Eccentric Shear Eccentric Shear

Axial Tension Axial Tension

Shear and Tension Shear and Tension
End Plate Connections End Plate Connections
Timber and Steel Design
Timber and Steel Design
Lecture
Lecture
1
1
2
2
Bolted Connections II
Bolted Connections II
Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET
S U R A N A R E E INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Bolts Subjected to Eccentric Shear Bolts Subjected to Eccentric Shear
Elastic Analysis Elastic Analysis
c.g.
e
P
c.g.
e
P
P
P
c.g. c.g.
e
P
P
P
P
V
M
When the load P does not pass through
the center of gravity of a bolt group.
e
P
d
4
d
1
d
3
d
2
r
4
r
1
r
3
r
2
4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 c.g.
d r d r d r d r Pe M + + + = =
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
d
r
d
r
d
r
d
r
= = =

= = = =
2
4
4
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
, , ,
d
Md
r
d
Md
r
d
Md
r
d
Md
r
Moment Resistant of Bolt Group Moment Resistant of Bolt Group
Forces on bolts proportions to C.G. distance
1 1
1 1
sin
sin
r r H
d d v

= =
1 1
2 2
1 1
r v Md v Mv
H
d d d d


= = =






2
Mh
V
d
=

Vertical and Horizontal Components Vertical and Horizontal Components

h
v
V
H
r
1
c.g.
d
1

a.a +n izi .u.aa..!+.+a..a!+. aa.a!.v aa!-

.r...+..a::+.
15 cm
P=12 ton
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
P/8
P/8
P/8
P/8 P/8
P/8
P/8
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
H
2
H
1
H
1
H
1
H
1
H
2
H
2
P/8
V
H
2
C.G.
15 cm
5 cm
.en+ ee.e .. e:..e:.r:r. a:v|e..e:.|:.:v.e.ee'
vu r .:.-v'eee.e .ruvee.e:.re e e.::-v.:ree
.e:.r v
2 2 2
d h v = +

2 2 2 2
8(5) 4(5 15 ) 1,200 d = + + =

2
2
240(15)
3.0 ton
1200
240(5)
1.0 ton
1200
/ 8 12/ 8 1.5 ton
Mv
H
d
Mh
V
d
P
= = =
= = =
= =

.enrvee.e.re ee(.ru.ruvee).:.ru
2 2
3.0 2.5 3.9 ton r = + =
e = 15 + 5 = 20 cm
M = Pe = (12)(20) = 240 t-cm
C.G.
P/8
V
H
1
5

c
m
5 cm
a.a +n izz .u .aa.. P . aav -.a.!.v..a...:a .a+.
av-.a.a.+ .- !-+.+a. .: a :: .. !. ..... .+a.a
!..:. aa!-.r...+..a:: +.
5 @ 8 cm
e = 40 cm
P
16 cm
Critical bolts
.r n
i. va M - Pe - aP .+.
z. oa..a.a+a+aavaa.+
2 2 2
12(8) 768 cm h = =
2 2 2 2 2
4(4) 4(12) 4(20) 2, 240 cm v = + + =
2 2 2 2
768 2, 240 3, 008 cm d h v = + = + =
s. +aJ.u+n aaaa..a u .a..+. aa+.:a.a.
2
40 (20)
0.266
3, 008
Mv P
H P
d
= = =

2
40 (8)
0.106
3, 008
Mh P
V P
d
= = =

P: - aasP .
. +avrlvaa aa.. a
2 2 2 2
( /12) 0.266 (0.106 0.083) 0.326 r H V P P P = + + = + + =
... . +.+a. .: a :: .. ...... .+a.a!..:.
.:...aa.a..+. - . a.
a:-P - - .
. a P - i:.s av
Design of Single Line Fasteners under Moment Design of Single Line Fasteners under Moment
How many bolts required (n=?)
Assuming R is the force in the
outermost fastener
T
C
Typ. p
np np
3
2
M
2
d
d M
R

