DEPARTMENT

OF

THE

ARMY

TECHNICAL

MANUA

RIGGING

HEADQUARTERS,

DEPARTMENT

OF

THE

ARM

*TM 5-72
I

TECHNICAL MANUAL

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

WASHINGTON,

No. 5-725

D.C., 3 October 1968

RIGGING
Paragraphs

CHAPTER
Section

1.
I.

INTRODUCTION
General Fiber rope

1-11-2
. .

II.

-__

1-3

1-8

III.

Wire rope

1-91-14
.

CHAPTER
Section

2.
I.

KNOTS, SPLICES, AND ATTACHMENTS

Knots, hitches, and lashings
Splices

2-1

2-8

II.

III.

IV.

Attachments Rope ladders

2-92-18 2-192-25
2-26,2-27
.

CHAPTER
Section

3.
I.

HOISTING
Chains and hooks
Slings
...
-

3-1

3-5

II.

3-63-11
,

III.

IV.

Mechanical advantage Methods

3-12,3-13

3-143-16
4-1
--

CHAPTER
Section

4.
I.

ANCHORAGES AND GUYLINES

Anchors
Guylines
4-5

II.

4-64-10
5-1 5-7 6-1 6-4 5-6 5-10
6-3 6-6

CHAPTER
Section

5.
I.

LIFTING

AND MOVING LOADS

-

Lifting equipment
Skids, rollers,

II.

and jacks

..

CHAPTER
Section

6,
I.

LADDERS AND SCAFFOLDING

Ladders
Scaffolding
.

II.

..

APPENDIX A.
B.

REFERENCES TABLES OF USEFUL INFORMATION

.

INDEX

..

O Q o
it.

f-:

a.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Section

I.

GENERAL
b.

1-1.
a.

This manual

Purpose and Scope is a guide and basic reference

The material contained herein

is

applies

ble to both nuclear

and nonnuclear warfare.

for personnel whose duties require the use of rigging. It is intended for use in training and as a handbook for field operations. It covers

1-2.

Changes

the types of rigging and the application of fiber rope, wire rope, and chains used in various combinations to raise or move heavy loads.
It includes basic instruction
splices,

lashing,

on knots, hitches, and tackle systems. Safety

precautions and requirements for the various operations are listed, as well as rules of thumb for rapid safe-load calculation.

this manual are encouraged to subm: recommended changes or comments to impro\ this manual. Comments should be keyed to tt specific page, paragraph, and line of the text i which the change is recommended. Reasor should be provided for each comment to insui understanding and complete evaluation. Con ments should be forwarded direct to Commai

Users of

United States Army Engineer Schoo Fort Belvoir, Va. 22060.

dant,

Section

II.

FIBER

ROPE

1-3.

Kinds
is

The term cordage

applied collectively to ropes and twines made by twisting together vegetable or synthetic fibers. The principal vegetable fibers are abaca, sisalana, henequen, hemp, and sometimes cotton and jute. The last two are relatively unimportant in the heavy

with chemicals to make it more mildew resis tant, which increases the quality of the rope Manila rope is generally the standard item c issue because of its quality and relativ
strength.
b. Sisal.

Sisal rope is

made from two

tropic*

cordage field. Abaca (known as Manila) sisalana and henequen (both known as sisal), are
,

classed

as
of

hard
the

fibers.

The
fibers,
:

comparative
considering

plants that yield a strong, valuable fiber. Thes plants, sisalana and henequen, produce fiber 0.6 to 1.2 meters (2 to 4 feet) long with sis*

strengths

above

abaca as 100, are as follows sisalana 80, henequen 65, and hemp 100. a. Manila. Manila is a strong fiber that comes from the leaf stems of the stalk of the abaca plant, which belongs to the banana family. The fibers vary in length from 1.2 to 4.5 meters (4 to 15 feet) in the natural states. The quality of the fiber and its length give manila
1

lana producing the stronger fibers of the tw plants. Because of the greater strength of sis* lana, these fibers are used to make the rop known as sisal. Sisal rope is about 80 percei

as strong as high quality manila rope and ca be easily obtained. It withstands exposure sea water very well and is often used for th:

reason.
c.

Hemp. Hemp

is

tall

plant that provide

J-i- Trt 1 --

"I-

-I

YARNS

FIBERS

STRANDS

Figure 1-1.

Cordage elements of rope construction.

manila, but its use today is relatively small. Its principal use now is in fittings such as ratline, marline, and spun yarn. Since hemp absorbs
far

much

better than the hard fibers, these

fit-

tings are invariably tarred to

make them more

water resistant. Tarred hemp has about 80 percent of the strength of untarred hemp. Of these tarred fittings, marline is the standard
item of issue.
Coir and Cotton. Coir rope is made from the fiber of coconut husks. It is a very elastic rough rope about one-fourth the strength of hemp, but light enough to float on water. Cotton makes a very smooth white rope which stands much bending and running. These two types of rope are not widely used in the military service except that cotton is used in some cases for very small lines.
d.

number of fibers of various plants are twi together to form the yarns, which are twisted together in an opposite direction tc fibers to form the strands. The strands twisted in an opposite direction to the y to form the completed rope. The directio twist of each element of the rope is know the "lay" of that element. Twisting each
ment

in the opposite direction (fig. 1-1) the rope in balance and prevents its elem from unlaying when a load is suspended o

The principal type of rope is the three sti right lay, in which three strands are twist*

a right-hand direction. Four strand r< which are also available, are slightly hes but weaker than three-strand ropes of same diameter.

three times that of manila. using nylon rope is that it

Nylon. Nylon has a tensile strength nearly The advantage of is waterproof and has the ability to stretch, absorb shocks and
e.

1-5.
a.

Characteristics
Size. In the U.S.

resume normal length. It also resists abrasion, rot, decay, and fungus growth.

Army, wire and rope sizes are designated by inches of diara and circumference. Wire rope is always d< nated by diameter; however, fiber rope is inch. Then ignated by diameter up to designated by circumference up to 12 inch* vaaarm wrka+- -faWloa V/vfl

Table 1-1. Properties of Manila, and Sisal Rope

NOTES:
1. Breaking strengths and safe loads given are for new rope used under favorable conditions. As rope ages or deteriorates, progressively reduce safe loads to one-half of values given. 2. Safe working load may be computed using a safety factor of 4, but when the condition of the rope is doubtful, further divide the computed load by 2.

b.

Weight. The weight of rope varies with

use, weather conditions, added preservatives, and other factors. Table 1-1 lists the weight of

new
c.

fiber rope.

erties

lists some of the propand sisal rope, including strength. The table shows that the minimum breaking strength is considerably greater than the safe working capacity. The difference is caused by the application of a safety factor. The safe working capacity of rope is obtained by dividing the breaking strength by a factor

Strength. Table 1-1

of

manila

much as 50 percent. If tables are not availabl the safe working capacity may be closely ai proximated by a rule of thumb. The rule thumb for the safe working capacity, in ton for fiber rope is equal to the square of the roj diameter in inches (SWC = D 2 ). The sa working capacity, in tons, of a "^-inch diam ter fiber rope would be y% inch squared or ton. The rule of thumb will allow a safety fa tor of approximately 4.
1-6.

