Fig. 8.15 (a) Example 1

Solution:
Data:
y1= 0.05, Pt = 1 atm, T = 20oC and X2 = 0
kg
Gas flow rate = 1200
hr m 2
Average molecular weight of mixture= (0.05×17) + (0.95×28.84) = 28.25
1200 k mole
G1 = = 42.478 .
28.25 hr m 2
k mole
Gs = G1 (1-y1) = 42.478 (1-0.05) = 40.354
hr m 2
Y2 = 0.02 × 0.0526 = 0.001052
y1 0.05 k mole NH3
Y1= = = 0.0526
1 − y1 1 − 0.05 k mole dry air
Y2 = 0.001052
Y2 0.001052
y2 = = = 0.00105
1 + Y2 1.001052
GS 40.354 k mole
G2 = = = 40.396
1 − y2 1 - 0.00105 hr m 2
y =1.154x
Y 1.154X
=
1+ Y 1+ X
1.154X
Y=
1 − 0.154X

204
 X 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Y 0.0116 0.0232 0.0348 0.0464 0.058
For minimum liquid flow rate
y = 1.154 x, then y1 = 1.154 x1
0.05 = 1.154 x1, so x1 = 0.0433
x1 k mole NH3
X1 = = 0.04526
1 − x1 k mole water

Fig. 8.15 (b) Example 1

(This can also be obtained from graph)
 LS  ( Y1 − Y2 ) = ( 0.0526 − 0.001052) = 1.139
 min =
 GS  ( X1 − X2 ) ( 0.04526 − 0)
k mole
(Ls) min = 40.354 × 1.139 = 45.969
hr m 2
kg
Mass of minimum water = 45.969 × 18 = 827.44
hr m 2

 LS   LS 
 actual = 1.25 min = 1.25 × 1.139 = 1.42375
 GS   GS 
 LS  ( Y1 − Y2 )
Again,  actual =
 GS  ( X1 − X2 )

205
 1.42375 =
( 0.0526 − 0.001052)
( X1 − 0 )
X1
X1 = 0.0361 Hence, x1 = = 0.0349
(1 + X1)
y1* = m x1 = 1.154 × 0.0349 = 0.0403
y2* = m x2 = 0

NTU =
( y1 − y2 )
( y − y *) lm
( y − y *) lm = [ ( y1 − y1 *) − ( y2 − y2 *) ] = [ ( 0.05 − 0.0403
(
) − ( 0.001052 − 0) ] = 3.89 ×10−3
− 0.0403)
 ( y1 − y1 *)  ln
0.05
ln  
 ( y2 − y2 *)  ( 0.001052)

( 0.05 − 0.001) = 12.581 ≈ 13

NTU =
3.89 ×10 −3
( G1 + G2 ) = ( 42.478 + 40.396) = 41.437 kmole
(c) Average gas flow rate =
2 2 m 2 hr

G 41.437
HTU = = = 0.3237m
KGaPt 128
Height of the tower, Z = NTU × HTU = 12.581 × 0. 3237 = 4.073 m
2) Air containing methanol vapor (5-mole %) is scrubbed with water in a packed
tower at 26ºC and 760 mm Hg pressure to remove 95 % of the methanol. The

k mole
entering water is free of methanol. The gas-phase flow rate is 1.22 and the
m 2sec

k mole
liquid-phase rate is 0.631 . If the overall height of a transfer unit based on
m 2sec
the liquid phase resistance is 4.12m, determine NTU and the overall liquid phase
mass transfer coefficient. The equilibrium relation is p = 0.280 x, where p is
partial pressure of methanol in atmospheric and x is mole fraction of methanol in
liquid.
L2, x2, LS, X2 G2, y2, GS, Y2
Solution:

(2)

(1) 206

L1, x1, LS, X1 G1, y1, GS, Y1

 Fig. 8.16 Example 2
y1 = 0.05, T = 26°C, Pressure = 760 mm Hg,
y1 0.05
Y1 = = = 0.0526
(1 − y1) 0.95
Y2 = 0.05 × 0.0526 = 0.00263
k mole
Gas flow rate = 1.22 ,
m 2sec
k mole
Liquid flow rate = 0.631
m 2sec
HtoL = 4.12m
Equilibrium relationship is: p = 0.280 x
where p = partial pressure
x = mole fraction of methanol in liquid.
0.631 k mole
L2 = LS = = 0.0351 2
18 m sec
(Assuming entering water is pure)
( 0.05 × 32) + ( 0.95 × 28.84) = 28.998
Average molecular weight =
1
1.22 k mole
G1 = = 0.0421 2
28.998 m sec
k mole
GS = G1 (1- y1) = 0.0421(1-0.05) = 0.04
m 2sec
Equilibrium relation is: p = 0.280 x
pt y =0.280 x (pt = total pressure, x = mole fraction of liquid)
1×y = 0.280 x
y = 0.280 x
 LS  ( Y1 − Y2 )
 =
 GS  ( X1 − X2 )

207
 Y2 0.00263
y2 = = = 0.00262
1 + Y2 (1 + 0.00263)
X2 = 0 (assuming pure water enters the reactor)
 LS  ( Y1 − Y2 )
 =
 GS  ( X1 − X2 )
0.0351 ( 0.0526 − 0.00263)
(i.e.) (i.e) =
0.04 ( X1 − 0 )
Therefore, X1 = 0.0569
k mole
L1 = Ls (1+ X1) = 0.0351 (1.0569) = 0.0371
m 2sec
k mole
L Avg = (L1×L2)0.5 = (0.0371 × 0.0351)0.5 = 0.0361
m 2sec

X1 0.0569
x1 = = = 0.0539
(1 + X1) (1 + 0.0569)
We have, y1* = 0.280 x1
x1 = 0.0539
x2=0.0
y1= 0.05
y2 = 0.00262
y1 0.05
x1* = = = 0.1786
0.280 0.280
y2 0.00262
x2* = = = 0.00936
0.280 0.280

( x * − x)lm =
[ ( x1 * −x1 ) − ( x 2 * −x2 )] [ (0.1786 - 0.0539) − (0.00936 - 0)]
 ( x * − x1 )  =  (0.1786 - 0.0539) 
ln  1  ln  
 ( x2 * −x 2 )   (0.00936 - 0) 
= 0.04455
( x1 - x2 ) = ( 0.0539 − 0) = 1.21
NtoL =
( x * -x ) lm 0.04455
HtoL = 4.12m
LAvg
HtoL =
KLa
0.0361 k mole
Therefore, KLa = = 8.76 × 10 −3 2 (Δx)
4.12 m sec

