Chapter 6-Images

Objectives
Discuss the various factors that apply to the use of images
in multimedia.
Describe the capabilities and limitations of bitmap images.
Describe the capabilities and limitations of vector images.
Define various aspects of 3D modeling.
Describe the use of colors and palettes in multimedia.
Cite the various file types used in multimedia.
Overview
Creation of multimedia images.
Creation of still images.
Colors and palettes in multimedia.
Image file types used in multimedia.
Creation of multimedia
images
Images obviously play a very important role in multimedia
products
Images may be photograph-like bitmaps, vector-based
drawings, or 3D renderings

The type of still images created depends on the display
resolution, and hardware and software capabilities.
Access to the right tools and right hardware for image
development is important!
E.g., graphic designers like to have large, high-
resolution monitors or multiple monitors
Types of Still Images
Still images are generated in two ways:
Bitmaps (or raster-based) .
Vector-drawn graphics.
Bitmaps
Bitmap is derived from the words bit, which means the
simplest element in which only two digits are used, and
map, which is a two-dimensional matrix of these bits.

A bitmap is a data matrix describing the individual dots of
an image that are the smallest elements (pixels) of
resolution on a computer screen or printer.

Example
Bitmaps
Bitmaps are an image format suited for creation of:
Photo-realistic images.
Complex drawings.
Images that require fine detail.
Bitmapped images are known as paint graphics.
Bitmapped images can have varying bit and color depths.
Bitmaps
Available binary Combinations for
Describing a Color
More bits provide more color depth, hence more photo-realism;
but require more memory and processing power
Monochrome just requires one bit per pixel,
representing black or white
BMP 16 KB
8 bits per pixel allows 256 distinct colors
BMP 119KB
16 bits per pixel represents 32K distinct colors (Most
graphic chipsets now supports the full 65536 colors and
the color green uses the extra one bit)
BMP 234 KB
24 bits per pixel allows millions of colors





32 bits per pixel trillion of colors
BMP 350KB
Bitmaps are best for photo-realistic images or complex
drawings requiring fine detail
Bitmaps picture and their suitability of use:-
Use the native Microsoft bmp format as a raw image that will later
be processed. It faster to process.
Use JPEG, for photo sharing on the web because of its size and
quality.




GIF is normally used for diagrams, buttons, etc., that have a small
number of colours
It is also suitable for simple animation because it supports
interlaced images.





PNG is almost equal to gif except that it didnt support the
animation format.

Bitmaps
Bitmaps can be inserted by:
Using clip art galleries.
Using bitmap software.
Capturing and editing images.
Scanning images.
Clip Art
Capture
Scan
Drawn
Using Clip Art Galleries
A clip art gallery is an assortment of graphics, photographs,
sound, and video.
Clip arts are a popular alternative for users who do not
want to create their own images.
Clip arts are available on CD-ROMs and on the Internet.
Using Bitmap Software
The industry standard for bitmap painting and editing
programs are:
Adobe's Photoshop and Illustrator.
Macromedia's Fireworks.
Corel's Painter.
CorelDraw.
Quark Express.
Capturing and Editing Images
Capturing and storing images directly from the screen is
another way to assemble images for multimedia.
The PRINT SCREEN button in Windows and COMMAND-
CONTROL-SHIFT-4 keystroke on the Macintosh copies the
screen image to the clipboard.