<

Care

of safety (F.S.)

(;SWS

~|) A new
.

The strength and useful

inch

diameter No. 1 Manila rope has a breaking strength of 9,000 pounds (table 1-1). To deter-

mine the rope's safe working capacity, divide its breaking strength (9,000 pounds) by a minimum standard safety factor of 4. The result is a safe working capacity of 2,250 pounds. This means that we can safely apply 2,250 pounds

new one-inch diameter No. 1 Manila rope in normal use. A safety factor is always used because the breaking strength of rope becomes reduced after use and exposure to weather conditons. In addition, a safety factor
of tension to the
is

required because of shock loading, knots,

life of fiber rope w: be shortened considerably by improper cai Fiber rope should be dry when stored ai should be stored in a cool, dry place. This r duces the chances of mildew and rotting, should be coiled on a spool or hung from pe; in a way that will allow circulation of ai Avoid dragging the rope through sand or dii or pulling the rope over sharp edges. Sand grit between the fibers of the rope will cut t fibers and reduce its strength. Slacken ta lines before they are exposed to rain or dam ness because a wet rope shrinks and break. A frozen rope should not be used until is completely thawed; otherwise the froz

n'll

ft

4-1-*

^%TT

-v*s*n* r*4~

*L^

*4-3i/

RIGHT-LAY ROPE-

UNCOIL FROM INSIDE, IN COUNTERCLOCKWISE DIRECTION

UNCOILING A

NEW

COIL OF FIBER ROPE

RIGHT-LAY ROPE-

COIL

IN

CLOCKWISE

DIRECTION

COILING OF A FIBER ROPE AFTER BEING UTILIZED

Figure 12. Uncoiling and coiling rope.
boiline:

water will decrease rope strength about

lap.

The protective covering should not be

the rope up through the center of the coil; as the rope comes up through the coil it will un-

wind
1

in a counterclockwise direction.

ordinarily are easy to identify. Dirt and sawdust-like material inside the rope, caused by chafing, indicate damage. In rope having a central core, the core should not break away in small pieces upon examination. If this happens, it indicates that the rope has been overstrained. If the rope appears to be satisfactory in all other respects, pull out two fibers and try to break them. Sound fibers should offer con-

-8.

Inspection

The outside appearance of fiber rope is not always a good indication of its internal condition. The rope will soften with use. Dampness,
heavy
the fraying and breaking of chafing on rough edges, all weaken the rope considerably. Overloading of a rope may cause it to break, with possible heavy damage to material and serious injury to
strain,

strands,

and

personnel. For this reason, inspect rope carefully at regular intervals to determine its condition. Untwist the strands slightly to open the rope so that the inside can be examined. Mil-

siderable resistance to breakage. When any unsatisfactory conditions are found, destroy the rope or cut it up in short pieces. Make sure none of these pieces is left long enough to
its use in hoisting. This prevents the use of the rope for hoisting, but saves the short pieces for miscellaneous use.

permit

Section

III.

WIRE ROPE
pendent wire rope cores are normally used.

1-9.

Fabrication

The
ous

basic element of wire rope is the individual wire, which is made of steel or iron in varisizes.

The independent wire rope

core

is

actually a

The wires are laid together to form The strands are laid together to form the rope (fig. 1-3). The individual wires are
strands.

wound or laid together in a direction opposite to the lay of the strands. The strands are then wound about a central core which supports and maintains the position of strands during bending and load stresses. The core
usually

may

be constructed of fiber rope, independent fiber core can be either vegetable or synthetic fiber rope. This type of wire rope has the fiber core treated with a special lubricant which helps keep the

wire rope, or wire strand. The

separate smaller wire rope acting as the core. The independent wire rope core also adds to the strength of the rope. A wire strand core consists of a single strand either of the same construction or sometimes more flexible than the main rope strands. In some wire ropes, the wires and strands are preformed. Preforming is a method of presetting the wires in the strands (and the strands in the rope) into the permanent helical or corkscrew form they will have in the completed rope. As a result, preformed wire rope doesn't contain the internal stresses found in the nonpref ormed wire rope therefore, it does not untwist as easily and is
;

wire rope lubricated internally. Under tension, the wire rope contracts, forcing the lubricant from the core into the rope. This type of core has the additional advantage of acting as a
cushion for the strands when under stress. After contracting, the fiber core acts as a stress absorbent and prevents the internal

more

flexible

than nonpreformed wire rope.

1-10.

Classification

Wire rope is classified by the number of strands, number of wires per strand, strand
construction,
a.

crushing of the individual wires. The limitations of fiber cores are reached when pressure, such as crushing on the drum, results in core collapse and distortion of the rope strand. Furthermore,
if

the rope

is

subjected to excessive

heat, the vegetable or synthetic fibers may be damaged. Under such severe conditions, inde-

and type of lay. Combination. Wire and strand combinations (fig. 1-4) vary according to the purpose for which the rope is intended. The smaller and more numerous the wires the more flexible the rope, but the less resistant to external abrasion. Rope made up of a smaller number of larger wires is more resistant to external abrasion but is less flexible. The 6 x 37 (six

AGO

20062A

CROSS -SECTION

CORE

WIRE ROPE

WIRE

WIRES

STRANDS

STRAND

CORE
Figure 1-8. Elements of construction of wire rope.

made up of 37 wires) wire rope is the most flexible of the standard six-strand ropes. This permits its use with small sheaves and drums, such as on cranes. It is a very efficient rope because many inner strands are protected from abrasion by the outer strands.
strands, each

strands and wires are

tions.

wound

The most common

left.)

in opposite direclay in wire rope is the

wound

The
is

stiff est and strongest type for general use the 6 x 19 rope. This rope may be used over sheaves of large diameter if the speed is kept to moderate levels. It is not suitable for rapid operation or for use over small sheaves because

wound right, wires Left regular lay (strands wound left, wires wound right) is used where the untwisting rotation of the rope will counteract the unscrewing forces in the supported load as,
right regular lay. (Strands

for example, in drill rods well drilling.

and tubes for deep

of its stiffness.

Wire rope 6 x 7

is

the least flexi-

ble of the standard rope constructions. It is well suited to withstand abrasive wear because

(2) Lang lay. In Lang lay, the strands and wires are wound in the same direction. Because of the greater length of exposed wires, the

Lang

of the large outer wires.

6.

lay assures longer abrasion resistance of the wires, less radial pressure on small diameter sheaves or drums by the ropes and less

Lay. Lay

(fig.

1-5) refers to the direction

winding of the wires in the strands and the strands in the rope. Both may be wound in the same direction, or they may be wound in opposite directions. There are three types of rope
of

binding stresses in wire than in regular lay wire rope. Disadvantages of the Lang lay are the tendency to kinking and unlaying or open-

up of the strands, which makes it undesirable for use where grit, dust, and moisture are present.

lays

The standard

direction of

(1)

Regular

lay.

