Drainage System of Pavements

PAVEMENT
DRAINAGE
PRESENTED BY :
KAZIM KHAN (05-CTE-26)
SYED ABID MASOOD (05-CTE-
07)
CONTENTS
 Related Terms & Definitions
 Why is road drainage so importants ?
 Factors Affecting the drainage system in road construction
 Sources of Moisture in Pavements

PART
1
Related Terms & Definitions
 Pavement:
All elements from the wearing surface of a roadway to the

subgrade.
 Permeable base:
A free draining layer in the pavement designed to rapidly

remove free water from most elements of pavement.
 Base crossdrain:
A subsurface drain, generally perpendicular to the roadway
alignment, designed to drain infiltrated water.
 Dense-graded aggregate base (DGA):
Mixture of primarily sand and gravel, well-graded from coarse to
fine (usually unstabilized, but sometimes asphalt or cement
 Drainage aggregate:
Open-graded aggregate with high permeability.
 Drainage pipe:
Rigid or flexible pipe conduit designed to collect and/or
transport water out of the pavement section (usually
perforated).
 Edgedrain:
A subsurface drain usually located at the edge of the

pavement.
 Headwall:
 Infiltration:
Free water in the pavement structural elements entering
through cracks, joints, or permeable paving.
 Outlet:
The point of discharge of an edgedrain.
 Outlet pipe:
The lateral connection from the edgedrainto the outlet.

Usually a solid pipe and usually strong to prevent damage.
 Prefabricated geocomposite edgedrain (PGED):

An edgedrain consisting of a drainage core covered with
geotextile. Usually 1 to 2 in. thick by 1 to 3 ft high, placed in
a narrow trench. It may include drainage aggregate or sand
as a part of the installation.
 Separator/filter layer (aggregate or geotextile):
A geotextile or aggregate (subbase) layer separating a
permeable base layer from an adjacent soil (or aggregate)
containing fines to prevent the fines from contaminating the
drainage aggregate. Must meet the filter criteria for
drainage filters.
 Underdrain:
A deep subsurface drain located at a sufficient depth to
intercept and lower the ground water to a required design
 Capillary action
The flow of liquids through porous media & movement of liquids in

thin tubes.
 Vapor movement
The process by which the entire body of fluid moves in responses to

differences in hydraulic potentials.
 Seepage
The process by which a liquid leaks through a porous substance.
WHY IS ROAD DRAINAGE SO
IMPORTANTS ?
 A road’s infrastructure is an engineering work, aiming the

establishment of a platform, on which vehicle circulation
is possible under safety conditions, proper traffic flow,
commodity, and economy, independently of the region’s
climate conditions;
 Water, along with heavy traffic, is one of the greatest

causes of road ruin.
Subsurface Drainage
Importance
Soil’s resistance to
compression may drop from
0.15 MPa to
0.07 MPa (about half) if its
water content increases from
25 to 30%.
Factors Affecting the drainage system
in road construction
 Sensitivity of groundwater
 Importance of road
 Area (rural or populated)
 Amount of traffic
 Sensitivity of streams, rivers, lakes

Sources of Moisture in Pavements
 Flow of existing sub-surface water, from higher terrain

near the road
 Elevation or drop of the water table
 Water infiltration by joints or badly sealed cracks

(concrete pavement) or by porous and fissured areas
 Moisture movement on the soil
 Successive frost/defrost cycles, increase cracks and

therefore water infiltration on the pavement
Sources of Moisture
PCC Pavement Water Infiltration
Moisture-Related and Accelerated
Distresses
 Pumping/erosion.
 Faulting.
 Corner cracking.
 Transverse cracking.
 Fatigue (alligator)
Purpose of Subsurface Drainage
 Subsurface drainage is intended to remove water

that infiltrates into a pavement.
 Surface water is primarily removed through
proper geometric design.
 Water can enter the pavement in numerous ways,
 only some of which can be effectively drained by
a subsurface drainage system.
 The basic idea is that water in the pavement
drives certain types of distress.
Fac Purpose of Subsurface
Drainage
 Amount of free water that infiltrates into the
pavement structure.
 Potential for moisture-related damage to

pavement.
 Ability to design, construct, and maintain the

drainage system.
 Other general factors (e.g., topography, soil

types,etc.).
Components of a Pavement Drainage
System
Components of a Pavement
Drainage System
Stress distribution Pattern
Stress
distribution in
dry pavement
layer
Stress
distribution in
saturated
pavement
layer
PART
2
TYPES OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
Transversal Drainage
Transversal Drainage
 Slab culverts
 Pipe culverts
 Cause ways
Longitudinal Drainage
 Gutters, ditches and channels;
 Galleries, collectors and drains;
 Connection and Collecting Accessory organs,

namely visit and cleaning chambers;
 Reception chambers, connection or derivation

boxes.
Longitudinal Drainage
Sub-surface drainage
Main types of devices
2. Longitudinal interception drains
4. Longitudinal water table lowering drains
6. Transversal drains
8. other devices
 Drainage layers
 Draining spurs
 Draining masks
 Sub-surface drainage
 Longitudinal drains in ½ hillsid
 Christmas tree drain
 Cutting drain
1. Longitudinal interception drains
Longitudinal Edgedrains
 Runs parallel to the traffic lane
 Collectwater that infiltrates the

