Winlens 2008
Winlens 2008
Winlens 2008
Introduction
In this computer laboration, you will design and analyze a few different optical systems using the software WinLens 4.4.
If you are unable to download the software, the teaching assistant can provide you with a CD containing the installation programs. Please do not hesitate to contact the teaching assistant if you have any problems installing the software.
Finding Help
WinLens has a good help system, with a well-structured table of contents. A good way to get an overview of the functionality of the application is to browse through the help files (starting from the table of contents). The help files include a glossary of terms, where you can find explanations to important concepts of geometrical optics. The help system is context sensitive, i.e. if you want help on what you are currently doing, press F1 and the help page concerning your current action (or more precisely, the currently active window) will be displayed.
Getting started
Starting WinLens
You find WinLens on the Start menu under Start All Programs LINOS Photonics WinLens 4.4.
The windows
When you start WinLens 4.4, two windows the System Data Editor (Fig. 1), and the System Parameter Editor (Fig. 2)
are displayed within the main window (LINOS Photonics WinLens 4.4). These two windows are always displayed, you can not close them. The System Data Editor is where you set up the lens system by adding parts to the Component column. In the section A user-defined lens we will try this.
The System Parameter Editor has six tabs Main, Conjugates, Aperture etc that you access by clicking the tabs1. The System Parameter Editor is where you set parameters such as wavelengths, field size, object distance etc.
dont use this option. The Cascade option puts the windows on top of each other, slightly displaced so you can see all of them. Like Tile Vertically, Cascade can not be undone.
Adding a lens
A catalogue lens
In this section we set up a simple imaging system with one single lens and have a look at some of its characteristics. To open a catalogue of lenses with their respective design data, open the menu Data Base (ALT-D) and then choose Component Data Base (SHIFT-C), or quicker: press F3 2
If you look at row 325 you will find an achromat, with focal length f=100mm, and part no (unmounted) 322288000. If you dont see it, click Full Database, and it should appear. Click on the part no, and WinLens gives you a drawing of the lens and informs you that the focal length is 100.04 mm at wavelength 587.6 nm, and that the diameter is 31.5 mm. To add the lens to your system, drag and drop the part no to the Component column in the System Data Editor. Now the lens is in place. (Typing the number into the Component column has the same effect.) Stop on the same row as the lens means that the aperture stop is immediately in front of the first surface of the lens. The next step is to set the parameters of the imaging system. The System Parameter Editor is where you do this. Look at the Main tab. Here you find, among other things, the object distance. Its default value is 1000mm. To place the object at infinity, change to the Conjugates tab and click the radio button Object at Infinity. go to the Aperture tab. To set the size of the aperture stop, There, you find a number of different terms (NA, F/No etc) all describing the size of the stop. If you are primarily interested in the flux of light through the aperture, you should set the stop radius. To set the stop radius: click the Stop Rad radio button. Then enter the desired stop radius, say 5.0 mm, into the text box to the right of the radio button. Press Enter
and WinLens calculates the values for NA, F/No etc and fills in their values. Now we need to set parameters for the object field. Select the Field tab. Select Object Angle and enter 10 (degrees). Press Enter.
Note that if you press F3 when the Component Data Base is open, it will be closed, instead of becoming the active window as one might expect.
WinLens now calculates the angle on the image side and the resulting image size (radius) and displays their values (in this case the image has a radius of 17,665mm). If you would like a nicely formatted printout of all system parameters, click the Show button on the Main tab and then click Print. To display a drawing of the lens, select Lens Drawing in the Graphs menu (or click the icon with a lens on it on the Graphs tab in the toolbar, or quicker: Press CTL-D.).
The drawing contains the achromat, the stop (two red dots) and the chief ray from the object point at 10 degrees from the optical axis. To add more rays or other features to the drawing, right click on the drawing and select Select options for this drawing (or press S). o Image Plane, o Entrance Pupil [E], o Exit Pupil [E], o Rear Focus [F], o Principal Plane 1 [P], and o Principal Plane 2 [P], on the Paraxial features tab, and o Paraxial Rays, and o Extreme Rays in Fans, on the Rays tab you will have the lens drawing shown in Fig. 3. If you select the following features:
A user-defined lens
Before you continue, remove the achromat: select the cell containing the part no (322288000), and press delete. type lens in the Component column of the System Data Editor window and then press Enter. To create a lens,
This gives you a spreadsheet (User defined lens: Component 1) where you can enter lens radii, thickness, material, and aperture half diameter. First, create a lens with the same data as that of the catalogue lens in the previous section. This makes it easy to verify that you have got everything right. The lens data for the catalogue lens can be found in the Surface by Surface table in Fig. 4.