208
3) An air- NH3 mixture containing 20-mole % NH3 is being treated with water in a

kg
packed tower to recover NH3. The incoming gas rate is 1000 . The
hr m 2
temperature is 35ºC and the total pressure is 1 atm. Using 1.5 times the minimum
water flow rate, 95% of NH3 is absorbed. If all the operating conditions remain
unchanged, how much taller should the tower be to absorb 99% of NH3? Henry’s
law is valid and ye = 0.746 x. Variations in gas flow rate may be neglected.
Solution:
L2, x2, LS, X2 G2, y2, GS, Y2

(2)

(1)

L1, x1, LS, X1 G1, y1, GS, Y1

Fig. 8.17 (a) Example 3

Data:
y1 = 0.2
kg
Gas flow rate (incoming) = 1000
hr m 2
Temperature = 35°C, pressure = 1 atm
HTU = 1 m.
(LS) actual = 1.5 × (LS) min
k mole
Assuming incoming water to be pure, its flow rate L1 is LS
hr m 2
Equilibrium relation = ye = 0.746 x
y1 0.2
Y1 = = = 0.25
(1 − y1) (1 - 0.2)
95% Ammonia is absorbed
Y2 = (1-0.95) × 0.25 = 0.0125

209
 Y2 0.0125
y2 = = = 0.0123
1 + Y2 (1 + 0.0125)
Average molecular weight = [(0.2×17) + (0.8×28.84)] = 26.472
1000 k mole
G1 = = 37.776 2
26.472 m hr
k mole
GS = G1 (1- y1) = 37.776(1-0.2) = 30.221 .
hr m 2
For minimum liquid flow rate.
y1* = 0.746 x1
0.2
x1 = = 0.2681
0.746
x1
X1 = = 0.3663
1 − x1
 LS  ( Y1 − Y2 ) = ( 0.25 − 0.0125) = 0.648
 min =
 GS  ( X1 − X2 ) ( 0.3663 − 0)
(Assuming pure water enters, X2 = 0)
We can also obtain this graphically for which X-Y data has to be computed.
y1* = 0.746 x1
Y X
= 0.746
(1 + Y ) (1 + X )

Fig. 8.17 (b) Example 3

0.746X
Y=
(1 + 0.254X )
X 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

210
 Y 0 0.072 0.14 0.20 0.271
8 2 8
From the graph X1,max = 0.3663 (which is same as by calculation also)
 LS 
  min = 0.648
 GS 
 LS   LS 
 actual = 1.5 min = 1.5 × 0.648 = 0.972
 GS   GS 
 LS  ( Y1 − Y2 ) = ( 0.25 − 0.0125)
 actual =
 GS  ( X1 − X2 ) ( X1 − 0)
X1 = 0.2443
X1
x1 = = 0.1963
(1 + X1)
y1* = 0.746 x1
y1* = 0.746 ×0.1963 = 0.1464

( y − y *) lm = [ ( y1 − y1 *) − ( y2 − y2 *) ] = [ ( 0.2 − 0.1464 ) − ( 0.0123 − 0) ] = 0.0281

( 0.2 − 0.1464)
 ( y1 − y1 *)  ln
ln  
 ( y2 − y2 *)  ( 0.0123 - 0)

NTU =
( y1 − y2 ) = ( 0.2 − 0.0123) = 6.68
( y − y *) lm 0.0281
Z = HTU × NTU = 1 × 6.68= 6.68m
Now if 99% of NH3 is absorbed,
Y2 = 0.25× 0.01 =0.0025
Y2
y2 = = 0.0025
1 + Y2
 LS 
For   min ,
 GS 
y1* = 0.746 x1
X1 0.2
x1 = = = 0.2681
(1 + X1) 0.746
x1
X1 = = 0.3663
1 − x1
 LS  ( Y1 − Y2 ) = ( 0.25 − 0.0025) = 0.6755
 min =
 GS  ( X1 − X2 ) ( 0.3663 − 0)
 LS 
 actual = 1.5 × 0.6755 = 1.013
 GS 
 LS  ( Y1 − Y2 ) = ( 0.25 − 0.0025)
 actual =
 GS  ( X1 − X2 ) ( X1 − 0)

211
 X1 = 0.2443
X1
x1 = = 0.1963
(1 + X1)
y1* = 0.746 ×0.1963 = 0.1464

( y − y *) lm = [ ( y1 − y1 *) − ( y2 − y2 *) ] = [ ( 0.2 − 0.1464
(
) − ( 0.0025 − 0) ] = 0.01667
0.2 − 0.1464 )
 ( y1 − y1 *)  ln
ln  
 ( y2 − y2 *)  ( 0.0025 - 0)
NTU =
( y1 − y2 ) = ( 0.2 − 0.0025) = 11.847
( y − y *) lm 0.01667
Z = NTU × HTU =11.847 × 1 = 11.847 m.
In first case, when 95% of NH3 was absorbed, Z = 6.68 m
Increase in length of tower = 11.847 – 6.68 = 5.168 m
So, when 99% of NH3 is to be absorbed, the tower should be 5.168 m taller than
that needed for 95% NH3 absorption, or 77.36% taller.
4) An effluent gas containing 12% C6H6 is to be scrubbed in a packed column, operating
at 43ºC and 1 atm. pressure. The column is to be designed for treating 15 m3 of
entering gas per hour per m2 of column cross-section, such that the exit gas will
contain 1% benzene. The solvent for scrubbing is mineral oil which will enter the

kg
top of the column at a rate of 28 and a benzene content of 1%. Determine
hr m 2
the height of the column assuming height of transfer unit to be 0.75m The
equilibrium concentration at the operating conditions may be estimated as y* =
0.263x. where x and y are in mole fraction units.
Solution: L2, x2, LS, X2 G2, y2, GS, Y2

(2)

(1)

