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    Study of Road Accidents in India

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    Manish Ahuja
    This document discusses road accidents in India and factors that influence accident rates. It notes that India has the highest road accident rate worldwide with over 140,000 deaths annually. Common causes of accidents include speeding, careless driving, drinking and driving, lack of seatbelt use, inexperience, loss of control, and failure to look properly. Road and pavement factors like defects, poor conditions, lack of safety features, and pavement distress also contribute to accidents. Steps recommended to prevent accidents include enforcing speed limits, implementing one-way traffic, widening roads, minimizing curves, adding footpaths and medians, and improving signage and markings. Pavement design elements like surface texture, roughness, shoulder width, and sight distance also

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    Study of Road Accidents in India

    Uploaded by

    Manish Ahuja
    164 views51 pages
    This document discusses road accidents in India and factors that influence accident rates. It notes that India has the highest road accident rate worldwide with over 140,000 deaths annually. Common causes of accidents include speeding, careless driving, drinking and driving, lack of seatbelt use, inexperience, loss of control, and failure to look properly. Road and pavement factors like defects, poor conditions, lack of safety features, and pavement distress also contribute to accidents. Steps recommended to prevent accidents include enforcing speed limits, implementing one-way traffic, widening roads, minimizing curves, adding footpaths and medians, and improving signage and markings. Pavement design elements like surface texture, roughness, shoulder width, and sight distance also

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    Study of Road Accidents in India

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    Study of Road Accidents in India

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    This document discusses road accidents in India and factors that influence accident rates. It notes that India has the highest road accident rate worldwide with over 140,000 deaths annually. Common causes of accidents include speeding, careless driving, drinking and driving, lack of seatbelt use, inexperience, loss of control, and failure to look properly. Road and pavement factors like defects, poor conditions, lack of safety features, and pavement distress also contribute to accidents. Steps recommended to prevent accidents include enforcing speed limits, implementing one-way traffic, widening roads, minimizing curves, adding footpaths and medians, and improving signage and markings. Pavement design elements like surface texture, roughness, shoulder width, and sight distance also

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    164 views51 pages

    Study of Road Accidents in India

    Uploaded by

    Manish Ahuja
    This document discusses road accidents in India and factors that influence accident rates. It notes that India has the highest road accident rate worldwide with over 140,000 deaths annually. Common causes of accidents include speeding, careless driving, drinking and driving, lack of seatbelt use, inexperience, loss of control, and failure to look properly. Road and pavement factors like defects, poor conditions, lack of safety features, and pavement distress also contribute to accidents. Steps recommended to prevent accidents include enforcing speed limits, implementing one-way traffic, widening roads, minimizing curves, adding footpaths and medians, and improving signage and markings. Pavement design elements like surface texture, roughness, shoulder width, and sight distance also

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 51

    STUDY OF ROAD ACCIDENTS IN INDIA

    INTRODUCTION

    Road accidents are one of the causes of disability, injury


    and death.

    India has the highest road traffic accident rate worldwide


    with over 140000 deaths annually, beating even China. Every hour nearly 14 lives are lost due to road accidents.

    Most accidents occur during peak hours considered an Thus traffic engineers have to undertake a big

    unsafe or dangerous time due to complex flow pattern of vehicular traffic.


    responsibility of providing safe traffic movements to the road users and ensure their safety. traffic engineering and management the accident rate can

    Road accidents cannot be totally prevented but by suitable

    Studies on road accidents in India

    COMMON CAUSES OF ROAD ACCIDENTS


    SPEEDING CARELESS

    DRIVING DRIVING

    DRINKING SEAT

    BELT WEARING OF CONTROL

    INEXPERIENCE LOSS

    FAILED
    AT

    TO LOOK PROPERLY

    WORK

    PATHETIC

    CONDITION OF ROADS

    Defects in the quality of materials used. Defects in construction methods and quality control during construction.

    Does not follow the correct geometric standards.