In

regular

lay,

the

right,

(strands and wires

Lang lay is wound right) al-

CORRECT

INCORRECT

6 x 19
Figure 1-6. Measuring wire rope.

2)

6 x 37

LOOP

Figure 1-4. Arrangement of strands in wire rope.

RIGHT REGULAR LAY

RIGHT LANG LAY

KINK

REVERSE LAY

RESULT
Figure 1-5.

Wire rope

lays.

Figure 1-7. Kinking in wire rope.

though

it

also

comes in

left lay

(strands and

wires wound left.) (3) Reverse lay. In reverse lay, the wires of any strand are wound in the opposite direc-

Figure 1-8. Unreeling wire rope.

of reverse lay rope is usually limited to certain types of conveyors. The standard direction of lay is right, (strands wound right) as it is for both regular lay and Lang lay ropes.

breaking strength. Since a suitable margin of safety must be provided when applying a load to a wire rope, the breaking strength is divided by an appropriate safety factor (table 1-3).
Table 1-2. Breaking Strength of 6 x 19 Standard

1-11.
a.

Characteristics

wire rope is designated by its diameter in inches. To determine the size of a wire rope, measure its greatest diameter
Size.
size of
(fig.

The

Wire Rope

'

1-6).

Weight. The weight of wire rope varies with the size and the type of construction. No rule of thumb can be given for determining the
b.

weight. Approximate weights for certain sizes are given in table 1-2.
c.

Strength. The strength of a wire rope

its

is

determined by
fabrication.

The

grade, and method of individual wires may be made

size,

of various materials including traction steel, mild plow steel, improved plow steel, and extra

improved plow

steel.

The ultimate or maximum

is

strength of a wire rope

referred to as the

6 x 19 means rope composed of 6 strands of 19 wires each. - The maximum allowable working load is the breaking strength divided by the appropriate factor of safety. See Table 1-3.
1

10

AGO

20062A

Figure 1-9.

Uncoiling wire rope.

Table 1-3. Wire Rope Safety Factors
Type
of service

The value then obtained is referred to as the safe working capacity and is the maximum
load that can safely be applied to the rope for that particular type of service. The factors of safety given in table 1-3 should be used in all
cases

Track cables Guys

.
..

where the rope

will be in service for a

value capacity in tons. (SWC = 8D 2 ) obtained in this manner will not always agree with the factor of safety given in table 1-3. The table is more accurate. The proper safety factor depends not only on loads applied, but

considerable time. As a rule of thumb the diameter of wire rope in inches can be squared and multiplied by 8 to obtain the safe working

Miscellaneous hoisting equipment Haulage ropes _ Derricks

- -

_ .

Small
Slings

electric

and air hoists

1-12.
a.

Care

also

on the speed of operation, the type of

fit-

tings used for securing the rope ends, the acceleration and deceleration, the length of rope, the number, size and location of sheaves and

Lubrication. At the time of fabrica lubricant is applied to wire rope. This cant generally does not last throughout t] of the rope, which make relubrication

drums, the factors causing abrasion and corrosion, the facilities for inspection, and the possible loss of life and property should a rope fail. Table 1-2 shows comparative breaking strengths of typical wire ropes.

sary. A good grade of oil or grease can b for this purpose it should be free of aci< alkalies and should be light enough to trate between the wires and strands rope. The lubricant can be brushed on tin or it can be applied by passing the through a trough or box containing the
;

<

cant.

The lubricant should be applied

as uni-

formly as possible throughout the length of the rope. In every case where the wire rope is being stored for any length of time it should be cleaned and lubricated before storage.
b.

move most

Cleaning. Scraping or steaming will reof the dirt or grit which may have

accumulated on a used wire rope. Rust should be removed at regular intervals by wire brush-

The rope should always be carefully cleaned just before lubrication. The object of cleaning at that time is to remove all foreign material and old lubricant from the valleys between the strands and from the spaces between the outer wires to permit the newly applied lubricant free entrance into the rope.
ing.

to the rope while these loops are in positii they will not straighten out but will fo: sharp kinks, resulting in unlaying of the ro] All of these loops should be straightened out the rope before applying a load. After a ki has formed in wire rope it is impossible to move it, and the strength of the rope is se ously damaged at the point where the kink curs. Such a kinked portion should be cut of the rope before it is used again.
b.

<

the rope

Coiling. Small loops or twists will form is being wound into the coil in a diri

tion opposite to the lay of the rope. Left wire rope should be coiled in a counterclo<

wise direction and right lay wire rope shoi be coiled in a clockwise direction.

Reversing Ends. To obtain increased serfrom wire rope it is sometimes advisable to reverse ends or cut bacjc the ends. Reversing ends is more satisfactory than just cutting back the ends because frequently the wear and fatigue on a rope are more severe at certain points than at others. To reverse ends, the drum end of the rope is detached from the drum and placed in the end attachment. The end removed from the end attachment then is fastened to the drum. Cutting back the end has a similar effect, but there is not as much
c.

vice

c. Unreeling. When removing wire rope fr a reel or coil, it is imperative that the reel coil rotate as the rope unwinds. The reel n be mounted as shown in figure 1-8. The ropi then pulled from the reel by a man holding end of the rope and walking away from

change involved. A short length is cut off the end of the rope and the new end placed in the fitting, thus removing the section which has
sustained the greatest local fatigue.
Storage. Wire rope should be coiled on a spool for storage and should be properly tagged as to size and length. It should be stored in a dry place to reduce corrosion and
d.

reel which rotates as the rope unwinds. I wire rope is in a small coil, stand the coil end and roll it along the ground (fig. 1-9), loops form in the wire rope, they should carefully removed before they form kinks kink can severely damage wire rope.

d. Seizing. Seizing is the most satisfact< method of binding the end of a wire rope,

though welding

will

also

hold the ends

kept away from chemicals and fumes which might attack the metal. Before storage, wire rope should always be cleaned and lubricated. If the lubricant film is applied properly and the wire is stored in a place protected from the weather, corrosion will be virtually eliminated. Rusting, corrosion of the wires, and deterioration of the fiber core sharply decrease the strength of the rope. The loss of strength caused by these effects is difficult to estimate.

gether satisfactorily. The seizing will last long as desired, and there is no danger weakening the wire through the application heat. Wire rope is seized as shown in fig 1-10. There are three convenient rules for termining the number of seizings, lengths, i space between seizings. In each case when calculation results in a fraction, the n

larger whole number is used. The follow calculations are based on a %-inch diame

wire rope.

(1) The number of seizings to be app equals approximately three times the diam< of the rope (No. seizings = 3D)

1-13.
a.

Handling

Kinking. When loose wire rope is handled, small loons (fier. 1-7} freauently form in the

Example: 3 X (dia) = 2%. Use 3 seizh (2) Each seizing should be 1 to 11/2 til

as loner as the diameter of the rot>e. (Lenertl:

TWIST PORTION NEAR MIDDLE

])

WRAP WITH SMALL

WIRES

TWIST ENDS TOGETHER

TIGHTEN TWIST WITH

NIPPERS

COUNTERCLOCKWISE

CUT OFF ENDS

TWIST TO TIGHTEN

REPEAT TWIST

BEND TWISTED PORTIC DOWN AGAINST ROPE

Figure 1-10. Seizing wire rope.

