MOM Chapter 3-Mechanical Properties of Materials

Chapter Objectives
Understand how to measure the stress and strain

through experiments
Correlate the behavior of some engineering materials
to the stress-strain diagram.
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
1. Check homework, if any
2. Reading Quiz
3. Applications
4. Stress-Strain diagram
5. Strength parameters
6. Poissons ratio
7. Shear Stress-strain diagram
8. Concept Quiz
In-class Activities
TENSION AND COMPRESSION TEST
READING QUIZ
1) The modulus of elasticity E is a measure of
the linear relationship between stress and
strain. The common unit is:

a) kN/mm
2

b) MPa

c) GPa

d) All of them
READING QUIZ (cont)
2) The Poissons ratio, v of common
engineering materials lies in the range:

a) 0 v 1

b) 0 v 0.5

c) -1 v 1

d) -0.5 v 0.5

APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS (cont)
STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM
Note the critical status for strength specification
proportional limit
elastic limit
yield stress
ultimate stress
fracture stress
STRENGTH PARAMETERS
Modulus of elasticity (Hookes Law)

Modulus of Resistance

Modulus of Toughness
It measures the enter area
under the stress-strain diagram

c o E =
E
u
pl
pl pl r
2
2
1
2
1
o
c o = =
EXAMPLE 1
The stressstrain diagram for an aluminum alloy that is used
for making aircraft parts is shown in Fig. 319. If a specimen
of this material is stressed to 600 MPa, determine the
permanent strain that remains in the specimen when the load
is released. Also, find the modulus of resilience both before
and after the load application.
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
When the specimen is subjected to the load, the strain is approximately
0.023 mm/mm.

The slope of line OA is the modulus of elasticity,

From triangle CBD,

Solutions
( )
( )
mm/mm 008 . 0
10 0 . 75
10 600
9
6
=
= = =
CD
CD CD
BD
E
GPa 0 . 75
006 . 0
450
= = E
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
This strain represents the amount of recovered elastic strain.

The permanent strain is

Computing the modulus of resilience,

Note that the SI system of units is measured in joules, where 1 J = 1 N
m.
Solutions
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( ) (Ans) MJ/m 40 . 2 008 . 0 600
2
1
2
1
(Ans) MJ/m 35 . 1 006 . 0 450
2
1
2
1
3
3
= = =
= = =
pl pl final r
pl pl initial r
u
u
c o
c o
(Ans) mm/mm 0150 . 0 008 . 0 023 . 0 = =
OC
c
POISSONs RATIO
long
lat
v
c
c
=
EXAMPLE 2
A bar made of A-36 steel has the dimensions shown in Fig.
322. If an axial force of P = 80kN is applied to the bar,
determine the change in its length and the change in the
dimensions of its cross section after applying the load. The
material behaves elastically.
EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
The normal stress in the bar is

From the table for A-36 steel, E
st
= 200 GPa

The axial elongation of the bar is therefore

Solutions
( )
( )
( )mm/mm 10 80
10 200
10 0 . 16
6
6
6
= = =
st
z
z
E
o
c
( )
( )( )
( )Pa 10 0 . 16
05 . 0 1 . 0
10 80
6
3
= = =
A
P
z
o
( )( ) | | (Ans) m 120 5 . 1 10 80
6
z
c o = = =

z z
L
EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
The contraction strains in both the x and y directions are

The changes in the dimensions of the cross section are

Solutions
( ) | | m/m 6 . 25 10 80 32 . 0
6
c c c = = = =

z st y x
v
( )( ) | |
( )( ) | | (Ans) m 28 . 1 05 . 0 10 6 . 25
(Ans) m 56 . 2 1 . 0 10 6 . 25
6
6
c o
c o
= = =
= = =
y y y
x x x
L
L
SHEAR STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
Strength parameter G Shear modulus of elasticity or the
modules of rigidity
G is related to the modulus of elasticity E and Poissons
ratio v.
t G =
( ) v
E
G
+
=
1 2
EXAMPLE 3
A specimen of titanium alloy is tested in torsion and the
shear stress strain diagram is shown in Fig. 325a.
Determine the shear modulus G, the proportional limit, and
the ultimate shear stress. Also, determine the maximum
distance d that the top of a block of this material, shown in
Fig. 325b, could be displaced horizontally if the material
behaves elastically when acted upon by a shear force V.
What is the magnitude of V necessary to cause this
displacement?
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
By inspection, the graph ceases to be linear at point A. Thus, the
proportional limit is

This value represents the maximum shear stress, point B. Thus the
ultimate stress is

Since the angle is small, the top of
the will be displaced horizontally by

Solutions
(Ans) MPa 504 =
u
t
(Ans) MPa 360 =
pl
t
( ) mm 4 . 0
mm 50
008 . 0 rad 008 . 0 tan = = ~ d
d
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
The shear force V needed to cause the displacement is
Solutions
( )( )
(Ans) kN 2700
100 75
MPa 360 ; = = = V
V
A
V
avg
t
CONCEPT QUIZ
1) The head H is connected to the cylinder of a
compressor using six steel bolts. If the
clamping force in each bolt is 4000N,
determine the normal strain in the bolts.
Each bolt has a diameter of 5 mm. If
y
= 280
MPa and E
st
= 210GPa, what is the strain in
each bolt when the nut is unscrewed so that
the clamping force is released?
CONCEPT QUIZ (cont)
a) 0.970

b) 0.203

c) 0.970(10
-3
)

d) Insufficient information to
determine because the
stress is beyond yield point

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Chapter Objectives

Understand how to measure the stress and strain

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