PSA 2 Marks

DSEC / EEE / U20EE501 / III A & B –V SEM
DEPATRTMENT OF EEE
U20EE501 – POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
UNIT-I - POWER SYSTEM
TWO MARKS
1. What is Power system? What are the principle components of electrical power
system? (R)
The conveyance of electrical power from a power station to consumer premises is known as
Electrical power system. The principle components of electrical Power system consists of
Generation,Transmission and Distribution.
2. What is power system analysis? (R)

The evaluation of power system is called as power system analysis.
3. What are the functions of power system analysis? (R)

To monitor the voltage at various buses, real and reactive power flow between buses.
To design the circuit breakers.
To plan future expansion of the existing system
To analyze the system under different fault conditions
To study the ability of the system for small and large disturbances (Stability studies)
4. What are the components of power system? (R)

The components of power system are Generators, Power transformers, Transmission lines,
Distribution lines, Loads and compensating devices like shunt, series, and static VAR
compensator.
5. What is modern power system? Nov/dec’13(R)

A modern power system can be subdivided into four major parts: Generation, Transmission and
Sub transmission, Distribution and Loads.
6. Define per phase analysis. (R)

A balanced three phase system is always analyses on per phase basis by considering one of the
three phase lines and neutral.
7. What is an infinite bus bar? May/june’13, nov/dec’ 12(U)

A large system whose voltage and frequency remain constant, independent of the power
exchange between synchronous machine and bus, and independent of the excitation of the
synchronous machine.
8. What is single line diagram? Nov/dec’15(C)

A single line diagram is diagrammatic representation of power system in which the
components are represented by their symbols and interconnection between them are shown by a
straight line even though the system is three phase system. The ratings and the impedances of the
components are also marked on the single line diagram.

9. What is the purpose of using single line diagram? (R)

The purpose of the single line diagram is to supply in concise form of the significant
information about the system.
10. What is impedance diagram? What are the approximations made in impedance diagram?
(C)
The impedance diagram is the equivalent circuit of power system in which the various
components of power system are represented by their approximate or simplified equivalent
circuits. The impedance diagram is used for load flow studies.
Approximation:
(i) The neutral reactance’s are neglected.
(ii)The shunt branches in equivalent circuit of transformers are neglected.
11. What is reactance diagram? What are the approximations made in reactance diagram? (R)
The reactance diagram is the simplified equivalent circuit of power system in which the various
components of power system are represented by their reactances. The reactance diagram can be
obtained from impedance diagram if all the resistive components are neglected. The reactance
diagram is used for fault calculations.
Approximation:
(i) The neutral reactance’s are neglected.
(ii) The shunt branches in equivalent circuit of transformers are neglected.
(iii)The resistances are neglected.
(iv)All static loads are neglected.
(v)The capacitance of transmission lines is neglected.
12. Define per unit value.(R)

The per unit value of any quantity is defined as the ratio of the actual value of the any
quantity to the base value of the same quantity as a decimal.
Per Unit Value = Actual Value / Base Value
13. What are the advantages of per unit system? Nov/Dec ‘14(U)
i. Per unit data representation yields valuable relative magnitude information.
ii. Circuit analysis of systems containing transformers of various transformation ratios is greatly
simplified.
iii. The p.u systems are ideal for the computerized analysis and simulation of complex power
system problems.
iv. Manufacturers usually specify the impedance values of equivalent in per unit of the
equipments rating. If the any data is not available, it is easier to assume its per unit value than
its numerical value.
v. The ohmic values of impedances are refereed to secondary is different from the value as
referee to primary. However, if base values are selected properly, the p.u impedance is the
same on the two sides of the transformer.
The circuit laws are valid in p.u systems, and the power and voltages equations are simplified since
the factors of √3 and 3 are eliminated.
14. What is the need for base values? (R)

The components or various sections of power system may operate at different voltage and
power levels. It will be convenient for analysis of power system if the voltage, power, current and
impedance rating of components of power system are expressed with reference to a common value

called base value
15. Define base current.(U)

Base current is defined as the ratio of base power (MVA) to base voltage KV
Base Current = Base MVA / Base KV
16. Define base impedance. (R)
Base Impedance = (Base Kv)2 / Base MvA
17. What is per unit impedance? (R)