The bi-convex first lens of the achromat has the radii 61.748 mm and 45.153 mm. The thickness (Sepn=separation between the surfaces) is 7.50 mm, and the aperture halfdiameter is 15.75 mm. Enter all these values into their respective boxes. The material of the first lens is Shott N-BK7. Delete air from the Glass box and type N-BK7, then press Enter, select glass maker Schott and click OK. The negative meniscus lens has radii -45.153 mm (shared with the first lens) and 130.04 mm. Its thickness is 2.00 mm and the lens material is N-SF5. When you have entered all the data for the compound lens, press Enter. This gives you a picture of the lens. The spreadsheet should now look as in Fig. 5. If it does, click OK.
Now set the system parameters (object distance, aperture size, object angle) to the same values you used in the previous section. Look at the Lens Drawing and compare it to the one in Fig 3. It should look the same. If it does, you have managed to create a lens using your own data!
More spreadsheets
Surface by Surface
To view the Surface by Surface table, click the Surf Data icon on the Tables tab on the toolbar. You can see that your own lens gives the same Surface by Surface table as the one in Fig. 4. Pressing F1 (Help) tells you that this table is called Surface Data Table/Editor. In other words, you can use this table as an editor to change surface parameters. The parameters that can be changed have a yellow background. Try this; change the first radius from 61.748 mm to 51.748 mm. The refractive power of the lens increases and the back focal
length decreases from 95.38 mm to 81.39 mm. You can also see the difference in the lens drawing.
Undo
WinLens has an undo option (Edit menu -Undo option, CTL-Z, or this icon). Undo takes the program back to the state it was in before the last change. The undofunctionality in WinLens doesnt hold a list of previous states. This means that you can only change between the state after the latest change and the state before the latest change. If you do undo several times, you switch between these two states. Try this; after changing the radius to 51.748 mm, press CTL-Z. The radius is 61.748 mm again. Press CTL-Z again and the radius changes back to 51.748 mm. This way you can switch between the two radii and observe the difference in the lens drawing.
Performance characteristics
Spot Diagrams and Geometric MTF
Spot Diagrams and Geometric MTF show the spreading (blurring) of object points as they are reproduced in the image by the optical system, i.e. they give you information on detail reproduction, resolution and sharpness.
Spot Diagrams
Spot Diagrams show where rays intersect the Gaussian image plane, as well as planes in front of and behind the Gaussian image plane.
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To view the spot diagrams, Click the Spot icon on the Graphs tab on the toolbar. In Fig. 6 the spot diagrams show the intersection of the rays with planes located at -2mm, -1mm, 0, 1mm and 2mm relative to the Gaussian image plane. The distance between the planes can be set in the Spacing box above the spot diagrams. You can also change the scale of the diagrams (in the Scale box). In Fig. 6, there are two rows of diagrams. Each row corresponds to one object point. With the parameters you entered in the section A catalogue lens, the top row corresponds to the on-axis object point, and the bottom row corresponds to the object point at 10 degrees from the optical axis. The spot diagram shows a distribution of light around a point in the image. With an infinite number of rays, the distribution would be the point spread function (PSF). To get a good approximation of the PSF, you should make sure that you use enough rays. Select Number of Ray Rings in the Options menu choose 15 rings.
WinLens can reduce the dots in the spot diagram to numerical values by calculating the root mean square of the distances from the Gaussian image point to the points where the rays intersect the plane. To see these r.m.s. distances, click the Summary button Even a diffraction-limited system will reproduce a dot as a distribution (the Airy disc); the radius of the Airy disc is given in the summary (look for Diffraction in the Field column, and Spot Rad in the Data type column), so you can compare the performance of your system to the physical limit. The size of the Airy disc is also displayed in the spot diagrams, as a red circle, when the Airy checkbox is checked. To see the Airy disc, make sure that the scale is small enough. Close the summary Change the scale to 0.1 and press Enter
The red circle corresponding to the diffraction-limited spot size should now appear in the spot diagrams.
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Fig. 6 Spot diagram. Object angles are set to 0 deg, and 10 deg. The spacing between the planes is 1 mm.
