Chapter 3

Normalization

Chapter 3 - Objectives
Purpose

of normalization.

Problems

associated with redundant data.

Identification

of various types of update anomalies such as insertion, deletion, and modification anomalies. to recognize appropriateness or quality of the design of relations.
2

How

Chapter 3 - Objectives
How

functional dependencies can be used to group attributes into relations that are in a known normal form. to undertake process of normalization.

How How

to identify most commonly used normal forms, namely 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, and Boyce Codd normal form (BCNF).
to identify fourth (4NF) and fifth (5NF) normal forms.
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How

Normalization
Main

objective in developing a logical data model for relational database systems is to create an accurate representation of the data, its relationships, and constraints. achieve this objective, must identify a suitable set of relations.

To

Normalization
Four

most commonly used normal forms are first (1NF), second (2NF) and third (3NF) normal forms, and BoyceCodd normal form (BCNF). on functional dependencies among the attributes of a relation. relation can be normalized to a specific form to prevent possible occurrence of update anomalies.

Based

Data Redundancy
Major

aim of relational database design is to group attributes into relations to minimize data redundancy and reduce file storage space required by base relations. associated with data redundancy are illustrated by comparing the following Staff and Branch relations with the StaffBranch relation.
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Problems

Data Redundancy

Data Redundancy
StaffBranch

relation has redundant data: details of a branch are repeated for every member of staff. contrast, branch information appears only once for each branch in Branch relation and only branchNo is repeated in Staff relation, to represent where each member of staff works.

In

Update Anomalies
Relations

that contain redundant information may potentially suffer from update anomalies. of update anomalies include: Insertion Deletion Modification.

Types

Anomaly - Insertion
Student_Subject Relation
No_Pelajar
S0144 S0149

Nama_Pelajar
Hamizah Amjadi

Alamat
Alor Setar Bangi

Kod_Kursus
ASDIM CGMP200

Nama_Kursus
Ass. Dip Multimedia Computer Power 200 (Graphic & Multimedia) Computer Power 100 Computer Power 200 (Graphic & Multimedia) Dip Computer Graphic & Design Dip E-Secretary
10

S0157 S0159

Nurazean Aidil Akmar

KL KL

CITP100 CGMP200

S0035

Syed Rizal

Ipoh

DIPCGR

(null)

(null)

(null)

DIPES

Anomaly - Deletion
Student_Subject Relation
No_Pelajar
S0144 S0149

Nama_Pelajar
Hamizah Amjadi

Alamat
Alor Setar Bangi

Kod_Kursus
ASDIM CGMP200

Nama_Kursus
Ass. Dip Multimedia Computer Power 200 (Graphic & Multimedia) Computer Power 100 Computer Power 200 (Graphic & Multimedia) Dip Computer Graphic & Design

S0157 S0159

Nurazean Aidil Akmar

KL KL

CITP100 CGMP200

S0035

Syed Rizal

Ipoh

DIPCGR

11

Anomaly - Modification
Student_Subject Relation
No_Pelajar
S0144 S0149

Nama_Pelajar
Hamizah Amjadi

Alamat
Alor Setar Bangi

Kod_Kursus
ASDIM CGMP200

Nama_Kursus
Ass. Dip Multimedia Computer Power 200 (Graphic & Multimedia) Computer Power 100 Computer Power 200 (Graphic & Multimedia) Dip Computer Graphic & Design

S0157 S0159

Nurazean Aidil Akmar

KL KL

CITP100 CGMP200

S0035

Syed Rizal

Ipoh

DIPCGR

12

Solution to anomalies

Solution to those anomalies is to separate the Student_Subject to two tables Student and Subject.

Lossless-join and Dependency Preservation Properties

important properties of decomposition:

- Lossless-join property enables us to find any instance of original relation from corresponding instances in the smaller relations. - Dependency preservation property enables us to enforce a constraint on original relation by enforcing some constraint on each of the smaller relations.
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Functional Dependency
Main

concept associated with normalization.

Functional

Dependency Describes relationship between attributes in a relation. If A and B are attributes of relation R, B is functionally dependent on A (denoted A B), if each value of A in R is associated with exactly one value of B in R.

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Functional Dependency
Property

of the meaning (or semantics) of the attributes in a relation. representation:

Diagrammatic

Determinant of a functional dependency refers to attribute or group of attributes on left-hand side of the arrow.
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Example - Functional Dependency

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Functional Dependency

Main characteristics of functional dependencies used in normalization: have a 1:1 relationship between attribute(s) on left and right-hand side of a dependency; hold for all time; are nontrivial.

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Functional Dependency

Complete set of functional dependencies for a given relation can be very large. Important to find an approach that can reduce set to a manageable size. Need to identify set of functional dependencies (X) for a relation that is smaller than complete set of functional dependencies (Y) for that relation and has property that every functional dependency in Y is implied by functional dependencies in X.
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Functional Dependency

Set of all functional dependencies implied by a given set of functional dependencies X called closure of X (written X+).

Set

of inference rules, called Armstrongs axioms, specifies how new functional dependencies can be inferred from given ones.