Per unit impedance = Actual impedance / Base impedance
18. What is the relation between percentage value and per unit value? (C)
The ratio in percentage is 100 times the p.u value
19. Prove the per unit impedance of the transformer referred to the primary side is
equal to the per unit impedance referred to secondary side? (AN)
Let the impedance of the transformer referred to primary side be Z P and that on secondary
side be ZS then,
ZP = ZS ( VP / VS ) 2
Where VP and VS are the primary and secondary voltage of the transformer.
ZP p.u = ( IP ZP / VP )
= ZS ( VP / VS )2 ( IP / VP )
=ZS IP VP / VS 2
= ZS. (Is Vs / VS 2 )
ZS IS / VS = ZS p.u Therefore ZP p.u =ZSp.u
20. Give equation for transformation base KV on LV side to HV side of transformer and vice –
versa. (C)
Base KV on HT side = base KV on LT side *(HT voltage rating/ LT voltage rating) Base KV
on LT side = base KV on HT side *(LT voltage rating/ HT voltage rating)
21. Write the equation for per unit impedance if change of base occurs. (R)
ZPu,new = Z pu,old × [ Base KVold / Base KVnew]2 × [ Base MVAnew / Base MVAold]
22. A generator rated at 30MVA, 11KV has a reactance of 20%.Calculate its per unit
reactance
for a base of 50 MVA and 10KV. (AN)
MVA new = 50 ; KV new = 10 ; MVA old = 30 ; KV old = 11
X p.u = 20% = 20/100 = 0.2 p.u
XPu, new = X pu,old × [ Base KVold / Base KVnew]2 × [ Base MVAnew / Base MVAold]
XPu, new = j0.2 × [11 / 10]2 × [50 / 30] = j0.4033 pu
23. What is the new p.u impedance if the new base MVA is twice the old base MVA?(AN)

Given: MVAnew = 2 MVAold
ZPu,new = Z pu,old × [ Base KVold / Base KVnew]2 × [ Base MVAnew / Base MVAold]
ZPu,new = Z pu,old × [ Base KVold / Base KVnew]2 × [ 2 Base MVAold / Base MVAold]
ZPu,new = 2 Z pu,old × [ Base KVold / Base KVnew]2
PART-B
1. The single line diagram of a simple power system is shown in Fig. The rating of the generators and
transformers are given below: Generator 1: 25MVA, 6.6KV, X=0.2p.u Generator 2: 15MVA, 6.6KV,
X=0.15p.u Generator 3: 30MVA, 13.2KV, X=0.15p.u Transformer1: 30MVA, 6.9∆/115Υ KV, X=10%
Transformer2: 15MVA, 6.9∆/115Υ KV, X=10% Transformer3: Single phase units each rated 10MVA,
6.9/69 KV, X=10% Draw an impedance diagram and mark all values in p.u choosing a base of
30MVA, 6.6KV in the generator 1 circuit.
1. Draw the reactance diagram for the power system shown in fig. Neglect resistance and use a
base of 100MVA , 220KV in 50KΩ line. The ratings of the generator motor and transformer
are give below.
Generator : 40MVA, 25KV ,X’’ =20% Synchronous

Motor : 50MVA , 11KV, X’’ =30% T1:Y-Y
transformer : 40MVA 33/220KV, X=15% T2:Y- Y
transformer : 30 MVA 11/220KV, X=15%
2. Prepare a per phase schematic of the system in fig. and show all the impedance in per unit on a
100 MVA, 132 KV base in the transmission line circuit. The necessary data are given as
follows.
G1 : 50MVA, 12.2KV, X=0.15 pu.

G2 : 20MVA, 13.8KV, X=0.15 pu.
T1 : 80MVA, 12.2/161KV, X=0.1 pu.
T2 : 40MVA, 13.8/161KV, X=0.1 pu.
LOAD: 50MVA, 0.8 power factor lag operating at 154KV.Determine the
pu impedance of the load.
3. Draw the impedance diagram for the electric power system shown in fig showing all
impedances in per unit on 100MVA base. Choose 20KV as the voltage base for generator.
The three phase power and line-line ratings are given below.
(16)
G1 : 90MVA, 20KV, X=9%.
G2 : 90MVA, 18KV, X=9%.
T1 : 80MVA, 20/200KV, X=16%.