L1, x1, LS, X1 G1, y1, GS, Y1

Fig. 8.18 Example 4

212
y1 = 0.12, T = 43°C, pressure = 1 atm
m3
Gas flow rate = 15
hr m 2
y2 = 0.01
Solvent is mineral oil
k mole
L2 = 28 , x2 = 0.01,
hr m 2
HTU = 0.75 m
Equilibrium relation is y* = 0.263 x
Assuming the gas mixture to be ideal;
P1V1 P2V2
= =
(1×15) = (1× V2 )
T1 T2 ( 273 + 43) 273
V2 = 12.9589 m3 (at S.T.P)
12.9589
(or) V2 = = 0.5782k moles
22.414
k mole
G1 = 0.5782
hr m 2
k mole
GS = G1 (1- y1) = 0.5782(1-0.12) = 0.5088 .
hr m 2
k mole
LS = L2 (1- x2) = 28(1- 0.01) = 27.72 .
hr m 2

 LS  ( Y1 − Y2 )
 =
 GS  ( X1 − X2 )
y1 0.12
Y1 = = = 0.1364
(1 − y1) (1 - 0.12)
y2 0.01
Y2 = = = 0.0101
(1 − y2 ) (1 - 0.01)
x2 0.01
X2 = = = 0.0101
(1 − x1) (1 - 0.01)
 LS  27.72 ( 0.1364 − 0.0101)
 = =
 GS  0.5088 ( X1 − 0.0101)
X1=0.01242
X1
x1 = = 0.0123
(1 + X1)

213
 y1* = mx1
y1* = 0.263 × 0.0123 = 0.00323
y2* = 0.263 × 0.01 = 0.00263

( y − y *) lm = [ ( y1 − y1 *) − ( y2 − y2 *) ] = [ ( 0.12 − 0.00323 ) − ( 0.01 − 0.00263) ] = 0.0395

( 0.12 − 0.00323)
 ( y1 − y1 *)  ln
ln  
 ( y2 − y2 *)  ( 0.01 - 0.00263)

NTU =
( y1 − y2 ) = ( 0.12 − 0.01) = 2.786 ≈ 3
( y − y *) lm 0.0395
Height of tower, Z = NTU × HTU =2.786 × 0.75= 2.0895 m.
5) An air- NH3 mixture containing 5% NH3 is being scrubbed with water in a packed

kg
tower to recover 95% NH3. G1= 3000 kg/hrm2, Ls= 2500 . Tower is
hr m 2
maintained at 25ºC and 1 atm pressure. Find NTU and Height of the tower.
Equilibrium relation is y* = 0.98x, where x and y are mole fraction units. KGa =

k mole
65
hr m 3atm
Solution:
y1 = 0.05,
0.05
Y1 = = 0.0526
(1 - 0.05)
Y2 = 0.05 × 0.0526 = 0.00263
Y2 0.00263
y2 = = = 0.00262
1 + Y2 (1 + 0.00263)
kg
Entering gas flow rate = 3000
hr m 2

L2, x2, LS, X2 G2, y2, GS, Y2

(2)

(1)

L1, x1, LS, X1 G1, y1, GS, Y1

214
 Fig. 8.19 Example 5
kg
LS = 2500 , T = 25°C, Pressure = 1 atm,
hr m 2
k mole
KG a = 65
hr m 3atm
Equilibrium relation = y* = 0.98x
( 0.05 ×17 ) + ( 0.95 × 28.84) = 28.248
Average molecular weight =
1
3000 k mole
G1 = = 106.20 2
28.248 m hr
2500 k mole
LS = = 138.89 2
18 m hr
k mole
GS = G1 (1- y1) = 106.2 (1-0.05) = 100.89 .
hr m 2
GS 100.89 k mole
G2 = = = 101.16
1 − y2 (1 - 0.00262 ) hr m 2

 LS  ( Y1 − Y2 ) 138.89 ( 0.0526 − 0.00263)

 = = =
 GS  ( X1 - X2 ) 100.89 ( X1 − 0)
Therefore, X1 =0.0363
X1 0.0363
x1 = = = 0.035
(1 + X1) (1 + 0.0363)
y1* = 0.98 x1
y1* = 0.98 × 0.035 = 0.0343
x2 = 0 ; y2* = 0

( y − y *) lm = [ ( y1 − y1 *) − ( y2 − y2 *) ] = [ ( 0.05 − 0.0343 ) − ( 0.00262 − 0) ] = 0.0073

( 0.05 − 0.0343)
 ( y1 − y1 *)  ln
ln  
 ( y2 − y2 *)  ( 0.00262 - 0)

NTU =
( y1 − y2 ) = ( 0.05 − 0.00262) = 6.486
( y − y *) lm 0.0073

Gavg =
( G1 + G2 ) = (106.2 + 101.16) = 103.68 kmole
2 2 m 2 hr
Gavg 103.68
HTU = = = 1.595m
KGaPt ( 65 ×1)

215
 Z = NTU × HTU = 6.486 × 1.595 = 10.346 m.
6) An air-C6H6 mixture containing 5% benzene enters counter current absorption

k mole
tower where it is absorbed with hydrocarbon oil. Gs = 600 . Solubility
hr
follows Raoult’s law. Temperature at 26.7ºC and 1 atm is operating condition.
Average molecular weight of oil is 200. Vapor pressure of benzene at 26.7ºC
is103 mm Hg. Find i) (Ls) min to recover 90% of entering C6H6
ii) Number of theoretical stages if 1.5 times the minimum liquid rate used.
iii) The concentration of solute in liquid.
Solution:
L2, x2, LS, X2 G2, y2, GS, Y2

(2)

(1)

L1, x1, LS, X1 G1, y1, GS, Y1

Fig. 8.20 (a) Example 6

Data:
k mole
y1 = 0.05, GS = 600 , T = 26.7°C, Pressure = 1 atm
hr
Average molecular weight of oil = 200, pA = 103 mm Hg
According to Raoult’s law,
p* = pA xA
p ( pAxA ) 103
y* = = = x = 0.1355x
Pt Pt 760
y1 0.05
Y1 = = = 0.0526
(1 − y1) (1 - 0.05)
Y2 = (0.1×0.0526) = 0.00526
Y2 0.00526
y2 = = = 0.00523
1 + Y2 (1 + 0.00526)