=
Average load/length = R/p @ outermost fastener
Load/length @ extreme fiber

=
1 n
n
p
R
R/p
(R/p)n/(n-1)

=
1 2 2
1
n
n
p
R np
T
) 1 ( 6 3
2
3

=
n
p n R
np T M
Solving equation for n :
p R
M
n
n
Rp
M
n
6 1 6

=
From Steel Structures Design and Behavior 4
th
Ed. (1996) by Charles G. Salmon pp.150-156
Example 4.12.6 : Determine the required number of 22-mm-diam A325 bolts for one
vertical line of fasteners shown in figures below. Assume it to be a bearing type
connection with threads included in the shear planes (A325-N)
15 cm
20 ton
12 mm
plate
(
n

1
)

@

1
0

c
m
Angle 6 mm
thick
Solution:
Design strength of A325-N 22 mm
Double shear:
R = 2(/4)(2.2)
2
(2.1) = 15.97 ton
Bearing:
R = 1.2(2.2)(1.2)(4.0) = 12.67 ton
(control)
Estimate the number of bolts required, 77 . 3
10 67 . 12
15 20 6 6
=

= =
p R
M
n
The R value has not been adjusted for the direct shear; try 4 fasteners
Next Step : Check !
Check the adequacy using an elastic analysis
15 cm
20 ton
12 mm
plate
4
-
A
3
2
5
-
N
3

@

1
0

c
m
Moment: M = 2015 = 300 t-cm
d
2
= v
2
= 25
2
+ 215
2
= 500 cm
2
Moment component:
=

= ton 0 . 9
500
15 300
2
d
Mv
R
x
Direct shear component: R
s
= 20/4 = 5.0 ton
Then, the resultant: ] ton 12.67 [ ton 3 . 10 5 9
2 2
< = + = R OK
Example 4.12.7 : Determine the required number of 19-mm-diam A325 bolts in
standard holes for the bracket plate, assuming 4 vertical rows. Assume it to be a
bearing type connection with threads included in the shear planes (A325-N)
24 ton
40 cm
8 8 14
8
8
8
8
Solution:
Design strength of A325-N 19 mm
Single shear:
R = (/4)(1.9)
2
(2.1) = 5.95 ton
Bearing:
R = 1.2(1.9)(1.2)(4.0) = 10.94 ton
Half load carried by each plate: P = 24/2 = 12 ton
12 mm plate
on each
flange
Load per line of fasteners: P/4 = 12/4 = 3 ton per line
Estimate number of fasteners: 89 . 3
8 95 . 5
40 3 6 6
=

= =
p R
M
n
Try 4 bolts per row
(control)
Check the adequacy using an elastic analysis
Moment: M = 1240 = 480 t-cm
h
2
= 87
2
+ 815
2
= 2,192 cm
2
Moment component:
=

= ton 66 . 1
472 , 3
12 480
2
d
Mv
R
x
Direct shear component: R
s
= 12/16 = 0.75 ton
Then, the resultant:
] ton 5.95 [ ton 27 . 3 ) 75 . 0 07 . 2 ( 66 . 1
2 2
< = + + = R
OK
12 ton
40 cm
8 8 14
8
8
8
v
2
= 84
2
+ 812
2
= 1,280 cm
2
d
2
= h
2
+ v
2
= 2,192 + 1,280 = 3,472 cm
2
=