Capturing and Editing Images
Image editing programs enable the user to:
Enhance and make composite images.
Alter and distort images.
Add and delete elements.
Morph (manipulate still images to create animated
transformations).
Scanning Images
Users can scan images from conventional sources and
make necessary alterations and manipulations.
Applications of Vector-Drawn
Images
Vector-drawn images - created from geometric objects such
as lines, rectangles, ovals, polygons using mathematical formulas
Vector-drawn images are used in the following areas:
Computer-aided design (CAD) programs.
Graphic artists designing for the print media.
3-D animation programs.
Applications requiring drawing of graphic shapes.
How Vector-Drawn Images
Work
A vector is a line that is described by the location of its two
endpoints.
Vector drawing makes use of Cartesian co-ordinates.
Cartesian coordinates are numbers that describe a point in
two or three-dimensional space as the intersection of X, Y,
and Z axis.
X
Y
Z
Example
RECT 0,0,200,300,RED,BLUE says
Draw a rectangle starting at 0,0 (upper left corner of screen)
going 200 pixels horizontally right and 300 pixels downward,
with a RED boundary and filled with BLUE.
300
pixel
200 pixel
Vector-Drawn Images v/s
Bitmaps
Vector images use less memory space and have a
smaller file size as compared to bitmaps.
For the Web, pages that use vector graphics in plug-ins
download faster, and when used for animation, draw faster
than bitmaps.

Vector-Drawn Images v/s
Bitmaps
Vector images cannot be used for photorealistic images.
Vector images require a plug-in for Web-based display.
Bitmaps are not easily scalable and resizable.
Bitmaps can be converted to vector images using
autotracing.

3D graphics tools, such as Macromedia Extreme3D, or
Form-Z, typically extend vector-drawn graphics in 3
dimensions (x, y and z)
3-D Drawing and Rendering
X
y
Z
A 3D scene consist of object that in turn contain many
small elements, such as blocks, cylinders, spheres or
cones (described in terms of vector graphics)
The more elements, the finer the objects resolution and
smoothness.
3-D Drawing and Rendering
Objects as a whole have properties such as shape,
color, texture, shading & location.
A 3D application lets you model an objects shape, then
render it completely.
3-D Drawing and Rendering
1. Modeling involves drawing a shape, such as a 2D letter, then
extruding it or lathing it into a third dimension.
extruding : extending its shape along a defined path
lathing : rotating a profile of the shape around a defined
axis
Features of a 3-D Application
Modeling also deals with lighting, setting a camera
view to project shadows
Features of a 3-D Application
2. Rendering : produces a final output of a scene and is
more compute-intensive.
Features of a 3-D Application
3-D Animation Tools
3-D animation, drawing, and rendering tools include:
Ray Dream Designer.
Caligari True Space 2.
Specular Infini-D.
Form*Z.
NewTek's Lightwave.
Natural Light and Color
Light comes from an atom where an electron passes from a
higher to a lower energy level.
Each atom produces uniquely specific colors.
Color is the frequency of a light wave within the narrow
band of the electromagnetic spectrum, to which the human
eye responds.
Understanding Natural Light
and Color
The tools we use to describe color are different when the
color is printed than from when it is projected
Additive color (projected color).
Subtractive color (printed color).
Monitor-specific color.
Color models.
Additive Color
In the additive color method, a color is created by
combining colored light sources in three primary colors -
red, green, and blue (RGB).
TV and computer monitors use this method.
Subtractive Color
In the subtractive color method, color is created by
combining colored media such as paints or ink.
The colored media absorb (or subtract) some parts of the
color spectrum of light and reflect the others back to the
eye.
Subtractive color is the process used to create color in
printing.
The printed page consists of tiny halftone dots of three
primary colors- cyan, magenta, and yellow (CMY).
Subtractive Color
Monitor-Specific Colors
Colors should be used according to the target audience's
monitor specifications.
The preferred monitor resolution is 800x600 pixels.
The preferred color depth is 32 bits.

Color Models
Different ways of representing information about color.
Models used to specify color in computer terms are:
RGB model - A 24-bit methodology where color is specified in
terms of red, green, and blue values ranging from 0 to 255.
HSB and HSL models Color is specified as an angle from 0 to
360 degrees on a color wheel.
Other models include CMYK, CIE, YIQ, YUV, and YCC.
RGB Model
Add red, green and blue to create colors, so it is an
additive model.
Assigns an intensity value to each pixel ranging from
0 (black) to 255 (white)
A bright red color might have R 246, G 20, B 50
HSB Model
Based on human perception of color, describe three
fundamental properties of color:
Hue
Saturation (or chroma)
Brightness - relative lightness or darkness of color,
also measured as %