T2 : 80MVA, 200/20KV, X=20%.
LINE : 200KV X=120Ω
LOAD: 200KV ,S= 48MW + j64MVAR.
4. i) The parameters of a four system are as under:
Line Line starting Line ending Line Line Charging

No. bus bus impedance(pu) Admittance(pu)
1 1 2 0.2+j0.8 j0.02
2 2 3 0.3+j0.9 j0.03
3 2 4 0.25+j1.0 j0.04
4 3 4 0.2+j0.8 j0.02
5 1 3 0.1+j0.4 j0.01
Draw the Network and find bus admittance matrix. (12)
ii) What are impedance and reactance diagram? Explain with assumptions. (4)
5. i) What is primitive network matrix and represent its forms? Prove Ybus =At[y]A
using singular transformation? [8]

ii) Form the Ybus for the given network:
Element Positive sequence reactance
1-2 j1.0
2-3 j0.4
2-4 j0.2
3-4 j0.2
3-1 j0.8
4-5 j0.08 [8]
6.Form Ybus for the network by singular transformation: [16]
Element Positive sequence
E-A reactance
E-B 0.05
A-B 0.04
B-C 0.03
A-D 0.02
C-F 0.07
D-F 0.10
7. Explain modeling of transformer, transmission line, loads and generators for a load flow
study. And derive general load flow equations. [16]
9 .Obtain pu impedance diagram of the power system of figure 5. Choose base quantities as
15 MVA and 33 KV.
Generator: 30 MVA, 10.5 KV, X ′ = 1.6 ohms.

Transformers T1 & T2: 15 MVA, 33/11 KV, X = 15 ohms referred to HV
Transmission line: 20 ohms / phase
Load: 40 MW, 6.6 KV, 0.85 lagging p.f
. [16]
10. Draw the pu impedance diagram for the system shown in figure 5. Choose Base MVA
as 100 MVA and Base KV as 20 KV. [16]

UNIT-II POWER FLOW ANALYSIS
TWO MARKS
1. What is a bus? (U)

The meeting point of various components in a power system is called a bus. The bus is a
conductor made of copper or aluminium having negligible resistance .At some of the buses power is
being injected into the network, whereas at other buses it is being tapped by the system loads.
2. What is bus admittance matrix? (U)

The matrix consisting of the self and mutual admittance of the network of the power system is
called bus admittance matrix (Ybus).
3. What are the methods available for forming bus admittance matrix? (U)
• Direct inspection method.
• Singular transformation method.(Primitive network)
•
4. What is power flow study or load flow study? Nov/dec’14(U)
The study of various methods of solution to power system network is referred to as load flow
study. The solution provides the voltages at various buses, power flowing in various lines and line
losses.
5. What are the information’s that are obtained from a load flow study? (U)
The information obtained from a load flow study is magnitude and phase angle of
voltages, real and reactive power flowing in each line and the line losses. The load flow
solution also gives the initial conditions of the system when the transient behavior of the
system is to be studied.
6. What is the need for load flow study? (R)
The load flow study of a power system is essential to decide the best operation of
existing system and for planning the future expansion of the system. It is also essential foe
designing a new power system.
7. What are the quantities associated with each bus in a system? (R)
Each bus in a power system is associated with four quantities and they are real power
(P), reactive power (Q), magnitude of voltage (V), and phase angle of voltage (δ).
8. What are the different types of buses in a power system? Or how the buses are
classified and what are its types?(R)
Known or specified Unknown quantities or

Types of bus quantities to be
quantities determined
Slack or Swing or Reference bus V, δ P,Q
Generator or Voltage control or PV
bus P, V Q, δ
Load or PQ bus P, Q V, δ
9. What is the need for slack bus(swing bus/reference bus)? May/june’13,may/june’14(A)

The slack bus is needed to account for transmission line losses. In a power system the
total power generated will be equal to sum of power consumed by loads and losses. In a
power system only the generated power and load power are specified for buses. The slack
bus is assumed to generate the power required for losses. Since the losses are unknown the
real and reactive power are not specified for slack bus.
10. Why do we go for iterative methods to solve load flow problems?(A)

The load flow equations are non linear algebraic equations and so explicit solution as
not possible. The solution of non linear equations can be obtained only by iterative
numerical techniques.
11. What are the methods mainly used for solution of load flow study? (R)
The Gauss seidal method, Newton Raphson method and Fast decouple methods.
12. How approximation is performed in Newton-Raphson method? (R)

