Module 5 Structural Steel Design

Analysis of Tension Members

Allowable Tensile Stresses

a. For gross areas of members at sections where there are no holes.

Allowable tensile stress = 0.60 Fy
b. For sections where there are holes for bolts or rivets.
Allowable tensile stress = 0.60 Fu
Where Fy = minimum yield stress in MPa
Fu = specified minimum tensile strength in MPa

Allowable capacity of a tensile member with bolt or rivet holes permitted by the NSCP Specifications is equal to the smaller
of the following two values.
T = 0.60 Fy Ag
T = 0.50 Fu Ae

Where: Ag = gross area of a member at any point which is determined by summing the products of the thickness and the
gross width of each element as measured normal to the axis of the member
Ae = actual effective net area
Ae = U An

u = reduction coefficient
An = net area

Effect of Staggered Holes in Computation of Net Areas

Section 502.3.2 NSCP specified that for a chain of holes extending across a part in any diagonal or zigzag line, the net width of the
part shall be obtained by deducting from the gross width the sum of the diameters or slot dimensions of all holes in the chain, and
adding, for each gage space in the chain the quantity

𝑆2
4𝑔

Where: S = longitudinal center to center spacing (pitch) of any consecutive holes in mm.

g = transverse center to center spacing (gage) between fastener gages lines in mm.

Effective Areas for Riveted Splice and Gusset Plates (NSCP Section 502.4.8)

Bolted and riveted splice and gusset plates and other connection fittings subject to tensile force shall be design in accordance with
the provisions of the NSCP where the effective net area shall be taken as the actual net area, except that, for the purpose of design
calculations, it shall not be taken as greater than 85% of the gross area.

Block Shear

Not all the time that the allowable tensile load is always controlled by 0.60 F y Ag or 0.50 Fu Ae or by the allowable load on the bolts
or welds with which the joint is connected. Sometimes it is controlled by its allowable block shear strength.
Tbs = 0.30 Fu Av + 0.50 Fu At

Where: 0.30 Fu = allowable shear stress

0.50 Fu = allowable tensile stress

Av = net shear area

At = net tension area

Allowable Bearing Stress at Bolt Holes

a. In standard or short slotted holes with two or more bolts in the line of force, the allowable bearing stress is expressed as:
Fp = 1.20 Fu

Problem (CE Board May 2013)

The butt connection shows 8 – 22 mm ∅ A 325 bolts spaced as follows:

S1 = 40 mm S3 = 50 mm

S2 = 80 mm S4 = 100 mm

t1 = 16 mm t2 = 12 mm

Steel strength and stressed are:

Yield strength, Fy = 248 MPa

Ultimate strength, Fu = 400 MPa

Allowable tensile stress on gross area = 148 MPa

Allowable tensile stress on the net area = 200 MPa

Allowable shear stress on the net area = 120 MPa

Allowable bolt shear stress, Fv = 120 MPa

Bolt hole diameter = 25 mm

Calculate the allowable tensile load T, under the following conditions.

1. Based on gross area of the plate

2. Based on the net area of the plate
3. Based on block shear strength

Solution:

1. Tensile load based on gross area of the plate

T = St At
T = 148 (16) (160)
T = 37880 N
T = 378.8 kN
2. Tensile load based on the net area of the plate

T = St Anet
T = 200 (160 – 50) (16)
T = 352000 N
T = 352 kN
3. Tensile load based on block shear strength
First possible failure
 3
Assume the bolts carry equal loads. Since there is one bolt not included in the analysis, the total tensile force is only 𝑇
4
Shearing area:
Av = (100 – 25) (16)
Av = 1200 mm2

Tensile area:
At = [(40 – 12.5) + (80 – 25) + (40 – 12.5)] 16
At = 1750 mm2
3
𝑇 = 0.30𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑣 + 0.50𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑡
4
3
𝑇 = 0.30(400)(1200) + 0.50(400)(1750)
4
T = 658.7 kN

Second possible failure:

Av = (150 – 25 – 12.5) (2) (16)

Av = 3600 mm2
At = (80 – 25) (16)
At = 880 mm2

T = 0.30 Fu Av + 0.5 Fu At
T = 0.30 (400) (3600) + 0.5 (400) (880)
T = 608000 N
T = 608 kN
Use T = 608 kN

Problem (CE Board Nov. 2012)

Two plates each with thickness t = 16 mm are bolted together with 6 – 22 mm ∅ bolts forming a lap connection. Bolt spacing are as
follows:

S1 = 40 mm, S2 = 80 mm, S3 = 100 mm

Bolt hole diameter = 25 mm

Allowable stress:
 Tensile stress on gross area of the plate = 0.60 Fy

Tensile stress on net area of the plate = 0.50 Fu

Shear stress of the bolt: Fv = 120 MPa

Bearing stress of the bolt: Fp = 1.2 Fu

Calculate the permissible tensile load P under the following conditions.