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Functional Dependency
Let

A, B, and C be subsets of the attributes of relation R. Armstrongs axioms are as follows: 1. Reflexivity If B is a subset of A, then A B 2. Augmentation If A B, then A,C B,C 3. Transitivity If A B and B C, then A C
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The Process of Normalization

Formal technique for analyzing a relation based on its primary key and functional dependencies between its attributes. Often executed as a series of steps. Each step corresponds to a specific normal form, which has known properties. As normalization proceeds, relations become progressively more restricted (stronger) in format and also less vulnerable to update anomalies.
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Relationship Between Normal Forms

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Process of Normalization
Un-Normalized data (UNF)
Remove repeating groups

First Normal Form (1NF)

Second Normal Form (2NF)

Third Normal Form (3NF)

Unnormalized Form (UNF)

table that contains one or more repeating groups.

To

create an unnormalized table: transform data from information source (e.g. form) into table format with columns and rows.

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First Normal Form (1NF)

relation in which intersection of each row and column contains one and only one value.

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UNF to 1NF

Nominate an attribute or group of attributes to act as the key for the unnormalized table. Identify repeating group(s) in unnormalized table which repeats for the key attribute(s).

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UNF to 1NF (cont..)

repeating group by: entering appropriate data into the empty columns of rows containing repeating data (flattening the table). Or by placing repeating data along with copy of the original key attribute(s) into a separate relation.

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Second Normal Form (2NF)

on concept of full functional dependency: A and B are attributes of a relation, B is fully dependent on A if B is functionally dependent on A but not on any proper subset of A.

2NF

- A relation that is in 1NF and every non-primary-key attribute is fully functionally dependent on the primary key.

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1NF to 2NF
Identify

primary key for the 1NF relation. functional dependencies in the relation.

Identify

If

partial dependencies exist on the primary key remove them by placing them in a new relation along with copy of their determinant.

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Third Normal Form (3NF)

on concept of transitive dependency: A, B and C are attributes of a relation such that if A B and B C, then C is transitively dependent on A through B. (Provided that A is not functionally dependent on B or C).

3NF

- A relation that is in 1NF and 2NF and in which no non-primary-key attribute is transitively dependent on the primary key.
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2NF to 3NF
Identify

the primary key in the 2NF relation.

Identify

functional dependencies in the relation. transitive dependencies exist on the primary key remove them by placing them in a new relation along with copy of their determinant.

If

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General Definitions of 2NF and 3NF

normal form (2NF) A relation that is in 1NF and every non-primarykey attribute is fully functionally dependent on any candidate key. normal form (3NF) A relation that is in 1NF and 2NF and in which no non-primary-key attribute is transitively dependent on any candidate key.
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Third

BoyceCodd Normal Form (BCNF)

Based on functional dependencies that take into account all candidate keys in a relation, however BCNF also has additional constraints compared with general definition of 3NF. BCNF - A relation is in BCNF if and only if every determinant is a candidate key.

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BoyceCodd normal form (BCNF)

between 3NF and BCNF is that for a functional dependency A B, 3NF allows this dependency in a relation if B is a primarykey attribute and A is not a candidate key.

Whereas,

BCNF insists that for this dependency to remain in a relation, A must be a candidate key. relation in BCNF is also in 3NF. However, relation in 3NF may not be in BCNF.
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Every

BoyceCodd normal form (BCNF)

Violation of BCNF is quite rare. Potential to violate BCNF may occur in a relation that: contains two (or more) composite candidate keys; the candidate keys overlap (ie. have at least one attribute in common).

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Review of Normalization (UNF to BCNF)

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Review of Normalization (UNF to BCNF)

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Review of Normalization (UNF to BCNF)

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Review of Normalization (UNF to BCNF)

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Introduction To 4NF & 5NF

Fourth Normal Form (4NF)

Although BCNF removes anomalies due to functional dependencies, another type of dependency called a multi-valued dependency (MVD) can also cause data redundancy. Possible existence of MVDs in a relation is due to 1NF and can result in data redundancy.

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Fourth Normal Form (4NF) - MVD

Dependency between attributes (for example, A, B, and C) in a relation, such that for each value of A there is a set of values for B and a set of values for C. However, set of values for B and C are independent of each other.

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Fourth Normal Form (4NF)

MVD between attributes A, B, and C in a relation using the following notation: A B A C

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Fourth Normal Form (4NF)

can be further defined as being trivial or nontrivial. MVD A B in relation R is defined as being trivial if (a) B is a subset of A or (b) A B = R. MVD is defined as being nontrivial if neither (a) nor (b) are satisfied. Trivial MVD does not specify a constraint on a relation, while a nontrivial MVD does specify a constraint.
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Fourth Normal Form (4NF)

as a relation that is in BCNF and contains no nontrivial MVDs.

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4NF - Example

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Fifth Normal Form (5NF)

relation decomposed into two relations must have lossless-join property, which ensures that no spurious tuples are generated when relations are reunited through a natural join.
However, there are requirements to decompose a relation into more than two relations. Although rare, these cases are managed by join dependency and fifth normal form (5NF).
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Fifth Normal Form (5NF)

A relation that has no join dependency.

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5NF - Example

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The End..