    Inadequate surface or subsurface drainage in the locality resulting in the stagnation of water in the sub grade or in any of the pavement layers.

    Increase in the magnitude of wheel loads and the number of load repetitions due to increase in traffic volume. Settlement of foundation of embankment of the fill material itself.

    Environmental factors including heavy rainfall, soil erosion, high water table, snow fall ,frost action ,etc..

    STEPS TO BE TAKEN FOR PREVENTING ROAD ACCIDENTS.

    Strict enforcement of speed limits.

    One way traffic should be implemented.


    Roads should be widened wherever required. Curvatures should be minimized. Footpaths and medians should be made mandatory for all important roads.

    Zebra crossing should be provided.


    Provide signals, road markings, sign posts..

    Construction of humps in important places,

    PAVEMENT SAFETY FACTORS


    SURFACE

    TEXTURE ROUGHNESS AND SURFACE SHOULDER DESIGN

    PAVEMENT

    DISTRESS

    PAVEMENT

    RUMBLE
    PASSING TIME

    STRIPS
    LANES ROAD SAFETY

    OF DAY AND WEATHER CONDITON

    INCORPORATING

    IMPROVEMENTS

    SURFACE TEXTURE
    Road

    surfaces must ensure an adequate level of friction at the tyre pavement interfaces to provide safe operation of vehicles. surface properties

    Pavement

    Micro texture tyre pavement contact, skid resistance

    Macro texture drainage ability

    PAVEMENT ROUGHNESS AND SURFACE DISTRESS

    potholes, bumps or ruts. Driving on roads in good condition, higher accident may occur due to high speed, lower skid resistance and some other safety factors. Single and multiple vehicle accident rates. To decrease single vehicle road accidents by

    Multiple road accidents on rougher roads contain two factors

    Lateral variation in vehicle path


    Road defects

    PAVEMENT SHOULDER DESIGN


    Shoulder performs variety of functions
    o o o o o

    Lateral support Provides area Provide easy driving Safety zone for parking Improve sight distance

    Shoulder reduces accident rates for various lane

    Median

    shoulder width increases, accidents increases

    Main

    functions of traffic engineering studies is to improve safety by


    Minimizing shoulder drop-off Increase driver comfort Reduce property damage

    RUMBLE STRIPS

    Effective low cost method of providing guidance for drivers.

    Mainly helpful at the time of winter storms, which reduces the visibility of pavement marking. Installed wherever the shoulder width is 2m or more.
    On shoulders adjacent to climbing lanes, rumble strips may be installed on 1.5m shoulder also.

    PASSING LANES

    Road system must have a wide paved lanes. It helps in reducing problems during overtaking and to avoid queues of vehicles on the road. It also provide adequate gap in the opposing traffic nor absence of solid barrier lines.

    TIME OF DAY AND WEATHER CONDITION


    These

    are highly related to road accident rates.

    About

    68% of accidents occur during daylight hours while 27% occur during the hours of darkness and the remaining 5% occur during low light conditions.

    High

    accident areas can be targeted with innovative signing or reflectivity to ensure drivers are aware of their environment.

    INCORPORATING ROAD SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS


    Pavement

    engineering properties associated with road safety, there are various treatments available skid resistance can be restored by a list of specific treatments such as.. surface milling, grooving, blasting, chip sealing, microsurfacing, slurry seal, planning, bush hammering, etc..

    Also

    based on pavement roughness, surface condition evaluation, pavement performance experience, surface visibility and paving materials, etc..

    CLASSES OF FACTORS & INDICATORS

    MAINTENANCE TREATMENT & ROAD SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS

    ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS IN THE FIELD OF TRANSPORTATION

    Road safety is an integral part of engineering design. IRC formulates codes for road construction ,maintenance and also for road safety. National highways used to be built through PWDs, which connects the entire states of nation.

    MAJOR CHALLENGES PRETAINING TO ENGINEERING MEASURES..