1. Based on shear capacity of bolts

2. Based on bearing capacity of bolts
3. Based on block shear strength

Solution:

1. Based on shear capacity of bolts

𝜋
𝑃 = (22)2 (6)(120)
4
P = 273696 N
P = 273.70 kN
2. Based on bearing capacity of bolts
P = Ab Fp
P = 16 (22) (6) (1.2) (400)
P = 1013760 N
P = 1013.76 kN
3. Based on block shear strength

Av = (200 – 25 – 25 – 12.5) (16) (2)

Av = 4400 mm2
At = (100 – 12.5 – 12.5) (16)
At = 1200 mm2
P = 0.30 Fv Av + 0.50 Fu At
P = 0.30 (400) (4400) + 0.50 (400) (1200)
P = 768000 N
 P = 768 kN

Second possible failure in block shear:

Av = (200 – 25 – 25 – 12.5) 16
Av = 2200 mm2
At = (140 – 12.5 – 25) (16)
At = 1640 mm2
P = 0.30 Fu Av + 0.50 Fy At
P = 030 (400) (2200) + 0.5 (400) (1.40)
P = 592000 N
P = 592 kN

Use P = 592 kN

ECCENTRICALLY LOADED CONNECTIONS (BRACKETS)

1. Eccentrically Loaded Connections (Brackets)

Three methods of Analysis

a. Elastic method
b. Reduced Eccentricity Method
c. Reduced Eccentricity Method
2. Elastic Method
 M = Re
J = Σ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑀𝑦
𝑓𝑥 =
Σ (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )
𝑀𝑥
𝑓𝑦 =
Σ (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )
𝑃
𝑅 = √(𝑓𝑥 )2 + ( + 𝑓𝑦 )
𝑛
R = total reaction of most stressed rivet
3. Reduced Eccentricity Method
a. With one gage line of fasteners
Compute the effective eccentricity.
 (1+2𝑛)
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑒 − (25)
4
Where n = no. of fasteners in each line
n=3

[1+2(3)]
𝑒𝑒 = 150 − (25)
4
𝑒𝑒 = 106.25 mm

M = P 𝑒𝑒
M = (106.25) P

J = Σ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
J = 2 (80)2
J = 12800
𝑀𝑦
𝑓𝑥 =
Σ (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )

𝑃 2
𝑅 = √(𝑓𝑥 )2 + ( )
𝑛

With two or more gage lines of fasteners

 Compute the effective eccentricity.
(1+2𝑛)
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑒 − (25)
4

n = 4 (no. of fasteners in each line)

[1+4]
𝑒𝑒 = 150 − (25)
4
𝑒𝑒 = 87.5 mm

M = P 𝑒𝑒
M = 87.5 mm

J = Σ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
J = 4 (80)2 + 4 (40)2 + 5 (50)2
J = 52000
𝑀𝑦
𝑓𝑥 =
Σ (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )
𝑀𝑥
𝑓𝑦 =
Σ (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )

𝑃 2
𝑅 = √(𝑓𝑥 )2 + (𝑓𝑦 + )
𝑛

4. Ultimate Strength Method

Locate the instantaneous center 𝜏𝑜 from the center of group of rivets.
J = Σ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
J = 4 (100)2 + 6 (50)2
J = 55000

Compute the reduced eccentricity:

(1+𝑛)
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑒 − (25)
2

n = 3 (no. of fasteners in each line)

 [1+3]
𝑒𝑒 = 200 − (25)
4
𝑒𝑒 = 150

𝐽
𝜏𝑜 =
𝑒𝑒 𝑁
N = 6 rivets (total no. of rivets)

55000
𝜏𝑜 =
150(6)
𝜏𝑜 = 61.11

𝑟 = √(111.11)2 + (100)2
r = 149.48 mm

M = P ee
M = 60000 (150)
M = 9 X 106 N.mm

𝑀𝑟
𝑅=
𝐽
9 𝑥 106 (149.48)
𝑅=
55000
R = 24460 N (reaction for the most stressed rivet)

Problem

An eccentric load of 66 kN is acting as shown in the figure 6.5

1. Using elastic method, compute for the maximum force on the most stressed rivet.
2. Using the reduced eccentricity method, compute for the maximum force on the most stressed rivet.
3. Using ultimate strength method, compute for the max. force on the most stressed rivet.