In Newton-Raphson method, the set of nonlinear simultaneous (load flow) equations are
approximated to a set of linear simultaneous equations using Taylor’s series expansion and
the terms are limited to first order approximation
13. What is jacobian matrix? How the elements of jacobian matrix are computed?(C)
The matrix formed from the first derivatives of load flow equation is called jacobian
matrix and it is denoted by J. The elements of jacobian matrix will change in every
iteration .
14. What do you mean by a flat voltage start?(R)

In iterative method of load flow solution, the initial voltages of all buses except
slack bus assumed as 1+j0 p.u. This is refereed to as flat voltage start
15. Discuss the effect of acceleration factor in load flow study.may/june’13(C)

Acceleration factor is used in gauss seidal method of load flow solution to increase
the rate of convergence. Best value of A.F=1.6
16. When the generator buses are treated as load bus. May/june’14,nov/dec’13(C)
If the reactive power constraints of a generator bus violates the specified limits
then the generator is treated as load bus.
17. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Gauss seidal method? (A)
Advantages:
Calculations are simple and so the programming task is lessees. The
memory requirement is less. Useful for small systems; Disadvantages: Requires
large no. of iterations to reach converge .Not suitable for large systems. Convergence
time increases with size of the system
18. What are the advantages and disadvantages of N.R method?(R)

Advantages: Faster, more reliable and results are accurate, require less number of
iterations; Disadvantages: Program is more complex, memory is more complex.
19. Compare the Gauss seidel and Newton raphson methods of load flow study. (R)
April/may 2015.
S.No G.S N.R FDLF

Require large number of Require less number of Require more number of
1 iterations to reach iterations to reach

iterations than N.R method.
convergence. convergence.
Computation time per

iteration Computation time per Computation time per iteration
2
is less iteration is more is less
It has linear convergence It has quadratic convergence
3 ------
characteristics characteristics
The number of iterations

The number of iterations are The number of iterations are
required for convergence
4 independent of the size of does not dependent of the size
increases with size of the
the system of the system
system
Less memory requirements than
5 Less memory requirements. More memory requirements.
N.R.method.
PART-B
1. Derive static load equations for ‘n’ bus system.(C)

2. The figure below shows the one line diagram of a simple three bus power system with generators at
buses 1 and 3. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 .u. voltage magnitude at bus 3 is
fixed at 1.04 p.u with a real power generation of 200 MW. A load consisting of 400 MW and 250
MVAR is taken from bus 2. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100 MVA base, and the line
charging susceptances are neglected. Obtain the power flow solution by the gauss seidal method at the
end of first iteration. (AP) (Nov/ Dec 2016)
3. Explain load flow algorithm using Gauss – Seidal method with flow chart and discuss the
disadvantages of the method. (U)
(OR)
Draw the flow chart and explin the algorithm of Newton Raphson iterative method when the system
contains all types of buses.
(May/ June 2016)
(OR)
Draw and explain the step by step procedure of load flow solution for the Gauss seidal method when PV
buses are present.
(Nov/ Dec 2015)
4. With a neat flow chart, explain the computational procedure for load flow solution using Newton
Raphson method when the system contains all types of buses. (U) (May/ June 2016, Nov/ Dec 2016)
5. The system data for a load flow solution are given in tables. Determine the voltages at the end of the
first iteration using the Gauss seidal method. Take α =1.6.(AP) (Nov/ Dec 2015)
Bus Admittan Bus P in p.u Q in p.u V in p.u Remarks
Code ce Code
1-2 2-j8.0 1 - - 1.06 Slack
1-3 1-j4.0 2 0.5 0.2 1+j0.0 PQ
2-3 0.666- 3 0.4 0.3 1+j0.0 PQ
j2.664
2-4 1-j4.0 4 0.3 0.1 1+j0.0 PQ
3-4 2-j8.0
UNIT- III SYMMENTRICAL FAULT ANALYSIS
TWO MARKS
1. What is meant by a fault?(U)

A fault in a circuit is any failure which interferes with the normal flow of current.
The faults are associated with abnormal change in current, voltage and frequency of
the power system.
2. Why faults occur in a power system? (U)

The faults occur in a power system due to
• Insulation failure of equipment
• Flashover of lines initiated by a lighting stroke
• Due to permanent damage to conductors and towers or due to accidental faulty operations.
3. List the various types of faults. Nov/dec’13(U)
(i) Series fault or open circuit fault

 One open conductor fault
 Two open conductor fault
(ii) Shunt fault or short circuit fault.