Geometric MTF
The Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) is a measure of how contrast is preserved in the imaging process. Modulation (or contrast) is defined as
Modulation = M =
and the MTF is defined as the ratio of the image modulation to the object modulation, i.e. M MTF = i . Mo The object can be envisioned as a superposition of sinusoidal gratings of different spatial frequencies. Each sinusoidal component is affected differently by the imaging system (the image modulation deteriorates for high-frequency components), and accordingly the MTF is a function of spatial frequency. To view the Geometric MTF diagram click the MTF icon on the graphs tab
In this double diagram, which is shown in Fig. 7, you find on the left hand side the MTF in the Gaussian (paraxial) image plane. The horizontal axis corresponds to spatial frequency. The scale is set in the text box below the graphs. WinLens, by default, sets the
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scale to the cut-off spatial frequency of a diffraction-limited system3 with the same numerical aperture as the current system. As in the spot diagram, the rows of graphs correspond to the different object points. On the right hand side you find what WinLens calls the Thru MTF, i.e. the MTF for a specific spatial frequency, in planes in front of and behind the Gaussian image plane. The horizontal axis corresponds to the distance to the Gaussian image plane, known as the defocus. In the Thru MTF diagrams, you can see in which plane you have maximal focusing. For Thru MTF, WinLens uses the half cut-off frequency by default you have to choose a reasonable frequency yourself - for instance 100 cyc/mm for a camera objective. For further information on the MTF graphs, see Help (press F1).
Chromatic Aberration
Chromatic Abn: EFL/BFL displays the longitudinal chromatic aberration, i.e. the focal length as a function of wavelength. To open the Chromatic Abn graph, click the COL icon on the Graphs tab of the toolbar. You can choose between effective focal length (EFL) and back focal length (BFL). Numerical values are given for the five wavelengths that can be set on the Waveband tab of the System Parameter Editor.
The cut off frequency of a diffraction limited system (where the MTF approaches zero) is s0=2NA/=D/f [cyc/mm], which is 2000/f-number [cyc/mm] with =500 nm, or 1689/f-number [cyc/mm] with =587.6 mm (WinLenss default mid wavelength).
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Field Aberrations
To view the field aberrations click the FLD icon on the Graphs tab of the toolbar. Field Aberrations displays three diagrams: Astigmatism, Distortion and Lat Colour. In each diagram, the horizontal axis represents the aberration, and the vertical axis represents the position in the image field. The highest point on the vertical axis corresponds to the maximum value for the image field (the Image Size Radius on the Field tab of the System Parameter Editor). The Astigmatism is the difference in focus between the meridian and sagittal ray fans. The horizontal axis of the Distortion graph represents the quantity h' h , h where h is the distance from the optical axis to the chief ray, and h the distance from the optical axis to the paraxial chief ray. The distances, h and h, are calculated at the image plane.
The Lat Colour graph shows the lateral chromatic aberration, i.e. the deviation, calculated in the image plane, of the chief ray due to dispersion. See Fig. 8. The deviation is calculated relative to the chief ray corresponding to the mid wavelength.
plane. There are two graphs for each object point, one for the sagittal ray and one for the meridional ray. The horizontal axis represents the normalised aperture coordinate. A meridional ray (from an object point below the optical axis) going through the lower edge of the aperture has its aperture coordinate at the leftmost point of the horizontal axis. The vertical scale shows how much higher the ray intersects the image plane, compared to the chief ray. By reason of symmetry, the sagittal ray fan aberrations are the same on either side of the aperture, so only one half is plotted. For further information, see Help (F1).
Seidel Aberrations
Seidel Abberations (icon SEIDEL ABNS, tab Tables) will only be briefly commented here: For a wavefront to converge to a point, it has to leave the exit pupil as a sphere whose center is the image point, known as the Gaussian reference sphere. In 1856, Ludwig Seidel derived an expression for the difference between the true wave front and the Gaussian reference sphere. (The true wavefront in this context is the wavefront as described by third order theory.) He found that the difference can be expressed as a polynomial of five terms, containing different powers of the image field angle, the aperture radius and the azimuth angle of the ray fan. Each of these five terms relate to one of the aberrations: spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, curvature of field, and distortion. Every surface in an optical system introduces wavefront aberrations. These add up on the way through the system, and the aim of the designer is to make the sum of the aberrations as small as possible. The quantitative relations between the Seidel aberrations and the ray aberrations require a lot of mathematics, but we can use the Seidel Aberrations table to look at the sums for each aberration (in the first row of the table Totals), and to see the contribution of each surface of the system to the total aberrations. We can, for instance, see how we through lens bending (the redistribution of refractive power between the surfaces) can reduce the spherical aberration. See also the help files (Seidel Aberration Table, Seidel Aberrations, Wavefront Aberration Polynomial).
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Simulation, design, and analysis of simple optical systems with LINOS Photonics WinLens 4.3
This section is the actual lab assignment.