pavement surface and drains water
away from the pavement through
outlets
Types of edgedrains systems
1. Pipe edgedrains in an aggregate filled

trench,
3. Pipe edgedrains with porous concrete

(i.e., cement treated permeable base)
filled trench,
5. Prefabricated geocomposite
edgedrains in a sand backfilled trench,
and
Figure 7-6. Typical edgedrains for rehabilitation
Longitudinal Edgedrains
Typical AC pavement with pipe

edgedrains
Typical PCC pavement with

geocomposite edgedrains
Typical edgedrains for
rehabilitation projects
2. Longitudinal water table
lowering drains
3. Transversal drains
Drainage layers
Longitudinal drains in ½ hillside
Cutting drain
Christmas tree drain
Draining Spurs
A small ridge that projects sharply

from the side of a larger hill or
mountain
Draining masks
Horizontal Geocomposite Drainage
Layers
Drainage in PCC Pavement System
Pre-pave
installatio
n
Post-pave
installatio
n
Comprehensive Drainage System
Components
CONTAMINATION/ PUMPING
AGGREGATE PENETRATION
AASHTO Drainage Definitions
*Based on time to
drain
AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement
Structures
Design of Pavement Drainage
 The hydraulic requirements for the permeable

layer to achieve the required time-to-drain.
 The edgedrain pipe size and outlet spacing
requirements.
 Either the gradation of requirements for a
graded aggregate separation layer or the
opening size, permeability, endurance, and
strength requirements for geotextile separators.
 The opening size, permeability, endurance, and
strength requirements for geotextile filters, or
the gradation of the granular filters (to be used
in the edgedrain).
Hydraulic calculation for drains (QL)
QL = q . B . L
QL - water flow through the pipe (m3/s)

q - surface run-off water flow (m3/s/m)
L - sect ion's length [m]
B - width calculation's [m]
 In cases where the drainage is used not only as interception
drainage but also to lower the water level, dimensioning
should consider specific calculations for the underground
flow in
to the drain. In this situation the projected flow should be
the sum of the aforementioned value and the estimate
through the application of Darcys’ Law.
 In order to simplify dimensioning, some authors consider
that
the in-flow to the drain amounts to about 35% of the total
flow generated in banks added by 20% for flow originated
in
the road platform, i.e.:
QL = 0.35×QT + 0.20×Qp
QL– water flow to de pipe (m3/s);

QT – surface run-off water in slopes (m3/s);
Hydraulic calculation
0.5 for drains (QL)
 As to the depth of installation of the drains, one can

estimate, in a first approach, by the formula:
0.5
D – drain depht (m)

d – depth that groundwater level should stabilize(m)
b – distance between drains(m)
i – infiltration soil rate (m/s)
K – soil permeability (m/s)

 The capacity of a circular pipe flowing full
can be determined by Manning's equation:
Q = (53.01/n) D8/3 S1/2
where,
 Q = Pipe capacity, cu ft/day
 D = Pipe diameter, in.
 S = Slope, ft/ft
 n = Manning's roughness coefficient
Refrences
 http://www.usroads.com/journals/rmej.htm
 http://pavementinteractive.org/index.php?title=Surface_Drainage
 www.fhwa.dot.gov/.../geotech/pubs/05037/07a.cfm
 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/seepage
 http://books.google.com/
QUESTIONS
?
THANK
S

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PAVEMENT

 Related Terms & Definitions

 Why is road drainage so importants ?

 Factors Affecting the drainage system in road construction

 Sources of Moisture in Pavements

All elements from the wearing surface of a roadway to the

A free draining layer in the pavement designed to rapidly

A subsurface drain usually located at the edge of the

The point of discharge of an edgedrain.

The lateral connection from the edgedrainto the outlet.

 Prefabricated geocomposite edgedrain (PGED):

The flow of liquids through porous media & movement of liquids in

The process by which the entire body of fluid moves in responses to

 A road’s infrastructure is an engineering work, aiming the

 Water, along with heavy traffic, is one of the greatest

 Area (rural or populated)

 Sensitivity of streams, rivers, lakes

 Flow of existing sub-surface water, from higher terrain

 Elevation or drop of the water table

 Water infiltration by joints or badly sealed cracks

 Moisture movement on the soil

 Successive frost/defrost cycles, increase cracks and

 Subsurface drainage is intended to remove water

 Potential for moisture-related damage to

 Ability to design, construct, and maintain the

 Other general factors (e.g., topography, soil

 Gutters, ditches and channels;

 Galleries, collectors and drains;

 Connection and Collecting Accessory organs,

 Reception chambers, connection or derivation

2. Longitudinal interception drains

4. Longitudinal water table lowering drains

 Runs parallel to the traffic lane

 Collectwater that infiltrates the

1. Pipe edgedrains in an aggregate filled

3. Pipe edgedrains with porous concrete

Typical AC pavement with pipe

Typical PCC pavement with

A small ridge that projects sharply

 The hydraulic requirements for the permeable

QL - water flow through the pipe (m3/s)

QL– water flow to de pipe (m3/s);

 As to the depth of installation of the drains, one can

D – drain depht (m)

Hydraulic calculation for drains (QL)

Q = (53.01/n) D8/3 S1/2

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