• Symmetrical fault or balanced fault Three phase
fault
• Unsymmetrical fault or unbalanced fault Line to ground
(L-G) fault
Line to Line (L-L) fault
Double line to ground (L-L-G) fault
4. Write the relative frequency of occurrence of various types of faults. May/june’14,

nov/dec’13(R)
Types of fault Relative frequency of
occurrence of faults
Three phase fault 5%
Double line to ground fault 10%
Line to Line fault 15%
Line to ground fault 70%
.
5. State and explain symmetrical fault or balanced three phase fault. Nov/dec’14(C)
This type of fault is defined as the simultaneous short circuit across all the three phases. It
occurs infrequently, but it is the most severe type of fault encountered. Because the network is
balanced, it is solved by per phase basis using Thevenins theorem or bus impedance matrix or
KVL, KCL laws.
6. What is the need for short circuit studies or fault analysis? Nov/dec’14,nov/dec’12(A)
Short circuit studies are essential in order to design or develop the protective schemes for
various parts of the system .To estimate the magnitude of fault current for the proper choice of
circuit breaker and protective relays.
7. What is bolted fault or solid fault? May/june’14(U)

A Fault represents a structural network change equivalent with that caused by the addition of
impedance at the place of a fault. If the fault impedance is zero, the fault is referred as bolted fault
or solid fault.
8. What is the reason for transients during short circuits?(A)

The faults or short circuits are associated with sudden change in currents. Most of the
components of the power system have inductive property which opposes any sudden change in
currents, so the faults are associated with transients.
9. What is meant by doubling effect?(R)
If a symmetrical fault occurs when the voltage wave is going through zero then the maximum
momentary short circuit current will be double the value of maximum symmetrical short circuit
current. This effect is called doubling effect.
10. Define DC off set current.(R)

The unidirectional transient component of short circuit current is called DC off set current.
11. What is synchronous reactance or steady state condition reactance?(R)

The synchronous reactance is the ratio of induced emf and the steady state rms current. It is
the sum
of leakage reactance (Xl) and the armature reactance (Xa).
Fault
12. What is sub transient(R)

The synchronous reactance is the ratio of induced emf on no load and the sub transient
symmetrical rms current.
Fault
13. What is transient reactance?(R)

The synchronous reactance is the ratio of induced emf on no load and the transient
symmetrical rms current.
Fault
14. Define short circuit capacity of power system or fault level. Apr/May’15(R)
Short circuit capacity (SCC) or Short circuit MVA or fault level at a bus is defined as the
product of the
magnitude of the prefault bus voltage and the post fault current.
15. Find the fault current in fig., if the prefault voltage at the fault point is 0.97 p.u.?(AN)
j0.2 F
j0.1
j0.1
j0.2 and j 0.15 are in series. j0.2+ j 0.15 = j 0.35 J0.35 is in

parallel with j 0.15
16. What is bus impedance matrix? Nov/dec’13(C)

Bus impedance matrix is the inverse of the bus admittance matrix.
The matrix consisting of driving point impedance and transfer impedances of the network is
called as bus impedance matrix. Bus impedance matrix is symmetrical.
17. Give the methods available for forming bus impedance matrix. (C)
Form bus admittance matrix and take the inverse to get bus impedance matrix. Using bus
building algorithm.
Using L-U factorization of Y-bus matrix.
UNIT- IV UNSYMMETRICAL FAULT ANALYSIS

TWO MARKS
1. What are the symmetrical components of a 3 phase system?nov/dec’14, nov/dec’12(U)

In a 3 phase system, the unbalanced vectors (either currents or voltage) can be resolved into
three balanced system of vectors.
They are Positive sequence components, Negative
sequence components
Zero sequence components
Unsymmetrical fault analysis can be done by using symmetrical components.
2. What are the positive sequence components?(U)

It consists of three components of equal magnitude, displaced each other by 120˚ in phase and
having the phase sequence abc .
Ic1
120
Ia
1
120
120
Ib1
3. What are the negative sequence components?(U)

It consists of three components of equal magnitude, displaced each other by 120˚ in phase and
having the phase sequence acb .
Ib2
120
Ia
2
120
120
Ic2
4. What are the zero sequence components?(U)

It consists of three phasors equal in magnitude and with zero phase displacement from each
other.
Ia0
Ib0 Ia0 = Ib0 =
Ic0 Ic0
5. What is sequence operator?(U)