To achieve good accuracy for spot diagrams and MTF, always use 15 Ray Rings. (You set the number of ray rings on the Options menu). Use screen printouts or screen snapshots, with your own comments, for your lab report. To copy the screen to the clipboard, press SHIFT-PrintScrn. To copy individual graphs or tables, right-click the graph or table and click Copy graph/table to clipboard.
Tasks
Typing lens in the Component column of the System Data Editor, set up a simple planar convex lens with focal length approximately f=100 mm, aperture diameter > 30 mm, and glass type Schott BK7 (having refractive index n=1.52). a) Set the following system parameters
o Object Distance = infinity (the Conjugates tab of the System Parameter Editor) o Stop Radius = 10 mm (Aperture tab) o Object Angles 0 and 10 deg (Field tab)
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Compare and discuss the imaging performance of the lens, and its most important aberration(s), for a. The planar side of the lens towards the object b. The convex side of the lens towards the object (Fig. 1 illustrates how to change the orientation of the lens) b) Choose the better orientation of the two above and reduce the Stop Radius to 5 mm. What do you gain, in terms of imaging performance? What is the trade-off, i.e. try to think of what you loose by reducing the stop radius. (It is not in any of the tables or diagrams in WinLens.) c) Use the catalogued achromat with part no. 322288000 (drag and drop the part no. from the component database, or type it directly into the Component column of the System Data Editor). Discuss the differences of its performance to that of your simple lens.
2. Six-lens objective
General comments
In this task you should analyze a six-lens objective, how it is affected by a planar filter, and how it performs at short object distances. To analyze the system, use
o Geometric MTF o Chromatic Aberration (COL) o Field Aberrations (FLD).
Tasks
Load the six-lens objective for a small-image camera 1.8/50 mm of double gauss type. You find it under C:\Program Files\WinLens 4.4\WinLens Library 2002\LIBRARY\Double_Gauss_Lenses\wldg014.spd. Reduce the aperture size - set 17
F/number to 4 (on the Aperture tab of the System Parameter Editor). Set the object angle to 10 deg (on the Field tab of the System Parameter Editor). With the object at infinity, register the Geometric MTF, Chromatic Aberration (COL) and Field Aberrations (FLD). a) The effect of a filter on the quality of the image In photography, filters are used for many different purposes. In this part of the exercise, you will examine the effect of the filter on the quality of the image. The exercise does not concern the actual filtering effect (color correction, polarization etc), only the effect on the image due to refraction at the filter surfaces. For this reason the filter is modelled as a simple glass plate. To make the effect visible, use a rather thick filter: a planar parallel plate of BK7, 20mm thick, and 50mm in diameter. Create the filter as a user defined lens with infinite radius of curvature for both surfaces. To achieve infinite radius of curvature, set the radius to 0. Place the filter a. on the image side, immediately behind the objective b. on the object side, immediately in front of the objective. (Use the Insert Blank Row option on the Edit menu to make room for the filter in the system data editor.) Compare the Geometric MTF, Chromatic Aberration and Field Aberrations for the three cases
o No filter o Filter behind the objective o Filter in front of the objective
Discuss what happens when a planar parallel component (the filter) is added to the optical system. (Feel free to use additional characteristics for your analysis.) Draw conclusions and make a recommendation regarding where to place the filter. b) The effect of object distance on the imaging performance Most camera objectives are designed to give their best image formation for distances of 100 focal lengths or more (i.e. image distances approximately equal to the focal length). We will now change parameters to analyse what happens when we use the objective for 1:1 imaging. Remove the filter. Then do a and b below.
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a. Choose (on the Conjugates tab) Finite conjugates and Magnification = -1. Compare the performance (primarily using MTF) with the performance you saw with the object at infinity. You should see a dramatic loss in performance. b. Now put the achromat 322288000 in front of the objective, and look at the image quality at 1:1 imaging for the combination of the achromat and the objective. Compare the results to 1:1 imaging without the achromat. Analyse and comment the results.
the spheres be 2 mm. Put a stop, with 2 mm diameter, between the spheres. Set the wavelength to 850 nm, i.e. go to the Waveband tab of the System Parameter Editor. Enter a value larger than 850 in the Long Wavelength and the Long Wavelength 2 textboxes. Then enter 850 in the Mid Wavelength text box. set the number of wavelengths, on the Options menu, to 1
The fiber ends should be very close to the spheres, in other words, let the object distance be small (fractions of a millimetre). Your objective is to maximize the coupling efficiency by imaging the end of the first fiber onto the end of the second fiber. Due to 19
spherical aberration, the image spot in the Gaussian image plane is large. Reduce the size of the spot by compensating as much as possible with defocus on the image side. (You find Defocus on the Options menu.) Check the result with Spot Diagram and Spot Diagram Summary. Report your results, with your own comments, a printout or snapshot of the System Parameters, and a printout or snapshot of the screen containing at least
o Main Parameters o Lens Drawing o Paraxial Values at mid wave o Surface by Surface.