Example:

(dia)

= %. Use

1-inch

and the core

rope.

will not be

burned deep into

seizings. (3) The seizings should be spaced a distance apart equal to twice the diameter. (Spac-

The area heated should be kept to a mi mum, and no more heat should be applied th
essential to fuse the metal.

ing

= 2D)

Example: 2 X

(dia)

li/ 2

Use 2-inch

spaces. Note. Always change fraction to next larger whole number,

e. Welding. Wire rope ends may be bound together by fusing or welding the wires. This is a satisfactory method if carefully done, as it does not increase the size of the rope, and requires little time to complete. Before welding the rope a short piece of the core should be cut out of the end so that a clean weld will result

with a /. Cutting. Wire rope may be cut rope cutter (fig. 1-11), a cold chisel, a ha saw, bolt clippers, or an oxyacetylene cutt: torch. Before the wire rope is cut, the strai must be tightly bound to prevent unlaying the rope. Seizing or welding will secure ends that are to be cut. To use the wire r cutter, insert the wire rope in the bottom the cutter with the blade of the cutter com between the two central seizings. Push blade down against the wire rope and sti the top of the blade sharply with a sledge h

REEL

REEL

DRU

WIRE ROPE CUTTER

Figure 1-13.
Spooling wire rope from reel to

dr.

strands must move with respect to each otl in addition to bending. This bending and mi ing of wires should be kept to a minimum reduce wear. If the sheave or drum diameter
SEIZINGS

sufficiently large, the loss of strength due bending wire rope around it will be in neighborhood of 5 or 6 percent. In all cas

Figure 1-11.

Wire rope

cutter.

the speed of the rope over the sheaves or dri should be kept as slow as is consistent with
ficient
is

DRUM

BLOCK

work, to decrease wear on the rope, impossible to give an absolute minimi size for each sheave or drum, since a numl of factors enter into this decision. Howev

BLOCK

table 1-4 shows the minimum recommend sheave and drum diameters for several w: rope sizes. The sheave diameter always shot be as large as possible and, except for ve

flexible rope, never less than 20 times the w: rope diameter. This figure has been adopl

widely.
Table 1-4.

DRUM

BLOCK

Minimum Tread Diameter Drums

of Sheaves

DRUM

BLOCK

CORRECT
Figure 1-12. Avoid reverse bends in wire rope.

several times. The bolt clippers can be used on wire rope of fairly small diameter, but the oxyacetylene torch can be used on wire rope of any diameter. The hacksaw and cold chisel are slower methods of cutting.
g.

mer

*Rope construction

is

strands and wires per strand.

Drums and

Sheaves.

(2) Location. Drums, sheaves, and bloc used with wire rope should be reeved a placed in a manner to avoid reverse bends (i

FOR RIGHT LAY ROPE (USE RIGHT HAND)

FOR LEFT 1AY ROPE

(USE LEFT

For itaderwind

For Overwind on Drum: The palm is down, facing

the drum. The. index finger points at on-winding rope. The index finger must be
closest to the left-side flange. The wind of the rope must

on Drum:
The palm
the
is

For Overwind on Drum: The palm

is

up, facing

drum.
finger points at

down,
,

For Underwind on Drum:

facing the drum.

The index

The index
The index

The palm

is

up,

finger points at

on-winding rope.
finger must be closest to the right-side flange.

The index

on-winding rope.
finger must be closest to the right-aide flange. The wind of the rope must

The index The index

facing the drum. finger poincs at

on-winding rope.

The wind of

be from left the drum.

to right

along
If

the rope must be from right to left along the drum.

The wind of
drum.

be from right to
the drum.

left

along

finger must be close to the left-side flange. the rope must be from left to right along the

a smooth-face may not apply.

drum

hus been cut or scored by an old rope, th

methods shown

Figure

1H. Hand

rule for determining proper starting flange for wire rope.

CROSS-OVER TO SECOND GROOVE

.CROSS-OVER TWO TURN! \ OF THE SECOND LAYEI

TURN BACK AND

CROSS-OVER FOR SECOND LAYER
FIRST

FIVE

TURNS ON SECOND LAYER

STARTING THIRD LAYER

creases wear.

used, the blocks, sheaves, or reversal should be of larger

Where a reverse bend must be drum causing the

diameter than or-

inspection is determined by the amount of use of the rope. rope that is used 1 or 2 hours a

week requires
rope which
is

iinarily used and should be spaced as far apart as possible so there will be more time allowed

less frequent inspection than a used 24 hours a day.

between the bending motions.

Winding. Turns of wire rope should when wound on the drum of a svinch, but should be wrapped in smooth layjrs. Overlapping will result in binding, causing snatches on the line when the rope is unwound, ro produce smooth layers, start the rope against one flange of the drum and keep a ten(3)
lot

b. Procedure. The weak points in the rope and the points where the greatest stress occurs must be inspected carefully.

overlap

(1) Worn spots will show up as shiny flattened spots on the wires. If the outer wires have been reduced in diameter by one-fourth,

the

worn spot
(2)

is unsafe.

sion on the line while winding. Start the rope against the right or left flange as necessary to

Broken wires must be inspected to determine whether it is a single broken wire or

several. (a) If individual wires are broken next one another, unequal load distribution at this point will make the rope unsafe. (6) When 4 percent of the total number of wires composing a type of wire rope are found to be broken in one strand (the distance in which one strand makes one complete turn around the rope) the rope is unsafe. (c) The rope is unsafe if three broken wires are found in one strand of 6 x 7 rope, six broken wires are found in one strand of 6 x 19 rope, or nine broken wires are found in one strand of 6 x 37 rope.
to
,

match the direction of winding, so that when rewound on the drum the rope will curve in the same manner as when it left the reel (fig. 1-13). A convenient method for determining
the proper flange of the drum for starting the rope is known as the hand rule (fig. 1-14) The
.

extended index finger on this figure points at the on- winding rope. The turns of rope are wound on the drum close together to prevent the possibility of crushing and abrasion of the rope while winding, and binding or snatching of the rope when it is unwound. If necessary, a wood stick should be used to force the turns closer together. Striking the wire with a hammer or other metal object damages the individual wires in the rope. If possible, only a single layer of wire rope should be wound on the drum. Where it is necessary to wind additional layers, they must be wound so that binding will be eliminated. The second layer of turns is wound over the first layer by placing the wire

c. Common Ccmses of Wire Roye Failures. There are many forms of abuse of wire ropes. The most common abuses are the use of a rope which is

(1)

Of

incorrect

size,

construction,
obstacles.

or

grade.
(2) (3)

formed by the first layer, except that each turn of the rope in the second layer is crossed over two turns of the first layer (fig. 1-15). The third layer is wound in the grooves of the second layer, except that each turn of
in the grooves

Allowed to drag over

Not properly

lubricated,

the rope will cross over two turns of the sec-

ond

layer.

1-14.
a.