In unbalanced problem, to find the relationship between phase voltages and phase currents, we
use sequence operator ‘A’.
a
b
1. Write down the equations to convert symmetrical components into unbalanced phase currents.
(Or) Determination of unbalanced currents from symmetrical currents. (A)
Let, Ia, Ib, Ic be the unbalanced phase currents
Let, Ia0, Ia1, Ia2 be the symmetrical components of phase a
7. Write down the equations to convert unbalanced phase currents into symmetrical components.
(Or) Determination of symmetrical currents from unbalanced currents.(R)
Let, Ia, Ib, Ic be the unbalanced phase currents
Let, Ia0, Ia1, Ia2 be the symmetrical components of phase a
8. What are sequence impedance and sequence network? Nov/dec’14,may/june’13(U)

The sequence impedances are the impedances offered by the power system components
or
elements to +ve, -ve and zero sequence current.
The single phase equivalent circuit of power system consisting of impedances to current of
any
one sequence only is called sequence network.
9. Draw the positive, negative and zero sequence network of all power system components. (R)
-----To refer Sequence impedance and network Table 4.1-----
10. Write the equation to determine fault current for L-G, L-L and L-L-G fault with impedance.
-----To refer Unsymmetrical fault current Table 4.2-----
11. Draw the equivalent sequence network diagram for L-G, L-L and L-L-G fault . (C)
-----To refer Unsymmetrical fault sequence network Table 4.3-----
12. In which fault the negative and zero sequence current are absent?(AN)
In 3 phase fault the negative and zero sequence current are absent.
13. Name the faults which do not have zero sequence currents flowing.(R)
In line to line faults the zero sequence current does not flow.
UNIT- V STABILITY ANALYSIS
TWO MARKS
1. What is power system stability?(U)

The stability of an interconnected power system means is the ability of the power system is to
return or regain to normal or stable operating condition after having been subjected to some
form
of disturbance.
2. How power system stability is classified?(C)

3. What is rotor angle stability?nov/dec’13(U)

Rotor angle stability is the ability of interconnected synchronous machines of a power
system to
remain in synchronism.
4. What is steady state stability?(R)

Steady state stability is defined as the ability of the power system to bring it to a stable
condition
or remain in synchronism after a small disturbance.
5. What is steady state stability limit?(R)

The steady sate stability limit is the maximum power that can be transferred by a machine to
receiving system without loss of synchronism
6. What is transient stability?(U)

Transient stability is defined as the ability of the power system to bring it to a stable condition or
remain in synchronism after a large disturbance.
7. What is transient stability limit?(A)

The transient stability limit is the maximum power that can be transferred by a machine to a
fault or a receiving system during a transient state without loss of synchronism.Transient
stability limit is always less than steady state stability limit
8. What is dynamic stability? May/june’14(C)

It is the ability of a power system to remain in synchronism after the initial swing (transient
stability period) until the system has settled down to the new steady state equilibrium condition
9. What is voltage stability? Nov/dec’13(C)

It is the ability of a power system to maintain steady acceptable voltages at all buses in the
system
under normal operating conditions and after being subjected to a disturbance.
10. State the causes of voltage instability.(A)

A system enters a state of voltage instability when a disturbance, increase in load demand, or
change
in system condition causes a progressive and uncontrollable drop in voltage
The main factor causing instability is the inability of the power system to meet the demand for
reactive power.
11. Write the power angle equation and draw the power angle curve.may/june’13(R)
Where, P – Real Power in watts

Vs – Sending end voltage; Vr- Receiving end voltage XT - Total
reactance between sending end receiving end
- Rotor angle.
12. Write the expression for maximum power transfer. (AN)
13. Write the swing equation for a SMIB (Single machine connected to an infinite bus bar)
system. (AN)
Where H = inertia constant in MW/MVA f = frequency

in Hz
M = inertia constant in p.u
14. Define swing curve.nov/dec’13(U)

The swing curve is the plot or graph between the power angle δ and time t. From the nature of
variations
of δ the stability of a system for any disturbance can be determined.
15. In a 3 machine system having ratings G 1, G2 and G3 and inertia constants M1, M2 and
M3.What is the inertia constants M and H of the equivalent system. (R)
Where G1, G2, G3 – MVA rating of machines 1, 2, and 3

Gb = Base MVA or system MVA
16. State the assumptions made in stability studies.(U)

• Machines represents by classical model
• The losses in the system are neglected (all resistance are neglected)
 The voltage behind transient reactance is assumed to remain constant.
 Controllers are not considered ( Shunt and series capacitor )
• Effect of damper winding is neglected.