= ton 07 . 2
472 , 3
15 480
2
d
Mh
R
y
Fasteners Acting in Axial Tension Fasteners Acting in Axial Tension
T
Tensile strength: T = F
t
A
b
where A
b
= fastener gross cross-sectional area
F
t
= allowable tensile stress
= 1,400 kg/cm
2
for A307
= 3,100 kg/cm
2
for A325
= 3,800 kg/cm
2
for A490
Diameter = d
A
b
= (/4)d
2
Example 4.13.2 : Determine the required number of 19-mm.-diam A490 bolts for the
connection.
60 ton 60 ton
Solution:
Tension strength per bolts, T = (/4) 1.9
2
3.8 = 10.77 ton
Number n of bolts required, n = 60/10.77 = 5.57, Say 6
USE 6 19 mm.-diam. A490 bolts
Combined Shear and Tension Combined Shear and Tension
2 angles
2 angles join the beam web
to the column flange
large moment transmitted
through the flanges of beam
Structural tee
2 angles
Allowable Shear and Tensile Stresses Allowable Shear and Tensile Stresses
f
t
F
v
F
t
f
v
elliptical interaction curve
2 2
Safe
v v
v
t
t
f F
F
F
f
=
AISC approximates
v t
f C C f
2 1
Safe =
400 , 1 8 . 1 820 , 1
v
f
( )
2
2
39 . 4 080 , 3
v
f ( )
2 2
15 . 2 080 , 3
v
f
( )
2 2
75 . 3 780 , 3
v
f ( )
2 2
82 . 1 780 , 3
v
f
Allowable Tensile Stress F
t
for Bolts
Subject to Combined Shear and Tension
Type of Bolt
A307
A325
A490
.aa.aa v.:v+u.aav .aa.Iraav.:v+u.aav
Example 7.9 : A WT250x44.8 is used as a bracket to transmit a 25 ton load to a
W350x137 column as shown. Four 22-mm. diameter A325 bolts with thread in shear
are used. Both the column and bracket are of A36 steel. Determine the adequacy of
the connection.
From Steel Design 4
th
Ed. (2007) by William T. Segui pp. 401
WT250x44.8
4
3
25 ton
W350x137
Solution:
For shearing stress,
Total shear force = (3/5)25 = 15 tons
A
b
= (/4)(2.2)
2
= 3.80 cm
2
For bearing stress,
ksc 987
80 . 3 4
000 , 1 15
=

=
v
f
F
v
= 0.4(2,500) = 1,000 ksc
> 987 ksc OK
A = (2.2)(1.6) = 3.52 cm
2
(controlled by flange of tee)
ksc 065 , 1
52 . 3 4
000 , 1 15
=

=
p
f
F
p
= 1.2(2,500) = 3,000 ksc > 1,065 ksc OK
For tensile stress,
Total tensile force = (4/5)25 = 20 tons
A
b
= (/4)(2.2)
2
= 3.80 cm
2
ksc 316 , 1
80 . 3 4
000 , 1 20
=

=
t
f
WT250x44.8
4
3
25 ton
W350x137
ksc 282 , 2 987 39 . 4 080 , 3 39 . 4 080 , 3
2 2 2 2
= = =
v t
f F
A325 bolts with thread in shear plane:
> [f
t
= 1,316 ksc] OK
The connection is adequate as a bearing connection.
aa.aa.n+aoa.+.a avaa:a.+ +.aa+va aa.aa.n+aoa.+.a avaa:a.+ +.aa+va
P
e
N.A.
Eccentric Bolts under Shear + Tensile Eccentric Bolts under Shear + Tensile
Shear stress in each bolt: Shear stress in each bolt:
A n
P
f
v
=
Tensile stress from moment: Tensile stress from moment:
I
c e P
I
c M
f
t
= =
M = Pe
a.a +n izs ...: a.-..+ .- a.aa!-+.+a. .: a :: ..
.a:v. -..: :.. : . .v. a +. ..a. .!a.a.....+.+a.
s +. a+...a..!a..: a +.
P
10 cm
8 cm
8 cm
8 cm
.r n i. va vv rav+aaaa.
I = 3.8 [4(4)
2
+ 4(12)
2
] = 2,432 +.

.aa..a .a.. .: - .aa +.