216
X2 = 0. (Assuming pure oil enters)
We have, y* = 0.1355x
Y X
= 0.1355
(1 + Y ) (1 + X )
0.1355X
Therefore, Y =
(1 + 0.8645X )
X 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Y 0 0.012 0.023 0.0322 0.0403 0.047 0.0535
5 8 3
From the graph, we can get, X 1, max = 0.54
 LS  ( Y1 − Y2 )
 min =
 GS  ( X1, max − X2 )
For minimum flow rate of oil,

Fig. 8.20 (b) Example 6

 LS  ( Y1 − Y2 ) = ( 0.0526 − 0.00526) = 0.0877
 min =
 GS  ( X1 − X2 ) ( 0.54 − 0)
k mole
(LS) min = 0.0877 × 600 = 52.62 .
hr
(LS) actual = 1.5 (LS) min
k mole
(LS) actual = 1.5 × 52.62 = 78.93
hr

 LS  ( Y1 − Y2 ) = 78.93 = ( 0.0526 − 0.00526)

 actual =
 GS  ( X1 − X2 ) 600 ( X1 − 0)

217
 X1 = 0.36 (which is same as from graph)
X1 0.36
x1 = = = 0.265
(1 + X1) (1 + 0.36)
The number of stages by stepwise construction is 6.
7) It is desired to absorb 95% of acetone from feed mixture of acetone and air
containing 2 (mole) % of acetone using a liquid flow rate of 20 % more than the

kg
minimum. Gas flow rate is 450 . The gas mixture enters at 25ºC and 1 atm
hr
pressure, which is the operating condition. Equilibrium relation is y* = 2.5x. Find
i) Flow rate of water ii) Number of theoretical plates iii) The operation is carried
out counter currently.

Solution:
yNp + 1
yNp+1 = 0.02 YNp+1 = = 0.0204
(1 − yNp + 1)
Y1 = 0.0204 × 0.05 = 0.00102, y1 = 0.00102
(LS) actual = 20% more than (LS) min
kg
Gas flow rate (entering) = 450
hr
T = 25°C, Pressure = 1 atm, y* = 2.5 x
( 0.02 × 58) + ( 0.98 × 28.84) = 29.42
Average molecular weight =
1
450 k mole
GNp+1 = = 15.296
29.42 hr
k mole
GS = GNp+1(1 - yNp+1) = 15.296 (1 – 0.02) = 14.99
hr

 LS 
For   min , Equilibrium relation is, y* = 2.5x
 GS 
Y X
= 2.5
(1 + Y ) (1 + X )
2.5X
Y=
(1 − 1.5X )
X 0.0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
Y 0.0 0.005 0.01 0.0151 0.0202 0.0254

218
 xNp 0.008
XNp = =
(1 − xNp ) (1 − 0.008) = 0.00806
 LS  ( YNp + 1 − Y1) = ( 0.0204 − 0.001)
 min =
 GS  ( XNp − X0 ) ( 0.0086 − 0)
(Assuming pure water enters, so X0 = 0) = 2.4069
 LS   LS 
 actual =  min × (1 + 0.20) = 2.4069 ×1.2 = 2.888
 GS   GS 
 LS  ( YNp + 1 − Y1) = ( 0.0204 − 0.001)
 actual =
 GS  ( XNp − X0 ) ( XNp − 0)
XNp = 0.00672
 LS 
 actual = 2.888
 GS 
k mole
(LS) actual = 2.888 × 14.8205 = 42.802
hr
0.00672
ii) XNp = 0.00672, xNp = = 0.667
(1 + 0.00672)
(LS) = LNp (1 - xNp)
42.802 k mole
LNp = = 43.089
(1 − 0.00667 ) hr
GS = G1 (1- y1)
14.8205 k mole
G1 = = 14.835
(1 - 0.01) hr
(Assuming pure water enters, so L0 = LS)
L0 42.802
A1 = = = 1.154
mG1 ( 2.5 ×14.835)
LNp 43.089
A2 = = = 1.133
mGNp + 1 ( 2.5 ×15.213)
A= A1A2 = (1.154 × 1.133) = 1.143

 ( yNp + 1 − mx0 )  1   1   ( 0.02 − ( 2.5 × 0 ) )  1   1 

log  × 1 −  +   log  × 1 − + 
 ( y1 − mx1)  A   A   ( 0.001 − 0)  1.143   1.143 
Np = = = 9.1 ≈ 9
logA log1.143

8) A soluble gas is absorbed in water using a packed tower. The equilibrium

relation is Ye = 0.06 Xe. Hx = 0.24 m, Hy = 0.36 m Find HtoG
Solution:
Given

219
X2 = 0, X1 = 0.08, Y2 = 0.0005, Y1 = 0.009, where X and Y are mole ratios.
Ye =0.06Xe,
X 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
X 0 0.0196 0.038 0.057 0.074
x=
(1 + X )
Y = 0.06X 0 0.0012 0.0024 0.0036 0.0048
Y 0 0.0012 0.0024 0.0036 0.0048
y=
(1 + Y )
y --- 0.0612 0.0632 0.0632 0.0649
m=
x

Fig. 8.21 Example 8

Average ‘m’ = 0.063
 mG 
HtoG = Hy +  Hx
 L 
Hx = 0.24 m, Hy = 0.36 m, X1 = 0.08, Y1 = 0.10, X2 = 0, Y2 = 0.005
 LS  ( Y1 − Y2 ) ( 0.1 − 0.005)
 = = = 1.1875
 GS  ( X1 - X2 ) ( 0.08 − 0)
 mG   0.063 ×1 
HtoG = Hy +  Hx = 0.36 +   × 0.24 = 0.3727m
 L   1.1875 
(Since absolute flow rates are not available, we have taken the flow rates on
solute free basis)