17. State Equal Area Criterion(AN)

The equal area criterion for stability states that the system is stable if the area under P – δ curve
reduces to zero at some value of δ.
This is possible if the positive (accelerating) area under P – δ curve is equal to the negative
(decelerating) area under P – δ curve for a finite change in δ. hence stability criterion is called
equal area criterion.
18. Define critical clearing angle.nov/dec’14, nov/dec’12(U)

The critical clearing angle , is the maximum allowable change in the power angle δ before
clearing the fault, without loss of synchronism.
The time corresponding to this angle is called critical clearing time, .It can be defined as the
maximum time delay that can be allowed to clear a fault without loss of synchronism.
19. Define critical clearing time. Nov/dec’14, apr/may’15(U)

The corresponding critical time for removing the fault is called critical clearing time
20. List the methods of improving the transient stability limit of a power system. (C)
• Reduction in system transfer reactance
• Increase of system voltage and use AVR
• Use of high speed excitation systems
• Use of high speed reclosing breakers
21. What are the numerical integration methods of power system stability? (C)
i.Point by point method or step by step method
ii.Euler method
iii.Modified Euler method
iv.Runge-Kutta method(R-K method)
22. State the application of equal area criterion.(A)

We apply the equal area criterion to two different systems of operation
i) Sustained line fault
ii) line fault cleared after sometime by the simultaneous tripping of the breakers at both the end

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DSEC / EEE / U20EE501 / III A & B –V SEM

2. What is power system analysis? (R)

3. What are the functions of power system analysis? (R)

4. What are the components of power system? (R)

5. What is modern power system? Nov/dec’13(R)

6. Define per phase analysis. (R)

7. What is an infinite bus bar? May/june’13, nov/dec’ 12(U)

8. What is single line diagram? Nov/dec’15(C)

U20EE501 – POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

9. What is the purpose of using single line diagram? (R)

12. Define per unit value.(R)

Per Unit Value = Actual Value / Base Value

14. What is the need for base values? (R)

U20EE501 – POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

15. Define base current.(U)

17. What is per unit impedance? (R)

on LT side = base KV on HT side *(LT voltage rating/ HT voltage rating)

U20EE501 – POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

ZPu,new = 2 Z pu,old × [ Base KVold / Base KVnew]2

Generator : 40MVA, 25KV ,X’’ =20% Synchronous

U20EE501 – POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

T1 : 80MVA, 20/200KV, X=16%.

4. i) The parameters of a four system are as under:

Line Line starting Line ending Line Line Charging

U20EE501 – POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Generator: 30 MVA, 10.5 KV, X ′ = 1.6 ohms.

U20EE501 – POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

UNIT-II POWER FLOW ANALYSIS

1. What is a bus? (U)

2. What is bus admittance matrix? (U)

Known or specified Unknown quantities or

9. What is the need for slack bus(swing bus/reference bus)? May/june’13,may/june’14(A)

10. Why do we go for iterative methods to solve load flow problems?(A)

12. How approximation is performed in Newton-Raphson method? (R)

14. What do you mean by a flat voltage start?(R)

15. Discuss the effect of acceleration factor in load flow study.may/june’13(C)

18. What are the advantages and disadvantages of N.R method?(R)

S.No G.S N.R FDLF

1 iterations to reach iterations to reach

Computation time per

The number of iterations

1. Derive static load equations for ‘n’ bus system.(C)

UNIT- III SYMMENTRICAL FAULT ANALYSIS

1. What is meant by a fault?(U)

2. Why faults occur in a power system? (U)

3. List the various types of faults. Nov/dec’13(U)

(i) Series fault or open circuit fault

(ii) Shunt fault or short circuit fault.

4. Write the relative frequency of occurrence of various types of faults. May/june’14,

7. What is bolted fault or solid fault? May/june’14(U)

8. What is the reason for transients during short circuits?(A)

9. What is meant by doubling effect?(R)

10. Define DC off set current.(R)

11. What is synchronous reactance or steady state condition reactance?(R)

12. What is sub transient(R)

symmetrical rms current.

13. What is transient reactance?(R)

j0.2 and j 0.15 are in series. j0.2+ j 0.15 = j 0.35 J0.35 is in

16. What is bus impedance matrix? Nov/dec’13(C)