:
z. uv.a+a +navvlvaaaa.a.uvaa
(12, 000)(30)(12)
1, 776 ksc < 3,100 ksc
2, 432
t
Pec
f
I
= = = OK
s. uv.a+avnalu .: F
v
- .sa +.
:
.aa...!+.+a.+
12, 000
395 ksc < 1,480 ksc
(8)(3.8)
v
f = = OK
...: .aa..a .a.!aa!-..v .ur ...
Type of Bolt
.aa.aav.:v+u.aav .aa.Iraa v.:v+u.aav
A307
A325
A490
1400 8 . 1 1820
v
f
( )
2 2
39 . 4 3080
v
f ( )
2 2
15 . 2 3080
v
f
( )
2 2
75 . 3 3780
v
f ( )
2 2
82 . 1 3780
v
f
2 2
3, 080 4.39
t v
F f =
2 2
3, 080 4.39 395 2, 967 ksc > 1,776 ksc = = OK
Example 4.15.1 : Determine the service load capacity P for the connection in the
figure below, if the fasteners are 19-mm.-diam. A325-X bolts subject to shear and
tension in a bearing-type connection with no threads in the shear plane.
From Steel Structures: Design & Behavior 4
th
Ed. (1996) by Charles G. Salmon pp. 174
2

L
1
2
5

9
0

1
3

14 cm
1
2
3
4
9 cm 9 cm
P
7.5 cm
3@8=22.5
4
4
12.5 cm
Solution:
Bolts moment of inertia:
I = 2.84(44
2
+412
2
) = 1,818 cm
4
Tensile stress on top bolts:
P
P
I
Pec
f
t
0495 . 0
818 , 1
12 5 . 7
=

= =
Shear stress on each bolt: P
P
A
P
f
v
0440 . 0
84 . 2 8
=

=
P f f F
t v t
0495 . 0 15 . 2 08 . 3 : X - A325
max ,
2 2
= = =
Solve equation for P = 37.9 ton
Therefore, the service load capacity P is 37.9 ton
Example 4.15.2 : For the connection of bracket in figure below, determine the
number of 22-mm.-diam. A325-N. Use 7.5-cm vertical pitch.
7
.
5

c
m

p
i
t
c
h
P = 28 ton
20 cm
p
(
n

1
)
np
Solution:
Shear strength of one bolt (single shear):
2 2
cm 8 . 3 ) 2 . 2 (
4
= =

b
A
R = 3.8(1.48) = 5.63 ton
Tensile strength of one bolt:
R = 3.8(3.1) = 11.8 ton
Load per vertical line of bolt:
P = 28/2 = 14 ton/line
M = (28x20)/2 = 280 ton-cm/line
Approximate number of bolt per line:
alone for required 4 . 4
5 . 7 8 . 11
280 6 6
M
Rp
M
n
=

= =
alone shear for required 5 . 2
63 . 5
14
=
= =
R
P
n
Try 10 bolts (5 per line)
A325-N: 22 MM. 10 bolts (5 per line)
7.5 cm
7.5 cm
7.5 cm
7.5 cm
Moment of inertia (one line):
I = 3.8[2(7.5)
2
+ 2(15)
2
] = 2,137.5 cm
4
Tensile stress:
ksc 3,100 ksc 965 , 1
5 . 137 , 2
) 15 ( 10 280
3
< =