Inspection

Frequency. Wire ropes should be inspected frequently. Frayed, kinked, worn, or corroded ropes must be replaced. The frequency of

(4) Operating over Sheaves and drums of inadequate size. or (5) Overwinding crosswinding on drums. (6) Operating over sheaves and drums out of alinement. (7) Permitted to jump sheaves. (8) Subjected to moisture or acid fumes. (9) Permitted to untwist. (10) Kinked.

Section

8.

KNOTS, HITCHES,

AND LASHINGS

2-1

Introduction

good knot must be easy to tie, hold without slipping, and be easy to untie. The choice of the best knot, bend, or hitch to use depends largely on the job it has to do. In general, knots can be classified into three groups knots at the end of a rope, knots for joining two ropes, and knots for making loops. A study of the terminology pictured in figure 2-1 and
the following definitions will aid in understanding the methods of knotting presented in
this section.
a.

(9) Overhand turn or loop. An overhai turn or loop is made when the running ei passes over the standing part. (10) Underhand turn or loop. An unde hand turn or loop is made when the runnii end passes under the standing part.

Fundamental Terms.

(1) Rope. rope (often called a line) is a large, stout cord made of strands of fiber or

wire twisted or braided together. (2) Line. A line (sometimes

rope)
is

called

a thread, string, cord, or rope, especially a comparatively slender and strong cord.

knot is an interlacement (11) Knot. the parts of one or more flexible bodies, as co dage rope, forming a lump known as a kno any tie or fastening formed with a rope, i eluding bends, hitches, and splices. It is oft< used as a stopper to prevent a rope from pas ing through an opening. bend (in this manual called (12) Bend. knot) is used to fasten two ropes together or fasten a rope to a ring or loop. (13) Hitch. A hitch is used to tie a ro] around a timber, pipe, or post so that it hold temporarily but can be readily undone.

This manual will use the word rope rather than line in describing knots, hitches, rigging, and the like. (3) Running end. The running end is the free or working end of a rope. (4) Standing part. The standing part is the rest of the rope, excluding the running end. (5) Bight. A bight is a bend or U-shaped curve in a rope.
(6) Loop. A loop is formed by crossing the running end cover or under the standing part forming a ring or circle in the rope. (7) Turn. A turn is the placing of a loop around a specific object such as a post, rail, or ring with the running end continuing in a direction opposite to the standing part. (8)
fied turn,

b. Whipping Ends of Rope. The raw, cut e] of a rope has a tendency to untwist, and shou always be knotted or fastened in some mann

to prevent this untwisting. Whipping (fig. 2is one method of fastening the end of the ro
to prevent untwisting.

A rope is whipped wrapping the end tightly with a small coi This method is particularly satisfactory I

Round

turn. A round turn is a modibut with the running end leaving the

cause there is very little increase in the size the rope. The whipped end of a rope will s1 thread through blocks or other openings. I fore cutting a rope, place two whippings on t rope 1 or 2 inches apart and make the cut tween the whippings (fig. 2-2). This will pr< ent the cut ends from untwisting immediati after they are cut.

OVERHAND LOOP

UNDERHAND LOOP

SgS^SSSS

ROPE OR LINE

^^^^^^
Figure 2-1. Elements of knots, bends, and hitches.

LAY BIGHT

ALONG ROPE

END

START WHIPPING HERE

LAST

ROUND THRU LOOP

PULL LOOP TO CENTER

(

THE

LOOPS ARE OPENED TO CLARIFY THE WHIPPING PROCEDURE

CUT BETWEEN WHIPPINGS

2-3)

is

the most

commonly used and the sim-

from unreeving when reeved through

is

blocks. It

plest of all knots. An overhand knot may be used to prevent the end of a rope from untwisting, to form a knob at the end of a rope, or to serve as a part of another knot. When tied at the end or standing part of a rope, this knot prevents it from sliding through a block, hole, or another knot. It is also used to increase a person's grip on a rope. This knot reduces the strength of a straight rope by 55 percent.

easy to untie.

Figure 2-4-

Figure eight knot.

c. Wall Knot. The wall knot (fig. 2-5) with crown is used to prevent the end of a rope from untwisting when an enlarged end is not objectionable. It also makes a desirable knot to prevent the end of the rope from slipping

Figure 2-S.
b.

Overhand

knot.

Figure Eight Knot. The figure eight knot 2-4) is used to form a larger knot at the end of a rope than would be formed by an overhand knot. A figure eight knot is used in the
(fig.

through small openings, as when rope handles are used on boxes. Either the crown or the wall knot may be used separately, to form semipermanent "stopper knots" tied with the end strands of a rope. The wall knot will prevent the rope from untwisting, but to make a neat round knob, it should be crowned (fig. 2-6). Notice that in the wall knot the ends come up through the bights, causing the strands to lead

Figure 2-5. Wall knot.

2-3.
a.

Knots for Joining Two Ropes Square Knot. The square knot (fig. 2-7)

is

used for tying two ropes of equal size together so they will not slip. Note that in the square knot the end and standing part of one rope comes out on the same side of the bight formed by the other rope. The square knot will not hold if the ropes are wet or if they are of different sizes. It tightens under strain but can be untied by grasping the ends of the two bights

gether two ropes of unequal size and (2) tying a rope to an eye. This knot will draw tight but will loosen or slip when the lines are slackened.

more
c.

The single sheet bend is stronger easily untied than the square knot.

and

and pulling the knot apart.

Note. It makes no difference whether the first crosssing is tied left-over-right or right-over-left, as long as the second crossing is tied opposite to the first crossing.
b. Single Sheet Bend. The use of a single sheet bend (fig. 2-8), sometimes called a weaver's knot, has two major uses (1) tying to-

Double Sheet Bend. The double sheet bend 2-9) has greater holding power than the single sheet bend for joining ropes of equal or unequal diameter, joining wet ropes, or tying a rope to an eye. It will not slip or draw tight under heavy loads. This knot is more secure than the single sheet bend when used in a
(fig.

spliced eye.

2-10)

Carrick Bend. The carrick bend (fig. is used for heavy loads and for joining large hawsers or heavy rope. It will not draw
d.

Ann

>>nnfi'>A

21

Figure

2-f>.

Crown on wall

knot.

tight under a heavy load and is easily untied if the ends are seized to their own standing part.

forms two nonslipping

2-4.
a.

Knots for Making Loops

Bowline. The bowline (fig. 2-11) is one of the most common knots and has a variety of uses, one of which is the lowering of men and material. It is the best knot for forming a single loop that will not tighten or slip under strain, and is easily untied if each running end is seized to its own standing part. The bowline forms a loop which may be of any length.

loops. The bowline bight can be used for the same purpose boatswain's chair. It does not leave both hz free, but its twin nonslipping loops fori comfortable seat. It is used when a gre strength than that given by a single bowlii necessary, when it is desirable to form a

<

at

some point

in a

rope other than at the

the end of a rope is not accessible, bowline on a bight is easily untied, and ca tied at the end of a rope by doubling the
or
for a short section.

when

Double Bowline. The double bowline (fig. 2-12) forms 3 nonslipping loops. This knot can be used for slinging a man. As he sits in the slings, one loop is used to support his back and the remaining two loops support his legs; a notched board passed through the two loops
b.

e. Spanish Bowline. A Spanish bowline 2-15) can be tied at any point in a rope, ei at a place where the line is double or at an which has been doubled back. The Spa bowline is used in rescue work or to gi twofold grip for lifting a pipe or other r<

makes a comfortable

seat

known
is

as a boat-

objects in a sling.

swains chair. This chair

scaffolding section of this
c.

discussed in the
6).

manual (chap

Running Bowline. The running bowline 2-13) forms a strong running loop. It is a convenient form of running an eye. The running bowline provides a sling of the choker type at the end of a single line. It is used when a handline is to be tied around an object at a point that cannot be safely reached, such as the end of a limb.
(fig.