Solution:

1. Max. force on the most stressed rivet using elastic method:

M = 66000 (200)
M = 13.2 x 106 N.mm

Most stressed rivet is A or B:

𝑀𝑦
𝑓𝑥 =
J

J = Σ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )

J = 6 (75)2 + 4 (100)2

J = 73750
𝑀𝑦
𝑓𝑥 =
J

13.2 𝑥 106 (100)

𝑓𝑥 =
73750

𝑓𝑥 = 17898
𝑀𝑥
𝑓𝑦 =
J

13.2 𝑥 106 (75)

𝑓𝑦 =
73750

𝑓𝑦 = 13424

𝑅 = √(17898)2 + (24424)2

R = 30280 N

R = 30.28 kN

2. Max. force on the most stressed rivet using the reduced eccentricity method:

n = no. of rivets in vertical row

n=3
(1+𝑛)
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑒 − (25)
2

[1+3]
𝑒𝑒 = 200 − (25)
4

𝑒𝑒 = 150 𝑚𝑚
J = 4 (100)2 + 6 (75)2

J = 73750

M = 66000 (150)

M = 9.9 x 106 N.mm

𝑀𝑦
𝑓𝑥 =
J

9.9 𝑥 106 (100)

𝑓𝑥 =
73750

𝑓𝑥 = 13424

𝑀𝑥
𝑓𝑦 =
J
 9.9 𝑥 106 (75)
𝑓𝑦 =
73750

𝑓𝑦 = 10068
𝑃 66000
= = 11000
𝑛 6

𝑅 = √(13424)2 + (21068)2

R = 24980 N

R = 24.98 kN

3. Max. force on the most stressed rivet using ultimate strength method:
(1+𝑛)
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑒 − (25)
2

[1+3]
𝑒𝑒 = 200 − (25)
4

𝑒𝑒 = 150 𝑚𝑚

J = 4 (100)2 + 6 (75)2

J = 73750

Locate the instantaneous center of rotation:

𝐽
𝜏𝑜 =
𝑒𝑒 𝑁

N = total no. of rivets

73750
𝜏𝑜 =
150(6)

𝜏𝑜 = 81.94 𝑚𝑚

𝑟 = √(156.94)2 + (100)2

r = 186.09 mm
𝑀𝑟
𝑅=
𝐽

M = P ee

M = 66000 (150)
9.9 𝑥 106 (186.09)
𝑓𝑦 =
73750

R = 24980 N

R = 24.98 kN

AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS

Axially loaded compression members

A column is a compression member that is so slender compare to length that usually it fails by buckling rather than by crushing.
They a classified into three groups.

1. Short Columns
 For short columns, the failure will be by crushing and no buckling will occur.

2. Intermediate Columns:
For intermediate columns, some of the fibers will reach the yield stress and the member will fail by a combination of
crushing and buckling and their behavior is said to be elastic.

3. Long Columns:
For long columns, the axial buckling stress usually remains below the proportional limit and the column will usually buckle
elastically. Long columns usually fail by buckling or excessive lateral bending. The longer the column is, the greater its
tendency to buckle and the smaller load it will support. The tendency of a member to buckle is usually measured by its
slenderness ratio which is define as the ratio of the length of the member to its least radius of gyration. The greater the
slenderness ratio, the smaller will be the capacity of such column.

Common Sections used for columns

Eulers Formula
Case 1 Fixed ends:

𝜋2 𝐸𝐼
P=
(𝐿𝑒 )2
𝜋2 𝐸𝐼
P= 𝐿
(2)^2
4𝜋2 𝐸𝐼
P=
𝐿2

Case 2 One end fixed, the other end hinged:

𝜋2 𝐸𝐼
P=
(𝐿𝑒 )2
𝜋2 𝐸𝐼
P= (0.7 𝐿)^2
2𝜋2 𝐸
P=
𝐿2

Case 3 Hinged ends:

𝜋2 𝐸𝐼
P=
𝐿2
 Case 4 One end fixed, the other end free:

𝜋2 𝐸𝐼
P=
𝐿𝑒 2
𝜋2 𝐸𝐼
P=
(2𝑙)2

Limitations of Euler’s Formula

𝑃
1. If exceeds the proportional limit the Eulers formula is not applicable.
𝐴
𝐿 𝑃
2. If < 100 Eulers formula is not valid and the proportional limit is the critical stress: = proportional limit
𝑟 𝐴

Relations between Short, Intermediate and Long Columns

Empirical values of short and long columns for Eulers formula

CE Board Nov. 2010

𝜋2 𝐸𝐼
The initial compressive force of a steel column can be determined by using Pe =
(𝐿𝑒 )2
A properties of the column are the following:
A = 8129 mm2
Ix = 178.3 x 106 mm4
Iy = 18.8 x 106 mm4
fy = 345 MPa
E = 200,000 MPa
 Proportional limit: fs = 320 MPa
A axis has an unbraced length of 8 m. has pinned at the top and fixed at the with K = 0.70 to prevent a sideways. Axis has
an unbraced length of 4 m. due pracing at the mid-height.