220
9) Acetone is to be recovered from a 5% acetone air mixture by scrubbing with
water in a packed tower using counter current flow. Both liquid and gas rates are

k mole k mole  kN 
0.85, 0.5 . KGa =1.5×10-4   partial pressure difference and the
2
m sec sec m 2  m 2 
gas film resistance controls the process. What should be the height of tower to
remove 98 % acetone? Equilibrium data in mole fractions are, as follows:
x 0.0099 0.0196 0.036 0.04
y 0.0076 0.0156 0.0306 0.0333
Solution:
y1 = 0.05;
y1 0.05
Y1 = = = 0.05263
(1 − y1) (1 - 0.05)
k mole k mole  kN 
L2 = 0.85 , KGa = 1.5 × 10- 4  
m 2sec sec m 2  m 2 
kg
Gas flow rate = 0.5
sec m 2
Y2 = 0.05263 × 0.02 = 0.001053
0.001053
y2 = = 0.00105
(1 + 0.001053)
x 0.0099 0.0196 0.036 0.04
y 0.0076 0.0156 0.0306 0.0333
y 0.7677 0.7959 0.85 0.8325
m=
x
x 0.01 0.02 0.037 0.042
X=
(1 − x )
y 0.0077 0.0158 0.0316 0.0344
Y=
(1 − y )
0.7677 + 0.7959 + 0.85 + 0.8325
‘m’average = = 0.8115
4
Hence the equilibrium relation will be y* = 0.8115x
( 0.05 × 58) + ( 0.95 × 28.84) = 30.298
Average molecular weight =
1
0.5 k mole
G1 = = 0.0165
30.298 sec m 2
k mole
GS = G1 (1- y1) = 0.0165(1-0.05) = 0.0157
sec m 2

221
 k mole
G2 = Gs(1+Y2) = 0.0157 × (1+0.001053) = 0.01572
sec m 2

0.85 k mole
Assuming pure water enters, so L2 = LS = = 0.0472
18 sec m 2

 LS  ( Y1 − Y2 ) 0.0472 ( 0.05263 − 0.001053)

 = = = ; X1 = 0.01716
 GS  ( X1 - X2 ) 0.0157 ( X1 − 0)
X1 0.01716
x1 = = = 0.01687
(1 + X1) (1 + 0.01716)
y1* = mx1 = 0.8115 × 0.01687 = 0.01369, y2* = 0 (since x2=0)

( y − y *) lm = [ ( y1 − y1 *) − ( y2 − y2 *) ] = [ ( 0.05 − 0.01369 ) − ( 0.00105 − 0) ] = 0.00995

( 0.05 − 0.01369)
 ( y1 − y1 *)  ln
ln  
 ( y2 − y2 *)  ( 0.00105 - 0)

NTU =
( y1 − y2 ) = ( 0.05 − 0.00105) = 4.92
( y − y *) lm 0.00995
k mole k mole
G1 = 0.0165 2 ; G2 = 0.01572
sec m sec m 2
k mole
G average = G = 0.01611
sec m 2
G 0.01611
HTU = = = 1.06
KGa [( −4
) (
1.5 ×10 × 1.013 ×10 2 )]
Z = NTU × HTU = 4.92 × 1.06 = 5.216 m.
(Alternative method)
We can also draw the equilibrium curve and operating line (on mole ratio basis)

dY
and evaluate the ∫ ( Y − Y *) between the limits Y1= 0.001 and Y2 = 0.0525

graphically. The values of Y and Y* have been presented below.

Y* Y 1
( Y − Y *)
0.000 0.001 1000
0.001 0.005 250
0.0025 0.01 133.3
0.005 0.0175 80
0.0075 0.0275 50
0.01 0.03625 38.1
0.01125 0.04125 33.33

222
 0.0125 0.04625 29.6
0.014 0.0525 25.97

The NOG thus calculated is 4.9, which is in close agreement with the value reported
above.

Fig. 8.22(a) Example 9

223
 Fig. 8.22 (b) Example 9
10) A counter current packed absorption tower is to be designed to handle a gas
containing 5 % C6H6, 95 % air at 26.5ºC and 1 atm. At the top of the tower a non –
volatile oil is to be introduced containing 0.2 % C6H6 by weight. The other data
are as follows;
kg
LS = 2000
hr
Molecular weight of oil = 230
Vapor pressure of C6H6 at 26.5ºC = 106 mm Hg.
m3
Volumetric flow rate of inlet gas = 1140 at 26.5ºC and 1 atm.
hr
k moles
Kya = 34.8 (mole fraction).
hr m 3
kg
Mass velocity of entering gas = 1460 .
hrm 2
Calculate height and diameter of packed tower for 90 % C6H6 recovery. Raoult’s
law is valid.

224
Solution:
Data
m3
y1 = 0.05, Gas flow rate = 1140 at 26.5°C, 1 atm
hr
Pressure (pt) = 1 atm
kg
Liquid flow rate = 2000
hr
Molecular weight of oil = 230
Vapour pressure of C6H6 = 106 mm Hg
k moles
Kya = 34.8 mole fraction
hr m 2
kg
Mass velocity of inert gas = 1460
hrm 2
y2 = 0.05 × 0.1 = 0.005
According to Raoult’s law:
p = pA xA
Pt × y = pA× x
p ( pAxA ) 106
y= = = x = 0.1395x
Pt Pt 706
( 0.05 × 78) + ( 0.95 × 28.84) = 31.3
M average =
1
1460 k moles
Mass velocity of incoming gas in moles = = 46.645
31.3 hr m 2
y1 0.05
Y1 = = = 0.0526
(1 − y1) (1 - 0.05)
Y2 = (0.1× 0.0526) = 0.00526
Y2 0.00526
y2 = = = 0.00523
1 + Y2 (1 + 0.00526)
x2 0.002
x2 = 0.002, X2 = = = 0.00204
(1 − x1) (1 - 0.002)
1460 k moles
Mass velocity of gas = = 46.645
31.3 hr m 2

m3
Volumetric flow rate of incoming gas = 1140 at 26.5°C and 1 atm
hr

225
Assume that mixture follows ideal gas law,
P1V1 P2V2 (1×1140 ) (1× V2 )
= = =
T1 T2 ( 299.5) 273

m3
V2 = 1039.132 .
hr
1039.132 k moles
Molar flow rate = = 46.361
22.414 hr
k moles
G1 = 46.361 .
hr
We know that y = 0.1395 x
Y X
= 0.1395
(1 + Y ) (1 + X )
0.1395X
Y=
(1 + 0.8605X )
x 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
x 0.0526 0.111 0.176 0.25 0.333
X=
(1 − x )
Y 0.0066 0.0128 0.0185 0.0238 0.0287
9
volumetric flow rate
Area of cross section =
mass velocity

πD 2 46.361
= D = 1.1249 m
4 46.645
2000 k mole
LS = = 8.696
230 hr
k moles
GS = G1 (1- y1) = 46.361(1-0.05) = 44.043
hr
GS 44.043 k moles
G2 = = = 44.275
1 − y2 (1 - 0.00523) hr