4. Reverse engineering
In this exercise you are going to design the optics of the simplest of all cameras, a disposable one-lens camera. The teaching assistant brings a few disposable cameras to the computer lab sessions, but you can do the tasks without access to cameras. You can find the information you need from the pictures below. Before continuing, make sure to restore the wavelengths to visible light. You can find default settings for visible light in the Default Wavebands dropdown list on the Waveband tab of the System Parameter Editor. In Figs. 3, 4 and 5, the lens of the camera is shown. Make an estimate of the lens diameter and the radius of curvature of the convex surface of the lens. The estimates do not have to be accurate - they are merely intended as a starting point for you to optimize from. As can be seen from the pictures, the lens is of the meniscus type. The radius of curvature of the concave surface is difficult to estimate, but it has to be larger than that of the convex surface. (Otherwise, the lens is negative, and will not form a real image.)
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Fig 3. The lens of the disposable camera. The scale of the ruler is in cm.
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Fig 4. The lens of the disposable camera. The scale of the ruler is in cm.
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To make it easier to compare different solutions we will make a few assumptions. We assume that the focal length is 35 mm and the f/number is 11. The lens is to be made of Plexi-Glass (polymethylmetacrylate PMMA). This leaves the following variables for your optimization:
o the two radii of the lens o the thickness of the lens o the position of the aperture stop o the position of the image plane relative to paraxial focus on the axis o the curvature of the image plane
PMMA is not in the WinLens materials database. You can create a temporary material by typing PMMA in the Glass column of the spreadsheet for the user defined lens, and then pressing Enter. A dialog box appears. Choose Select index data from n1, V and enter the values n = 1.491, and V = 57.2. If you make a mistake, you can not edit the data for the temporary material PMMA. Instead, create another temporary material, e.g. PMMA2, with the correct data. In most disposable cameras, the aperture stop is positioned immediately behind the lens, as in Fig. 6. You can choose to position it elsewhere, but keep in mind that the image distortion generally increases with the distance from the aperture stop to the lens.
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From Fig. 7, you can get an idea of what the curvature of the image plane is for a disposable camera.
Fig. 7 The film rides on the curved rails shown in the picture. The height of the rails is approximately 1mm at the highest points (i.e. the end points).
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There camera has no mechanism for adjusting the focus, so we choose 4 m as fixed focus distance. Let WinLens use three points for its calculations: the axis, the long side of the negative (r=18 mm) and a third point in between. A planar object normal to the optical axis, imaged by a simple lens, will be imaged as a plane only approximately. The image field is actually curved. To compensate for this curvature, we will bend the film. Let the curvature of the image plane be spherical, and only consider the meridional plane, ignoring that the film in practice only can be cylindrically bent. The radius of curvature of the film (i.e., of the image field) cannot be arbitrarily small, so you have to choose parameters that give you a reasonable field curvature. See the hint on field curvature below. Analyse the spot diagrams and try to optimize the spot-sizes. Dont forget to consider the off-axis points. Analyse the MTF. The 24x36 mm2 negatives are usually enlarged to 10x15 cm2 paper copies, i.e. approximately 4 times. When observing paper copies the perceived sharpness is correlated to the MTF of the image at approximately 2 cycles/mm. Therefore, optimize the MTF for the spatial frequency 7.5 cyc/mm in the image plane. To analyse the depth of focus of your camera, investigate its performance at object distances and 1 m. At 1 m, the camera is defocused and you have to use defocus to achieve good imaging. Report your considerations and results, specifically the values you choose for the six design parameters. Make sure to report all relevant data. (You can, for instance, report your parameter values in form of a screen printout or snapshot as in Fig. 8)
R n ' n
i i
1
i
1 , i
where y is the height in the image plane, Ri is the radius of curvature of the i:th surface, and ni and ni are the refractive indices in front of and behind the i:th surface, respectively. For a simple meniscus lens as those in the disposable cameras,
x = y2 (R2 R1 )1 1 n 2 l ,
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where nl is the refractive index of the lens, so to reduce image curvature, the radii of curvature should be chosen so that R2 R1 is small. Because the focal length is fixed, this means that the radii of curvature have to be small. This causes strong spherical aberration, so there is a trade-off between field curvature and spherical aberration. Remember that spherical aberration can be reduced by proper placement of the stop.
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