There is no HSB mode for creating or editing images
Hue - color reflected from or transmitted through an
object, measured on color wheel
HSB Model
Saturation (or chroma) - strength or purity of color
(% of grey in proportion to hue)
HSB Model
Brightness - relative lightness or darkness of color, also
measured as %

Black white
0% 50% 100%
HSB Model
CMYK Model
Based on light-absorbing quality of ink printed on paper
As light is absorbed, part of the spectrum is absorbed
and part is reflected back to eyes
Associated with printing; called a subtractive model
Four channels: Cyan (C ), magenta (M), yellow (Y) and
black (K)
In theory, pure colors should produce
black, but printing inks contain impurities,
so this combination produces muddy
brown
K is needed to produce pure black, hence
CMYK is four-color process printing
Color Palettes
Palettes are mathematical tables that define the color of
pixels displayed on the screen.
Palettes are called color lookup tables or CLUTs on
Macintosh.
The most common palettes are 1, 4, 8, 16, and 24-bit
deep.

Color Palettes
Dithering:
Dithering is a process whereby the color value of each pixel is
changed to the closest matching color value in the target
palette.
This is done using a mathematical algorithm.
Image File Types used in
Multimedia
Macintosh formats.
Windows formats.
Cross-platform formats.
Macintosh Formats
On the Macintosh, the most commonly used format is PICT.
PICT is a complicated and versatile format developed by
Apple.
Almost every image application on the Macintosh can
import or export PICT files.
In a PICT file, both vector-drawn objects and bitmaps can
reside side-by-side.
Windows Formats
The most commonly used image file format on Windows is
DIB.
DIB stands for Device-independent bitmaps.
The preferred file type for multimedia developers in
Windows is Resource Interchange File Format (RIFF).

Bitmap formats used most often by Windows developers are:
BMP - A Windows bitmap file.
Native bitmap file format of the Microsoft Windows
environment

TIFF - Extensively used in DTP packages.
Used to exchange documents between different
applications and platforms

PCX - Used by MS-DOS paint software.
One of the oldest bitmapped formats popularized by MS-
DOS paint programs that first appeared in the early 1980's
Windows Formats
Cross-Platform Formats
The image file formats that are compatible across platforms
are:
DXF - Used by CAD applications.
Initial Graphics Exchange Standard (IGS or IGES) -
Standard for transferring CAD drawings.
JPEG and GIF - Most commonly used formats on the Web.
Most Popular Image File
Formats
JPEG (Joint-Photographic
Experts Group)
GIF (Graphical Interchange
Format)
PNG (Portable Network Graphic)
Other formats:
BMP, PSD, TIFF/TIF, TGA,
EPS, PCX, ICO
JPEG
For continuous tone images, such as
full-color photographs
Supports more than 16 millions of
color (24-bit)
Uses lossy compression (averaging
may lose information)
Most Popular Image File
Formats
GIF
For large areas of the same color
and a moderate level of detail.
Supports up to 256 colors
Allows transparency and interlacing
Uses lossless compression

Most Popular Image File
Formats
PNG



lossless, portable, well-
compressed storage of raster images
patent-free replacement for GIF
also replace many common uses of
TIFF
Support indexed-color, grayscale, and
true color images + an optional alpha
channel for transparency
Most Popular Image File
Formats
Information Delivery
Images or Graphics are used to convey
information in multimedia products.
For example, a picture of an automobile engine
is much more effective than text that merely
describes it.
Images or Graphics for information delivery
include:
Drawn images
Charts and graphs
Maps
Scenery
People
Information Delivery
In each case, the image must be relevant to
the overall product.
Image size, color in respect to the application
and other images, and positioning must all be
considered when using images.
Information Delivery
Information Delivery
Summary
The computer generates still images as bitmaps and vector-
drawn images.
Images can be incorporated in multimedia using clip arts,
bitmap software, or by capturing, editing, or scanning
images.
Creating 3-D images involves modeling, extruding, lathing,
shading, and rendering.
Color is one of the most vital components of multimedia.