 LS  ( Y1 − Y2 ) 8.696 ( 0.0526 − 0.00526 )

 = = =
 GS  ( X1 - X2 ) 44.043 ( X1 − 0.00204)
Therefore, X1 = 0.242
X1 0.242
x1 = = = 0.1948
(1 + X1) (1 + 0.242)
y1* = mx1 =0.1395 × 0.1948 = 0.0272
y2* = 0.1395 × 0.002 = 0.000279

226
 ( y − y *) lm = [ ( y1 − y1 *) − ( y2 − y2 *) ] = [ ( 0.05 − 0.0272 ) − ( 0.00523 − 0.00279) ] = 0.01133
( 0.05 − 0.00272)
 ( y1 − y1 *)  ln
ln  
 ( y2 − y2 *)  ( 0.005 - 0.00279)

NTU =
( y1 − y2 ) = ( 0.05 − 0.005) = 3.95 ≈ 4
( y − y *) lm 0.01133

G1 + G2 k moles
Gaverage = = 45.318
2 hr

πD 2
Cross sectional area =
4
Diameter = 1.1249 m
πD 2 π × (1.1249 )
2
Cross sectional area = = = 0.9938 m 2
4 4
G 45.318
HTU = = = 1.31 m
Kya [ 0.9938 × 34.8]
Z = NTU × HTU = 4 × 1.31 = 5.14 m.
11) It is desired to recover 98 % of NH3 from air – NH3 mixture containing 2% NH3 at
20ºC and 1 atm by scrubbing with water in a tower packed with 2.54 cm

Kg
stoneware Raschig rings. If the gas flow rate is 19.5 at the inlet and
min m 2
liquid flow rate is 1.8 times the minimum, estimate the height of the tower for a
counter current operation. Absorption is isothermal. y* = 0.746x, where x and y

k moles
are mole fractions. KGa = 1.04 .
min m 2 atm
Solution:
y1 = 0.02,
y1 0.02
Y1 = = = 0.02041
(1 − y1) (1 - 0.02)
Y1 = 0.02041 × 0.02 = 0.00041
Y2 0.00041
y2 = = = 0.00041
1 + Y2 1.00041
Kg
Gas flow rate = 19.5
min m 2
(LS) actual = 1.8 × (LS) min,

227
 Equilibrium relation = y* = 0.746x,
Y X
= 0.746
(1 + Y ) (1 + X )
0.746X
Therefore, Y =
(1 + 0.254X )
X 0 0.010 0.020 0.025 0.03
0.746X 0 0.00744 0.01484 0.0185 0.0222
Y=
(1 + 0.254X )
For minimum liquid flow rate, we can calculate using the equilibrium relationship
or from the Graph
0.0242
y1* = mx1, x1 = = 0.0268
0.746
x1 0.0268
X1 = = = 0.0275
1 − x1 (1 − 0.0268)
y1 0.02
Y1 = = = 0.02041
(1 − y1) (1 - 0.02)
y2 0.0004
Y2 = = = 0.0004002
(1 − y2 ) (1 - 0.0004)
From Graph also we get, X1 = 0.0275
 LS  ( Y1 − Y2 ) = ( 0.02041 − 0.00041) = 0.7273
 min =
 GS  ( X1 − X2 ) ( 0.0275 − 0)
 LS 
 actual = 0.7273 × 1.8 = 1.309
 GS 
 LS  ( Y1 − Y2 ) = 1.309 = ( 0.02041 − 0.00041) = X1 = 0.01528
 actual =
 GS  ( X1 − X2 ) ( X1 − 0)
X1 0.01528
x1 = = = 0.01505
(1 + X1) (1 + 0.01528)
y1* = 0.746x1 = 0.746 × 0.01505 = 0.01123, y2* = 0

( y − y *) lm = [ ( y1 − y1 *) − ( y2 − y2 *) ] = [ ( 0.02 − 0.01123 ) − ( 0.00041 − 0) ] = 0.00273

( 0.02 − 0.01123)
 ( y1 − y1 *)  ln
ln  
 ( y2 − y2 *)  ( 0.00041 - 0)

NTU =
( y1 − y2 ) = ( 0.02 − 0.00041) = 7.176
( y − y *) lm 0.00273
( 0.02 ×17 ) + ( 0.98 × 28.84) = 28.6
Average Molecular weight of incoming gas =
1

228
 Kg k moles
G1 = 19.5 2 = 19.5/28.6 = 0.682
min m min m 2
k moles
Gs = G1(1-y1) =0.682 ×(1-0.02) = 0.6684
min m 2
GS 0.6684 k moles
G2 = = = 0.6687
1 − y2 (1 − 0.00041) min m 2

G1 + G2 k moles
Gaverage = = 0.6754
2 min m 2
G 0.6754
HTU = = = 0.649 m
KGa 1.04
Z = NTU × HTU = 7.176× 0.649 = 4.657 m.

Fig. 8.23 Example 11

12) CS2 – N2 mixture containing 7 % CS2 is to be absorbed by using absorption oil.

m3
The gas mixture enters at 24ºC and I atm at a rate of 0.4 . The vapor content is
sec
to be brought down to 0.5 %. The oil enters free from CS 2. Raoults law is valid
Determine
(i) Minimum liquid / gas ratio.
(ii)) For a liquid / gas ratio of 1.5 times the minimum determine the Kgs of oil
entering the tower.
The number of theoretical states required.
Vapor pressure of CS2 = 346 mm Hg, Molecular weight of oil = 180.
Solution:
Average molecular weight = (0.07×32) + (0.93×28) = 28.28

229
Gas flow rate = 0.4 m3
P0V0 P1V1
=
T0 T1
V1 0.4 m3
V0 = × T0 = × 273 = 0.3677
T1 0.297 sec
0.3677 k mole
G1 = =
22.414 sec
k moles
G1 = 59.06
hr
k moles
GS = 59.06(1 – 0.07) = 54.93
hr
y = mx
346
y= x = 0.455 x
760
Y X
= 0.455
(1 + Y ) (1 + X )
(1 + Y ) = ( 1 + X )
Y 0.455X
1 1 + X − 0.455X (1 + 0.545X )
= =
Y 0.455X 0.455X
0.455X
∴Y =
(1 + 0.545X )
X 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Y 0 0.02 0.04 0.063 0.082
2 3 1
X1, max = 0.1775
 LS  ( Y1 − Y2 ) = ( 0.0753 − 0.005) = 0.396
 min =
 GS  ( X1, max − X2 ) ( 0.1775 − 0)
 LS 
 actual = (1.5×0.395) = 0.594
 GS 
k moles kg
∴ LS = (0.594×54.93) = 32.63 = 32.63 × 180 = 5873.4
hr hr