= =
I
Mc
f
t
OK
Shear stress:
ksc 1,480 ksc 737
) 8 . 3 ( 5
10 14
3
< =

=
b
v
A
P
f
OK
Check Shear + Tension Interaction:
2 2 2 2
) 737 ( 39 . 4 080 , 3 39 . 4 080 , 3 = =
v t
f F
= 2,665 ksc > [ f
t
= 1,965 ksc ] OK
End Plate Connections End Plate Connections
is a popular beam-to-beam and beam-to-column connection
that has been in used since the mid-1950s.
Four-bolt unstiffened
(moment resisting)
Simple shear only
From Segui & AISC1989
End End- -plate Shear Connections plate Shear Connections
Example 7-10 Design the end-plate shear connection for a
W450x76 beam framing into the flange of a W200x56.2
column. All structural steel is A36. The end reaction is 18 ton.
Use 19-mm-diameter A325N bolts. Use 10-mm-thick plate and assume that the
welding is adequate.
Solution:
Capacity of 19-mm A325N in single shear = (/4)(1.9)
2
(1.48) = 4.20 ton/bolt
Bearing capacity of 19-mm A325N = 1.2(4.0)(1.9)(1.0) = 9.12 ton/bolt
Use edge distance = 3 cm, 3/1.9 = 1.58d > 1.5d OK
Use bolt spacing = 6 cm, 6/1.9 = 3.16d > 3d OK
Therefore, shear controls, and the required number of bolts is
n = 18/4.2 = 4.28 bolts (use 6 bolts)
The required plate length (vertically) is
2(6) + 2(3) = 18 cm
6 cm
3 cm 3 cm
6 cm
6 cm
3 cm
3 cm
Design of moment Design of moment- -resisting end resisting end- -plate connections plate connections
2. Determine tension force in the beam flange.
t
f
t
p
d
M
T
f
C
f
f
f
t d
M
T

=
3. Select bolts to resist T
f
. Additional bolts
are placed on compression side for beam
reaction, with min. of two.
4. Consider split-tee = portion of beam flange and
adjacent plate subjected to tensile load.
T
f
P
f
P
f
w
1
1
s
P
e
s = distance from load line to point of inflection
= P
e
/2 = (P
f
0.25d
b
0.707w)/2
1. Determine whether connection moment is at least 60% of beam moment strength.
5. Maximum moment in the split-tee at load line:
M
e
= F
1
s
where
F
1
= shear force = T
f
/2
s = P
e
/2 = (P
f
0.25d
b
0.707w)/2
6. Required plate thickness:
1 1
s
Point of inflection
F
1
M
e
t
p
y b
p p
e
F F
t b
M
75 . 0
6 /
2
= =
Max. bending stress = allowable stress
y p
e
p
F b
M
t
8
=
Check shear in the plate:
[ ]
y v
p p
v
F F
t b
F
f 40 . 0
1
= =
b
p
P
f
P
f
Example 7.14 : Design an end-plate for a W400x56.6 beam. This connection must
be capable of transferring the full capacity. Use A36 steel, E70XX electrodes, and
A325 bolts.
Since a W400x56.6 is compact, the allowable bending stress is
F
b
= 0.66F
y
= 0.66(2,500) = 1,650 ksc
and the moment capacity is
M = F
b
S
x
= 1.65(1,010) = 1,667 Ton-cm
The flange force is
ton 3 . 43
1 . 1 6 . 39
667 , 1
=

=
f
f
t d
M
T
Bolts: Try two rows of two bolts each:
Allowable tensile stress A325: F
t
= 3,100 ksc
Required bolt area = 43.3/(43.1) = 3.49 cm
2
Use 22 mm diameter A325 bolts (A = 3.80 cm
2
)
End plate thickness,
cm 37 . 3
5 . 2 25
97 . 88 8 8
=

= =
y p
p
F b
M
t
End plate width b
p
b
f
+ 5 = 25 cm
1 1
s
Point of inflection
F
1
M
e
t
p
Shear force F
1
= T
f
/2 = 43.3/2 = 21.7 ton
s = P
e
/2 = (P
f
0.25d
b
0.707w)/2
s = (5 0.252.2 0.7070.5)/2 = 4.1 cm
End plate moment, M
e
= F
1
s = 21.74.1 = 88.97 t-cm
Use 1 3/8 inch plate (t
p
= 3.5 cm)
Check shear in the plate:
[ ] ksc 000 , 1 40 . 0
ksc 248
5 . 3 25
10 7 . 21
3
1
=
=

=
y
p p
F
t b
F
OK OK