Autonomous Car: A.Sivanagaraju P.Naga Sudhakar
Autonomous Car: A.Sivanagaraju P.Naga Sudhakar
Autonomous Car: A.Sivanagaraju P.Naga Sudhakar
A.SivaNagaRaju
3rd B. Tech, C.S.E Email id: snr.583@gmail.com Ph no:9000476362 & TECHNOLOGY LANKAPALLI KRISHNA(D.T)
P.Naga Sudhakar
3rd B. Tech, C.S.E, pulinagasudhakar@yahoo.com ph no: 9505021234
ABSTRACT:
This document explains the impact of autonomous vehicles on society.The project includes a background section which gives information about the history and technology of autonomous vehicles. To evaluate the socioeconomic effect of the autonomous vehicles, we review the benefits and economic savings that will emerge as a result of the introduction of autonomous cars in the economy.Impacts on safety, traffic flow, fuel economy, professional driving and culture are some of the important issues mentioned in this report.
Defintion:
An autonomous vehicle is fundamentally defined as a passenger vehicle that drives by itself. An autonomous vehicle is also referred to as an autopilot,driverless car, auto-drive car, or automated guided vehicle (AGV).1 Most prototypes that have been built so far performed automatic steering that were based on sensing the painted lines in the road or magnetic monorails embedded in the road.
Introduction:
People drive their cars to work, to go shopping, to visit friends and to many other places. Children take the bus to school. The economy depends largely onthe goods that are delivered by trucks. This mobility is usually taken for grantedby most people and they hardly realize that transportation forms the basis of our civilization. As the cities grow and the population increases, more traffic is generated which has many adverse effects. Not having a proper transportation system costs people their safety, time and money. The need for a more efficient,balanced and safer transportation system is obvious. This need can be best met by the implementation of autonomous transportation systems.In the future, automated systems will help to avoid accidents and reduce congestion. The future vehicles will be capable of determining the best route and warn each other about the conditions ahead. Many companies and institutions are working together in countless projects in order to implement the intelligentvehicles and transportation networks of the future.
reliability, response time and accuracy. The control mechanism of an autonomous car consists of three main blocks they are listed bilow: 1.sensors 2.Logic processing unit 3.Mechanical control systems
automatically and travels on a simple ground-level asphalt track. The pilot projectroute links the business park Rivium to the metro station Kralingse Zoom in Rotterdam. The prototype can be seen in A short descriptive system layout for the on demand system is explained in the above diagaram
Technology:
There is a wide range of technologies being used to implement autonomous vehicles. The most available are low autonomy systems that require some driver interaction. Sensors and equipment used in these low autonomy systems are steps toward a fully autonomous package for vehicles.
The abov diagram explains about the basic structure of autonoums car.They are some projects are building anautonoums car.the diagram in below.
Control Systems:
This section discusses the various systems and sensors used to control autonomous actions of the vehicle. The methods used for controlling the vehicle are broken down into lateral control and longitudinal control. The lateral controls focus on the steering, while the longitudinal controls help with the speed control.
Lateral Control:
The basic structure of the above diagaram: A large part of the lateral control is keeping the vehicle in its chosen lane and on the road. Current technologies are Lane Departure Warning Systems (LDWS), and Lane Keeping Assist Systems (LKA). There is also a new Parallel Parking Assist currently available from some automobile manufactures.
This project aimed to create a fully automatic shuttle system that makes use of a low-capacity automatic navigating vehicle that operates without any physical guidance. The shuttle finds its way
embedded magnetic markers in the road. These markers would emit a magnetic field which could then be detected by sensors on the vehicle. This gives the vehicle a path to stay in, which is in between the sets of road magnets. While this system may be the best approach for the vehicle to see a path in the road, it is not the best to implement. Implementation would require embedding magnets in all of the current roads andany future roads that would be constructed. This task, while possible, is out of reach because of the amount of roadway that would need to be covered. Another approach is to combine highly accurate digital mapping of the roadway lanes with satellite positioning accuracies in the order of 0.5m or better. This method requires detailed digital maps to be made and extremely accurate GPS to see where the vehicle is inside the lane on the map. This technique iscurrently being evaluated in Minneapolis, MN for transit busses. The busses are allowed to use the shoulder of the road which is only 10 feet wide. This small lane causes the drivers to be very cautious and drive slow during the commute. A lab at the University of Minnesota has implemented the digital map and GPS technology on some of the busses. The system will give the driver physicalfeedback on the steering wheel, which cues the driver that they are approaching the edge and must make a correction. This allows the drivers to operate at higher travel speeds. While this and the magnetic marker methods are plausible in controlled, small environments, they are not the best choice for general driving use.The best way for everyday driving has been determined to be the use of image processing. This detects existing lane markers to create a irtual lane in thevideo camera. Here, the predominant approach by far is the use of a monochrome video camera and image processing to extract the lane and road edge markingsfrom the image. 8 The down side to this method is that the road
markings are not always clearly displayed. They can be covered by snow, worn down, or difficult for the camera to see because of highly reflective road conditions. This is counteracted by using special detection algorithms that can even detect tire lanes in the snow. There are still issues where the system may become confused or the ability for the camera to transition between drastically different lighting. Another way to detect lane departure is downward looking infrared sensors on the bottom of the car. These sensors look for the change in the reflectivity of bare pavement and lane markings. However, this system can only detect the lane departure as it is occurring and the camera system could predict lane departure from sensing the road ahead. All of these systems provide a range of warnings from audible beeps to physical feedback to the driver to alert them that they are departing the lane.