0.594 =
( Y1 − Y2 ) =
( 0.0753 − 0.005)
( X1, Act − X2 ) ( X1, Act - 0)
∴ X1, Act =
( 0.0753 − 0.005) = 0.1184
0.594

230
 Number of theoretical stages: 5

Fig. 8.24 Example 12

13) NH3 is absorbed from a gas by water in a scrubber under atmospheric pressure.

k mole
The initial NH3 content in the gas is 0.04 . The recovery of
k mole of inert gas
NH3 by absorption is 90 %. The water enters the tower free from NH3. Estimate (i)
concentration of NH3 in the exiting liquid if the actual water used is 1.5 times
minimum. (ii) Number of theoretical stages required.
X 0.005 0.01 0.0125 0.015 0.02 0.023
Y 0.0045 0.0102 0.0138 0.0183 0.0273 0.0327

Where x and y are mole ratios.

Solution:
 LS  ( Y1 − Y2 )
 =
 GS  ( X1, max - X2 )
 LS  ( Y1 − Y2 ) = ( 0.04 − 0.004)
 min =
 GS  ( X1, max − X2 ) ( X1, max − 0)
X1, max (from graph) = 0.027
 LS  0.036
 min = = 1.333
 GS  0.027

 LS   LS 
 actual = 1.5 ×   min = 2
 GS   GS 

231
 2=
( 0.04 − 0.004)
( X1, act − 0)
X1, act =
( 0.04 − 0.004) = 0.036 = 0.018
2 2

Fig. 8.25 Example 13

k mole
Concentration of Ammonia in exiting liquid: 0.018
k mole of water
Number of theoretical stages required: 3
14) Gas from petroleum refinery has its concentration of H2S reduced from 0.03

k mole H2S
to 1 % of these value by scrubbing with a solvent in a counter
k mole inert gas

232
current tower at 27ºC and 1 atm. Equilibrium relation is Y* = 2 X. where X and
Y* are in mole ratios. Solvent enters free of H2S and leaves at a concentration of

k mole H2S k moles

0.013 . If the flow rate of incoming gas is 55.6 ,
k mole of solvent hr m 2
Calculate the Height of absorber used if the entire resistance to mass transfer lies

k moles
in gas phase.. Take Kya = 0.04 .
m of tower volume × s × ΔY
3

Solution: L2, x2, LS, X2 G2, y2, GS, Y2

(2)

(1)

L1, x1, LS, X1 G1, y1, GS, Y1

Fig. 8.26 Example 14

X1 = 0.013; X2 = 0;
Y1 = 0.03; Y2 = 0.0003
Y1* = 2 × 0.013 =0.026 Y2* = 0
Y1 0.03
y1 = = = 0.029
1 + Y1 1.03
Y2 0.0003
y2= = = 0.0003
1 + Y2 1.0003
k moles
Inert gas flow rate = Gs = G1(1-y1) = 55.6 × 0.971 = 54
hr m 2
k moles
G2 = Gs(1+Y2) = 54 × 1.0003 = 54.016
hr m 2
k moles
G = (54.016 × 55.6)0.5 = 54.6
hr m 2

233
 (Y1 − Y2 ) (Y1 − Y2 )
NTU = =
  ( ΔY ) lm
 (Y − Y *) − (Y − Y *) 
 1 1 2 2

 (Y − Y *) 
ln 1 1
 (Y2 − Y2 *) 

( ΔY ) lm = (0.03 − 0.026) − (0.0003 − 0.0)

(0.03 − 0.026)
ln =1.428 × 10-3
(0.0003 − 0.0)
(0.03 − 0.0003) =20.79
NTU =
(1.428 × 10-3 )
G (54.6)
HTU = = = 0.379m
K y a (0.04 × 3600)

Height of tower = HTU × NTU = 0.379 × 20.79 = 7.879 m

Exercise:
1) An air - NH3 mixture containing 20% (mole) NH3 is being treated with water in a

kg
packed tower to recover NH3. Incoming gas rate = 1000 . Water used is 1.5
hrm 2
times minimum. The temperature is 35ºC and pressure at 1 atm. Equilibrium
relation is y* = 0.746x. Where (x and y are mole fraction units). Find NTU for
removing 95% NH3 in the feed.
2) An air – SO2 mixture containing 5% SO2 is scrubbed with water to remove SO2 in

k moles
a packed tower. 20 of gas mixture is to be processed, to reduce SO2
s
concentration at exit to 0.15%. If Ls actual is 2 Ls min, and equilibrium
relationship is y = 30x. HTU = 30 cms. Find height of packing to be used.
3) It is desired to absorb 95% NH3 from a feed mixture containing 10% NH3 & rest

k moles
air. The gas enters the tower at a rate of 500 . If water is used as solvent
hr
at a rate of 1.5 times min, estimate (i) NTU, (ii) (Ls) act.
4) An air –SO2 mixture containing 5.5% SO2 is scrubbed with water to remove SO2.

kg
500 of gas mixture is to be processed and the SO2 content in the exit should
hr
be brought to 0.15 % Calculate the height of packing required if the liquid used is