/. French Bowline. The French bowline 2-16) is sometimes used as a sling for Hi injured men. When used for this purpose, loop is used as a seat and the other loop is around the body under the arms. The weigl the injured man keeps the two loops tigh that he cannot fall out. It is particularly us as a sling for an insensible man. The Fn bowline may also be used where a ma working alone and needs both hands free, two loops of this knot can be adjusted to

d.

Bowline on a Bight. This knot

(fig.

2-14)

size required.

Figure 2-7. Square knot.

Speir Knot. A Speir knot (fig. 2-17) is when a fixed loop, a nonslip knot, and a :k release are required. It can be tied :kly and released by a pull on the running
.

rope to a hook than the blackwall hitch (para 2-5 k}. It will not slip off and need not be kept
taut to
i.

make

it

hold.

Catspaw.

catspaw

(fig.

2-18) can be

for fastening an endless sling to a hook, can be made at the end of a rope for f as-

Figure Eight With an Extra Turn. A figure eight with an extra turn (fig. 2-19) can be used to tighten a rope. This knot is especially well suited for tightening a one-rope bridge across a small stream. It is easily tied

and
2-5.
a.

untied.

jng the rope to

led.
to, is

a hook. It

This knot, which a more satisfactory

easily tied or is really a form of

is

Hitches

way

of attaching a

Half Hitch. The half hitch (A,

fig.

2-20)

Figure

2-8.

Single sheet bend.

Figure 2-9. Double sheet bend.

is

used to

tie

a rope to a timber or to a larger

rope. It will hold against a steady pull on the standing part of the rope, but is not a secure
hitch. It is frequently used for securing the free end of a rope, and is an aid and the foundation of many knots. For example, it is the

start of a timber hitch and a part of the fisherman's knot. It also makes the rolling hitch

more

secure.

Two Half Hitches. Two half hitches (B, 2-20) are especially useful for securing the running end of a rope to the standing part. If the two hitches are slid together along the standing part to form a single knot, the knot becomes a clove hitch. c. Round Turn and Two Half Hitches. Another hitch used for fastening a rope to a pole, timber, or spar is the round turn and two half
b.

fig.

Figure 2-10. Carrick bend.

tches

the (fig. 2-21). For greater security, be seized to the nning- end of the rope should anding part. This hitch does not jam.
d.

the sure of the coils, one over the other, holds the timber securely; the more tension applied, the timber. It tighter the hitch becomes about when will not slip, but will readily loosen
strain is relieved.
e.

Timber
is

-22)
>les.

Hitch. The timber hitch (fig. used for moving heavy timber or
hitch
is

This

excellent for securing a

objects.

Timber Hitch and Half Hitch.

(fig.

iece

of lumber or similar

The

pres-

hitch and half hitch

A timber 2-23) are combinec

Figure 2-11. Bowline.

Figure 2-13.
to hold

Running bowline.

heavy timber or poles when they are A timber hitch used alone may become untied when the rope is slack or a sudden strain is put on it.
being
lifted or dragged.
/.

Clove Hitch. The clove hitch

puts very little strain on the fibers when th< rope is put around an object in one continuous direction. The clove hitch can be tied at an: point in a rope. If there isn't constant tensioi on the rope, another loop (round of the ropi
flip rkVnAff anrl

(fig.

2-24)

is

nnrlpr

fViP PPTI^PV

nf

+Vii

Figure 2-15. Spanish bowline.

Figure 2-16.
g. Rolling Hitch. The rolling hitch (fig. 2-25) is used to secure a rope to another rope, :>r fasten it to a pole or pipe so that the rope will

French bowline.
to a

not

slip.

This knot grips tightly, but

pole

is

easily
is

moved along a rope or

when

strain

hook or similar object in derrick work. This hitch holds only when subjected to a constant strain or when used in the middle of a rope with both ends secured. Human life and breakable equipment should never be entrusted
to the blackwall hitch.
I. Harness Hitch. The harness hitch (fig. 2-30) forms a nonslipping loop in a rope. It is often employed by putting an arm through the loop, then placing the loop on the shoulder and pulling the object attached to the rope. The hitch is tied only in the middle of a rope. It will slip if only one end of the rope is pulled.

relieved.
h.

Telegraph Hitch. The telegraph hitch (fig. 2-26) is a very useful and secure hitch which is used to hoist or haul posts and poles.
It is
i.

easy to tie and untie, and will not

slip. (fig.

Mooring Hitch. The mooring hitch

2-27), also called rolling or magnus hitch, is used to fasten a rope around a mooring post or to attach a rope at a right angle to a post. This
bitch grips tightly
j.

and

is

easily removed.
scaffold hitch
(fig.

is

m. Girth Hitch. The girth hitch (fig. 2-31) used in tying suspender ropes to hand ropes

Scaffold Hitch.
is

The

in the construction of expedient foot bridges. It

is

used to support the end of a scaffold plank with a single rope. It prevents the plank :rom tilting.
2-28)

a simple and convenient hitch for other uses of ropes and cords.

many

Blackwall Hitch. The blackwall hitch (fig. J-29) is used for fastening a rope to a hook. It s generally used to attach a rope temporarily
k. to

n. Sheepshank. A sheepshank (fig. 2-32) is a method of shortening a rope, but it also may be

used to take the load off a weak spot in the rope. It is only a temporary knot unless the
AGO
20062A

Figure 2-17. Speir knot.

AGO

20062A

31

AT CENTER OF HOPE

AT END OF ROPE

CTig5^^

Half hitch.

Figure 2-19.

Figure eight with extra turn.

eyes are fastened to the standing part on each

end.

Fisherman's Bend. The fisherman's bend 2-33) is an excellent knot for attaching a rope to a light anchor, a ring, or a rectangular piece of stone. It can be used to fasten a rope
o.

(fig.

or cable to a ring or post or

be

where there will slackening and tighening motion in the

rope.

2-6.
a.

Knots for Tightening a Rope

Butterfly Knot.

The butterfly knot (fig. 2-34) is used to pull taut a high line, handline, tread rope for foot bridges, or similar installations. Use of this knot will provide the capability to tighten a fixed rope when mechanical means are not available. (The harness hitch (fig. 2-30) can also be used for this purpose.) The butterfly knot will not jam if a stick is
placed between the two upper loops.