detection of the current lane and curves. These sensors include radar, lidar (laser radar), ultrasonic range finders, and image processing with video cameras. One problem for this system is the ability for the driver to remain alert while the car is adjusting small amounts of steering for them. In response to this problem, the developers have made is so that there is
radar in the front and rear of the car to sense objects out of the drivers view. As the driver approaches the objects, the car assists in braking to avoid making contact with the object.
Required driver input over time, otherwise the system will sound an alarm.
Longitudinal Control
Longitudinal control encompasses the forward and reverse directions of the vehicle. It has applications to control the speed of the vehicle and assist the driver with forward and reverse driving tasks. These applications include rear sensing to assist with parking, Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), and pre-crash break assist. Rear Parking Assist:There are many systems currently available to assist the driver with parking.The most common is the use of ultrasonic range finders embedded in the rear bumper of the car that give the driver a changing audible sound as the distance decreases. The downside to these devices is that they only work in very short range, that of only a few meters. Newer devices include rear facing video cameras that display what is seen from the rear of the vehicle when the driver shifts into reverse. Along with the video processing, there is an overlay of guide lines that guide the driver into the spot and tells them when to stop. Also, the use of radar in similar systems is being developed. It is more accurate than the ultrasonic range finders and allows for greater application. One application being tested was the use of
vehicles traveling at a similar speed. High speed ACC is currently available from automobile manufacturers such as Audi, BMW, DaimlerChrysler, GM, Honda, and Toyota. Low speed ACC is intended for use in more congested areas of traffic. However, the system will not completely stop the vehicle if it is necessary. It will warn the driver of an approaching object if it gets to its lowest speed level. The driver is then responsible to stop the vehicle, and must also make the vehicle resume driving after a stop has occurred . Full ACC would be a combination of high and low speed ACC and step toward autonomous speed control. The system could be activated and would adjust between high speed highway driving and low speed traffic or city driving. This would allow the driver more freedom to concentrate on steering and what is going on around the vehicle. This development is necessary in obtaining a fully autonomous vehicle, and is currently under testing in the ARCOS project. Pre crash brake assist uses ACC to detect possible collisions by calculating the speed at which a driver is closing in on an oncoming object. If the rate is high enough, the system will pre-arm the brakes so optimum braking can be achieved.This helps to reduce stopping distance and also speed of impact if it were to occur.
trust the systems to be reliable and robust. The earliest fully autonomous system we may see in production is a low speed version. This would be a combination of low speed ACC and lane keeping assistance. This would be efficient for use in highly congested traffic. An Intelligent Highway System (IHS) is currently under development in China. This would provide the vehicle with information about the road ahead such as safety alerts or traffic details. The IHS would also assist in automated operation of vehicles.
There are also projects being worked on for the automation of freight trucks. One example is the European CHAUFFER project. This system acts as an electronic tow-bar where trucks would autonomously follow each other through the use of electronic signaling. The first vehicle in line would be driven by a human and the other trucks in tow would follow at a very close distance through the use of various sensors and systems. This could eventually develop into systems where there is no need for a lead driver and would remove the use of labor in freight transportation.
Conclusion:
The Google Driverless Car is a project by Google that involves developing technology for driverless cars. The project is currently being led by Google engineer Sebastian Thrun, director of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and co-inventor of Google Street View, whose team at Stanford created the robotic vehicle Stanley which won the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge and its US$2 million prize from the United States Department of Defense The team developing the system consisted of 15 engineers working for Google, including Chris Urmson, Mike Montemerlo, and Anthony Levandowski who had worked on the DARPA Grand and Urban Challenges. Lobbied by Google the Nevada Legislature passed a law in June 2011 to authorize the use of autonomous vehicles. Nevada became the first state where driverless vehicles can be legally operated on public roads. The Nevada Department of Transportation (NDOT) is now responsible for setting safety and performance standards and for designating areas where driverless cars may be tested.
Technology used in autonomous applications is becoming a priority for many automobile manufacturers. This is shown by the development and implementation of systems such as ACC and LKA. This technology main focuses on n the future, automated systems will help to avoid accidents and reduce congestion. The future vehicles will be capable of determining the best route and warn each other about the conditions ahead. Many companies and institutions are working together in countless projects in order to implement the intelligent vehicles and transportation networks of the future. This cars very useful in future.
References
1- Wikipedia/ Driverless Car Date visited: April 7, 2007 < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driverless_car > 2- driverless car." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company Inc., 2007. Answers.com < http://www.answers.com/topic/driverless-car > 3- Carsense Project < http://www.carsense.org/ > 4- Frog Navigation Systems / Homepage < http://www.frog.nl/ >
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