234
 2.5 times the minimum liquid rate. Dilute solution are involved in operation the
equilibrium lines given by y = 30x.where x and y are mole fractions. The HTU is
30 cm.
5) An air – NH3 mixture containing 5 % NH3 enters a packed tower at the rate of 500

k moles
. It is desired to recover 95 % NH 3 using a liquid flow rate of 1.5
hr m 2
(minimum). Estimate the height of tower. HTU is 0.25 m. Fresh solvent enters the
absorber. Equilibrium relation is y* = 1.08 x where x and y are mole fractions.
6) A packed tower is to be designed to absorb SO2 from air by scrubbing the gas
with water. The entering gas contains 20 % SO2 by volume and the leaving gas is
to contain 0.5 % SO2 by volume. The entering water is SO2 free. The water flow is

kg
twice the minimum. The airflow rate on SO2 free basis is 975 . The
hrm 2
temperature is 30ºC and 1 atm. y* = 21.8 x, where x and y are mole fractions.
Find NTU
7) NH3 is to be absorbed from air at 20ºC and 1 atm pressure in a packed tower using

k moles k moles
water as absorbent. GS = 1500 2 , LS = 2000 .y1 = 0.0825; y2 =
hr m hr m 2

k moles
0.003. Kya = 0.3 . Determine the height of tower by NtoG method.
hr m 2 ( Δy )

X 0.0164 0.0252 0.0359 0.0455 0.072

Y 0.021 0.032 0.042 0.053 0.08
X and Y are mole ratios.
8) An air – NH3 mixture containing 20mole % NH3 is being treated with water in a

kg
packed tower to recover NH3. The incoming gas rate is 700 . The water
hrm 2
used is 1.5 times the minimum and enters the tower free of NH 3. Under these
conditions 95 % NH3 is absorbed from the incoming feed. If all the operating
conditions remain unchanged, how much taller the tower should be to absorb 99
% NH3, under the given conditions y* = 0.75 x where x and y are mole fractions
of NH3 in liquid and gas phase respectively.

235
9) A packed tower is to be designed to recover 98% Carbon dioxide from a gas
mixture containing 10% Carbon dioxide and 90% air using water. The equilibrium

kg CO2 kg CO2
relationship is Y =14X, where y = and X = . The
kg dry air kg dry water
water to gas rate is kept 30% more than the minimum value. Calculate the height
of the tower if (HTU)OG is 1 meter. (Ans:11.42 m)
10) An air – NH3 mixture containing 6 % NH3 is being scrubbed with water to recover

kg
90 % NH3. The mass velocities of gas and water are 3200 and 2700
hrm 2

kg
. Operating conditions are 25ºC and 1 atm. Find NTU and height of tower.
hrm 2

k moles
Given that, KGa = 65 ,y* = 0.987 x. where x and y are mole fractions.
hr m 3atm

m3
11) 500 of a gas at 760 mm Hg and 35ºC containing 3 % by volume of toluene is
hr
absorbed using a wash oil as an absorbent to remove 95 % of toluene. The wash
oil enters at 35ºC contains 0.5 % toluene and has an average molecular weight of
oil 250. The oil rate used is 1.5 times the minimum. Wash oil is assumed to be
ideal. Vapor pressure of toluene is 110 mm Hg. Find amount of wash oil used and
number of theoretical stages.
12) Ammonia is recovered from a 10 % NH3 - air mixture by scrubbing with water in
a packed tower at 20ºC and 1 atm. pressure such that 99 % of the NH3 is removed.
What is the required height of tower? Gas and water enter at the rate of 1.2

kg kg
2 and 0.94 respectively. Take KGa = 0.0008 kgmole/m3s. atm.
sec m sec m 2
Equilibrium data as follows:
x 0.021 0.031 0.042 0.053 0.079 0.106 0.159
p (mmHg) 12 18.2 24.9 31.7 50 69.6 114
where ‘x’ is mole fraction of NH3 in liquid ‘p’ is partial pressure of NH3.
13) An air - acetone mixture, containing 5% acetone by volume, is to be scrubbed
with water in a packed tower to recover 95% of the acetone. Airflow rate is 1400

236
 m3 kg
at 20ºC and 1 atmosphere. The water rate is 3000 .The equilibrium
hr hr

relation is Ye = 1.68X, where Ye and X are mole fractions of acetone in vapour

and liquid respectively. The flooding velocity is 1.56 meter per second and the
operating velocity is 25% of the flooding velocity. The interfacial area of the

m2
packing is 204 of packing and the overall mass transfer coefficient Ky is 0.40
m3

k moles
2 . Estimate the diameter and packed height of the tower
hr m mole fraction
operating at 1 atmosphere.
14) CO2 evolved during the production of ethanol by fermentation contains 1 mole
ratio of alcohol. It is proposed to remove alcohol by absorption in water at 40ºC.

moles
The water contains 0.0001-mole ratio of alcohol. 500 of gas is to be
hr
processed. Equilibrium data: y = 1.05 x, where x and y are mole fractions.
Calculate the water rate for 98 % absorption using 1.5 times minimum liquid rate
and determine the number of plates.
15) A gas stream containing a valuable hydrocarbon (molecular weight = 44) and air
is to be scrubbed with a non – volatile oil (molecular weight = 300) in a tower
placed with 2.54 cm Raschig rings. The entering gas analyses 10 mole %
Hydrocarbon and 95 % of this Hydrocarbon is to be recovered. The gas stream

kg
enters the bottom of the column at 2270 and the hydrocarbon free oil used is
hr
1.5 times the minimum. Find NtoG for this operation. The equilibrium data is as
follows:
X 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.458
Y 0 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.118 0.2
kg
where X and Y are mole ratios. (ii) If the flow rate of liquid is 4600
hr
estimate the number of transfer units needed and the solute concentration in mole
fraction in leaving liquid? (Ans : (ii) 4, 0.322)

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16) A soluble gas is absorbed in water using a packed tower. The equilibrium
relationship may be taken as y = 0.06x
Terminal conditions
Top Bottom
x 0 0.08
y 0.001 0.009
(x,y : Mole fraction of solute in liquid and vapor phase respectively)
If the individual height of transfer units based on liquid and gas phase respectively
are Hx = 0.24 m and Hy = 0.36 m,(i) What is the value of (HTU)OG and (ii) what is
the height of packed section? (Ans: (i) 0.511 m and (ii) 1.833 m)
17) An air- NH3 mixture containing 20-mole % NH3 is being treated with water in a

kg
packed tower to recover NH3. The incoming gas rate is 1000 . The
hrm 2
temperature is 35ºC and the total pressure is 1 atm. The water flow rate is 3000

kg
. 95% of incoming NH3 is to be absorbed. If all the operating conditions
hrm 2
remain unchanged, how much taller should the tower be to absorb 99% of NH3?
Henry’s law is valid and Henry’s constant is 0.746. Variations in gas flow rates
may be neglected. (Ans : 58.15%)

238