Baker Bowline. The baker bowline (fig. 2-35) may be used for the same purpose as the
b.

Figure 2-20.
to tie, can be adjusted

Half

hitches.

butterfly knot (fig. 2-34) and for lashing cargo. When used to lash cargo, secure one end with two half hitches, pass the rope over the

without losing contrc and can be released quickly.

Lashings Square Lashing. The square lashing
is

2-7.
a.

cargo and tie a baker bowline, then secure the lashing with a slippery half hitch. To release the rope, simply pull on the running end. The baker bowline has the advantage of being easy

(fi

2-36)

used to lash two spars together right angles to each other. To tie a square las ing, begin with a clove hitch on one spar ai

Figure 2-22.
Figure 2-21. Round turn and two half hitches.

Timber

hitch.

TIMBER HITCH

Figure 2-23.

Timber hitch and half

c.

hitch.

of 4 complete turns around both members. Continue with two frapping turns between the vertical and the horizontal spar to tighten the lashing. Tie off the running end to the opposite spar from which you started with another clove hitch to finish the

make a minimum

Block Lashing. Block lashing (fig. 2-38) used to tie a tackle block to a spar. First, 3 right turns of the rope are made around the spar where the tackle block is to be attached. The next 2 turns of the rope are passed
is

through the mouth of the hook or shackle of

the tackle block

square lashing.

Shears Lashing. The shears lashing (fig. 2-37) is used to lash 2 spars together at one end to form an expedient device called a shears. This is done by laying 2 spars side by the diameter of a side, spaced apprximately spar apart, with the butt ends together. The shears lashing is started a short distance in from the top of one of the spars by tying the end of the rope to it with a clove hitch. Then 8 tight turns are made around both spars above the clove hitch. The lashing is tightened with a minimum of 2 frapping turns around the 8 turns. The shears lashing is finished by tying the end of the rope to the opposite spar from which you started with another clove hitch.
6.

and drawn tightly. Then 3 additional taut turns of the rope are put around the spar above the hook or shackle. The block
lashing is completed by tying the 2 ends of the rope together with a square knot. When a sling is supported by a block lashing, the sling is passed through the center 4 turns.

2-8.

Under

Knots for Wire Rope special circumstances when wire rope

and it is necessary to fasten wire rope by some other manner, certain knots can be used. In all knots made with wire rope, the running end of the rope should be fastened to the standing part after the knot is tied. When wire rope clips are available they
fittings are not available

AT CENTER OF ROPS

AT END OF ROPE

Figure 2-24-

Clove hitch.

should be used for fastening the running end. If clips are not available, wire or strand of cordage may be used. All knots in wire rope should be checked periodically for wear or signs of breakage. If there is any reason to believe that the knot has been subjected to exces-

sive wear, a short length of the end of t

rope, including the knot, should be cut off a: a new knot should be tied. The fishermai

bend, clove hitch, and carrick bend can be us for fastening wire rope.

'I.

Figure 2-26.

Telegraph

hitch.

Figure 2-28. Scaffold hitch.

Figure 2-29. Blackwall

hitch.

Figure 2-30. Harness

hitch.

Figure 2-32.

Sheepshank.

Figure 2-SS.

Fishermen's bend.

Figure

2-S4-.

Butterfly knot.

RUNNING END UNDER OBJECT AND THROUGH TIE-DOWN RING

FORM A LOOP

ROUND TURN AND TWO HALF HITCHES

DRAW BIGHT THROUGH LOOP

FORM A BIGHT UNDER LOOP

Figure 2-35. Baker bowline.

PASS RUNNING END

THROUGH LOOP

DRAW

TIGHT

ORM A

BIGHT WITH

RUNNING END

Figure 2-35

Continued.

CLOVE HITCH

2-3

FRAPP1NG TURNS

TURNS

CLOVE HITCH

Figure 2-36. Square lashing.

TWO OR THREE FRAPPING TURNS

INISH WITH CLOVE ITCH ON OPPOSITE

SPAR

Figure 2-37. Shears lashing.

Figure 2-38. Block lashing.

Section

II.

SPLICES
a

2-9.

introduction
is

minimum

reduction

a method of joining rope or wire by unlaying strands of both ends and interweaving these strands together. There are four gena short splice, an eye or eral types of splices side splice, a long splice, and a crown or back splice. The methods of making all four types of splices are similar. They generally consist of three basic steps unlaying the strands of the rope, placing the rope ends together, and interweaving the strands and tucking them into the rope. It is extremely important, in the splicing of wire rope, to use great care in laying the various rope strands firmly into position. Slack strands will not receive their full share of the load and cause excessive stress to be put on the
Splicing

place in

making

in rope length the splice. This splice

takes
is fre-

quently used to repair damaged ropes when two ropes of the same size are to be joined together permanently. Damaged parts of a rope are cut out and the sound sections are spliced.

Eye or Side Splice for Fiber Rope The eye or side splice (fig. 2-40) is used for making a permanent loop in the end of a rope. The loops can be used for fastening the rope to a ring or hook and can be made up with or
without a thimble. A thimble is used to reduce wear. This splice is also used to splice one rope into the side of another. As a permanent loop or eye, no knot can compare with this splice for neatness and efficiency.

2-11.

other strands.

The unequal
splices

stress distribution

will decrease the possible ultimate

the

splice.

When

are to be

strength of used in

2-12.

places where their failure may result in material damage or may endanger human lives, the
splices should

Long Splice for Fiber Rope The long splice (fig. 2-41) is used when

the

at least twice their

be tested under stresses equal to maximum working load be-

fore the ropes are placed into service. Table 2-1 shows the amount or length of rope to be unlaid on each of the two ends of the ropes,

larger diameter of the short splice has an adverse effect on the use of the rope, and for splicing long ropes that operate under heavy stress. This splice is as strong as the rope itself.

skillfully

made

long splice will run

difficulty.

through sheaves without any

The

and the amount of tuck for ropes of different diameters. As a rule of thumb use the following long splice 40 times the diameter short
:

ropes to be joined should be the same lay and as nearly the same diameter as possible.

splice

20 times the diameter.

Table 2-1.

Amount

of

Wire Rope To Allow for Splice and Tucks

Crown or Back Splice for Fiber Rope the end of a rope is to be spliced to prevent unlaying and a slight enlargement of the end is not objectionable, a crown splice
2-13.

Where

(fig. 2-42) may be used to accomplish this. No length of rope should be put into service without having the ends properly prepared.

Renewing Strands one strand of a rope is broken it cannot be repaired by tying the ends together because

2-14.

When

would shorten the strand. The rope can be repaired by inserting a strand longer than the break and tying the ends together (fig. 2-43)
this
.

2-10.