Determine the critical slenderness ratio. Compute the initial compressive load of the column.
What is the minimum length that will not need the proportional limit.

Solution:
A slenderness ratio:

𝐼𝑦
ry = √
𝐴

18.8 𝑥 106
ry = √
8129
ry = 48.09 𝑚𝑚
𝐼 178.3 𝑥 106
ry = √ 𝑥 = √
𝐴 8129
rx = 148.10 mm
𝐿 8000(0.7)
= = 37.81
𝑟𝑦 148.10
𝐿 4000(1)
= = 83.18
𝑟𝑦 48.09
𝐿 4000(0.7)
=
𝑟𝑦 48.09
𝐿
= 58.22
𝑟𝑦
Critical slenderness ratio = 83.18

3. Initial compressive load:

𝜋2 𝐸𝐼
Pcr =
𝐿2

𝜋2 (200,000)(18.8)106
Pcr =
(4000)2

Pcr = 2319357 𝑁
Pcr = 2319 kN

4. Min. length of column so that it will not exceed the proportional limit:

Pcr =𝐴 𝑥 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡

Pcr =𝐴 𝑓𝑠

Pcr =8129(320)

Pcr =2601280

NSCP Formulas for axially loaded columns

𝑲𝑳
1. When < Cc (Intermediate Column)
𝒓

On the gross section of axially loaded compression members whose cross section meet with the provisions of the NSCP, when
KL./r , the largest slenderness ratio of any unbraced segment is less than Cc, the allowable stress is:

𝐾𝐿
( 𝑟 )2 𝐹𝑦
Fa = [1 − ] Equation 16.14.1
2 𝐶22 𝐹.𝑆

𝐾𝐿 𝐾𝐿
5 3( 𝑟 ) ( )3
F.S. = + − 𝑟3 Equation 16.14.2
3 8 𝐶𝑐 8 𝐶𝑐

2𝜋2 𝐸
Where: Cc = √
𝐹𝑦

𝑲𝑳
2. When > Cc (Long Column)
𝒓

On the gross section of axially loaded compression members, when KL/r exceeds Cc, the allowable stress is:

12 𝜋2 𝐸
Fa = 𝐾𝐿 Equation 16.14.3
23 ( 𝑟 )2

Fa = allowable compressive stress

23
Note: This is Eulers formula with a factor of safety of = 192
12

2𝜋2 𝐸
Cc = √
𝐹𝑦

Where: Cc = slenderness ratio which defines the limit between intermediate column and long column.

E = modulus of elasticity of steel (200000 MPa)

Fy = yield stress of steel

K = effective length factor

Fa = allowable compressive stress

P = allowable axial load

P = Fa A

A = cross sectional area of column section.

Length factors K for centrally loaded columns with various idealized end condition.

CE Board May 2012

Two channels are welded at the tip of the flanges to form a box column.

Properties of each channel

A = 5350 mm2

d = 250 mm

bf = 100 mm

tf = 15 mm

tw = 10 mm

lx = 52 x 106 mm4

ly = 5 x 106 mm4

Distance from centroidal y-axis of the channel tp the outer face of the web, x = 29 mm. Column height = 4 m. and effective length
factor K = 1.0. both axes. The major x-axis of the channel is the x-axis of the built up colomn.

1. Calculate the axial compressive stress in the column due to a concentric load of 900 kN.
2. Determine the maximum bending stress in the column due to a moment of 270 kN.m about the axis.
3. What is the critical slenderness ratio of the built up column?

Solution:

1. Axial compressive stress in the column due to a concentric load of 900 kN

A = 2(5350)

A = 10700 mm2
𝑃
fp =
𝐴
900000
fp =
10700

fp = 84.1 MPa

2. Maximum bending stress in the column due to a moment of 270 kN.m about the axis.

Ix = 2(52 x 106)

Ix = 104 x 106 mm4

𝑀𝑥 𝐶
fx =
𝐼𝑥

270 𝑥 106 (125)

fx =
104 𝑥 106

fx = 324.5 MPa

3. Critical slenderness ratio of the built up column:

𝐼
rx = √ 𝑥
𝐴

104 𝑥 106
rx = √
10700

rx = 98.59

𝑦 𝐼
ry = √
𝐴

Iy = [5 x 106 + 5350 (71)2] 2

Iy = 63.94 x 106 mm4

63.94 𝑥 106
ry = √
10700

ry = 77.30 MPa

Critical slenderness ratio

𝐾𝐿 1.0 (4000)
=
𝑟 77.30
𝐾𝐿
= 51.74
𝑟