    Accessibility

    rather than mobility

    Economic

    growth and development of funds for non-NHDP networks

    Deficiency

    Available

    funds for maintenance & repair is only about 35%-40% of the estimated fund

    PRESENT POLICIES REGARDING ENGINEERING MEASURES FOR ROAD SAFETY Short term solutions
    Inadequate provision of SSD, signage, shoulder width, delineators, pedestrian railing, crash barriers, edge and lane marking..

    Medium term solutions

    Improvement of junctions, culvert parapet, lack of visibility at night, safety measures for pedestrians, rest areas, shoulder consolidation..

    GEOMETRIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF ROADS TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS


    Basic objectives of geometric design are

    Optimize efficiency Safety Minimizing cost

    Minimizing environmental damages


    Livability

    Geometric design can be broken into 3 parts


    Alignment Profile

    ALIGNMENT- route of the road, defined as a series of horizontal tangents and curves PROFILE vertical aspect of the road, including crest, sag curves and the straight grade lines connecting them.

    CROSS SECTION position, no of vehicles, bicycle lanes and side walks ,along with their cross slope or banking, drainage features,

    DESIGN STANDARDS
    Design

    guidelines taken into account by

    Speed Vehicle type Road grade (slope) View obstructions Stopping distance

    AASHTO

    published primary US guidance on A Policy on Geometric Design of Highway and Streets and other standards includes

    PROFILE

    Consist of road slopes(grades) connected by parabolic vertical curves

    Sag curves tangent slopes at the end of the curve that is higher than the beginning of the curve Crest vertical curves tangent slope at the end of the curve lower than the beginning of the curve
    Drainage poor in sag curves and flat roads

    SAG CURVES

    Concave upwards Head light sight distance (S)important design criteria


    S is determined by angle of head light & angle of tangent slopes at the end of the curve Headlights are 2 ft above the ground and the

    CREST CURVES

    Convex upwards Stopping sight distance is the important design criteria, it is determined by the speed of traffic
    Sight Distance > Curve Length (S>L)

    Sight Distance < Curve Length (S<L)

    US standards specify that, the height of drivers eye is up to 1080mm from the pavement and height of object the driver needs to see as 600mm
    Cyclists eye height is at 4.5 ft from the pavement

    GEOMETRY

    CROSS SLOPE

    Includes horizontal or lateral slopes


    Leveled road creates problem of drainage

    In tangent sections,1 2% C S is provided


    NORMAL CROWN is provided SUPER ELEVATION for curved sections Lower cross slope increases, risk of loss of control increases 8% super elevation is provided for sharp curves Radius of curve is given by

    SAFETY EFFECTS OF CROSS SECTION

    Cross slopes and lane width affects the safety performance of a road
    lane departure crashes are mostly on narrow lane roads

    SIGHT DISTANCE

    Length of road way ahead visible to the driver It is the distance travelled during two phases

    Perception Maneuver

    reaction time time (Brake reaction time)

    Depending upon the situations,3 types of sight distance are used

    Stopping Decision

    sight distance sight distance

    Stopping sight distance- distance travelled during PRT & MT and affected by road conditions, mass of the vehicle, inclination of the road and some other factors
    Decision sight distance- used when drivers must make decisions more complex than stop or dont stop, roads are designed for DSD ,using 6 to 10sec for PRT & 4 to 5sec for MT Intersection sight distance distance needed to safely proceed through an intersection ,it

    CONCLUSION

    Safety means first aid to the uninjured Health of the nation is more important than the wealth of the nation Road safety is a major public health concern

    Strict implementation of road safety measures reduces the ROAD ACCIDENTS

    REFERENCES

    Journal Articles:

    DR. (Mrs.) Nishi Mittal & DR. S.M.Sarin, characteristics of road accidents in India,

    Indian Highways,October 2001

    A. Anne Rosaline, B. Sathya Narayanan & S. Shanmuga Sundara Boopathy,comparison of accident rate using accident ranking, Indian

    Thank you

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