Short Splice for Fiber

splice (fig.
it is

Rope

The short

2-39)

is

rope in which

made and

as strong as the will hold as much

as a long splice. However, the short splice causes an increase in the diameter of the rope for a short distance and can be used only

2-15. Tools for Splicing Only a few tools are required for splicing wire rope. In addition to the tools shown in figure 2-44, a hammer and cold chisel are often used for cutting ends of strands. Two slings of marline and two sticks should be used for untwisting the wire.

where

this increase in

diameter will not affect

A pocket knife may be needed for

EACH UNLAY SEVEN TURNS AT END OF ROPE AND PLACE ENDS TOGETHER

EACH STRAND BETWEEN, TWO STRANDS OP THE OPPOSITE END

MAKE

FIRST TUCK UNDER NEAREST STRAND

CROSS AND TUCK EACH STRAND AT NEARLY RIGHT ANGLES

DIVIDE EACH STRAND INTO

TWO PARTS AND TAKE STRAND OR MORE TUCKS WITH EACH HALF TWO
,

SSSSS
CUT

<m

All IOCS. IKDS

ANB

OU ON

HA.O SURFACE

UNLAY ABOUT

TURNS

I
WHIP

FORM LOOP OF
THE DESIRED SIZE

PASS MIDDLE STRAND IN THE STANDING PART AT THE DESIRED SIZE

PASS THE TOP STRAND UNDER THE NEXT STRAND IN THE STANDING PART

PASS THE BOTTOM STRAND UNDER THE LAST STRAND IN THE STANDING PART

TUCK THE THREE STRANDS INTO THE STANDING PART AS IN THE SHORT SPLICE

Figure 2-40. Eye or side splice for fiber rope.

Short Splice in Wire Rope short splice develops only from 70 to 90 percent of the strength of the rope. short splice

2-16.

fiber

A
is

rope splice (fig. 2-39) only in the of tucking the end strands (fig. 2-45)
.

method

bulky and used only for block straps, slings, or where an enlargement of the diameter is of no importance. It is not suitable for splicing driving ropes or ropes used in running tackles, and should never be put into a crane or hoist rope. The wire rope splice differs from the

2-17.

Eye Splice

in

Wire Rope

eye splice can be made with or without a thimble. A thimble (fig. 2-46) should be used for every rope eye unless special circumstances prohibit it. The thimble protects the rope from

An

sharp bends and abrasive action. The efficiency

UNLAY

FIFTEEN

TURNS FROM EACH END

LAY IN

BRING ROPES TOGETHER AS IN SHORT SPLJCE

UNLAY ONE STRAND AND ITS PLACE A STRAND OF THE OTHER ROPE

LEAVE FIVE TURNS

BE SURE THE ENDS OF THE STRAND IN EACH PAIR PASS EACH OTHER

TUCK AND FINISH EACH PAIR AS IN THE SHORT SPLICE

CUT OFF ALL LOOSE ENDS

Figure
2-4.1.

Long

splice for fiber rope.

of a well-made eye splice with a heavy-duty thimble varies from 70 to 90 percent. Occasionally it

2-18.

becomes necessary to construct a

(fig.

field

Long Splice in Wire Rope The long splice (fig. 2-48) is used for joini two ropes or for making an endless sling wri

expedient, called hasty eye

2-47).

The

hasty eye can be easily and quickly made, but is limited to about 70 percent of the strength r\-f rl nnn t Iv stirmlrl Tint. V>P.

out increasing the thickness of the wire rope the splice. It is the best and most import* kind of splice because it is strong and trim.
n
T?

"Poniilfi.v

T .rt.it

PRICKER

UNLAY

SIX

TURNS

START WITH

V
FLAT SPIKE

PLIERS

CROWN KNOT

MALLET

TUCK OVER ONE

AND UNDER

NEXT

TURN ROPE AND TUCK EACH STRAND

FID

MARLINE. SPIKE
Figure 2-44" Tools for wire

PINCERS
splicing.

TRIM ENDS
Figure 2-42. Crown or back
splice for fiber rope.

30-foot splice in a %-inch regular lay, round strand, hemp center wire rope. Other strand combinations differ only when there is an un-

even number of strands. In splicing ropes having an odd number of strands, the odd tuck is made at the center of the splice.

TUCK EACH STRAND!

Round Strand Lang Lay Rope. In splicing Lang lay rope, it is advisable to make a slightly longer splice than for the same
b.

a round strand
size

UNLAY BROKEN STRAND

OVERHAND KNOT

SMOOTH
INSERT

NEW STRAND

TUCKED ENDS BY ROLLING

rope of regular lay because of the tendency Up to the point of tucking the ends, the procedure for regular lay is followed. Then, instead of laying the strands side-by-side where they pass each other, they are crossed over to increase the holding power of the splice. At the point where they cross, the strands are untwisted for a length of about 3 inches so they cross over each other without materially increasing the diameter of the rope. Then the tucks are finished in the usual manof the rope to untwist.
ner.

Figure 2-43. Renewing rope strands.

TWIST STRAND IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS

TUCK STRAND INTO CENTER OF ROPE

TAP LIGHTLY WITH

WOODMALLET

Figure 2-45.

Tucking wire rope strands.

INSERT

STRAND
1

IN THIS

OPENING

OPEN THREE ADJACENTSTRANDS

STRAND 2 UNDER SECOND STRAND

STRAND

UNDER

THIRD STRAND

TURN THIMBLE

OVER

INSERT

STRANDS

4,5

&6

INSERT EACH STRAND AGAIIs

TURN THIMBLE

Figure 2-46.

Eye

splice

with thimble.

EACH SECTION 4 TIMES DIAMETER

FORMA LOOP

OF

EYE

SEPARATE WIRE INTO TWO THREE STRAND SECTIONS

LAY THE STRANDS

SEIZE

BACK AROUND EACH OTHER

splice.

Figure 2-47. Hasty eye

(Use only preformed rope).

Unlay 15

feet

on each end

Cut cores and interlace strands to get!

Unlay strands and replace with strands from opposite side

s^p; v
Cut off unlaid strands leaving ends as

shown

Tuck the two ends at each point to complete the splice

Figure 2-48.

Long

splice

in.

wire rope.

Section

III.

ATTACHMENTS
number
splice.

2-19. Use of Attachments Most of the attachments used with wire rope
are designed to provide an eye on the end of the rope by which maximum strength can be obtained when the rope is connected with another rope, hook, or ring. Figure 2-&$ shows a

attachments used with the eye of the ends can be joined together, either directly or with the aid of 2 shackle or end fitting. These attachments foi wire rope take the place of knots.
of

Any two

EYE SPLICE

CLOSED SOCKET

THIMBLE IN EYE

OPEN SOCKET

ftlMU

SSSSSSS3S2S

LINK

AND THIMBLE
BRIDGE SOCKET

SHACKLE AND THIMBLE

WEDGE SOCKET
Figure 2-50. Basket socket end
fittings.

HOOK AND
Figure 2-49.

THIMBLE
splice.

Attachments used with eye

2-20. End Fittings An end fitting may be placed directly on wire rope. Fittings that are easily and quickly changed are clips, clamps, and wedge sockets. The basket socket end fittings (fig. 2-50) include closed sockets, open sockets, and bridge
sockets.

wire rope line or anchorage. The clips should be spaced about six rope diameters apart. The number of clips to be installed is equal to three times the diameter of the rope plus one. (No. of clips = 3 D 4- 1) Thus, a 1-inch rope requires four clips. When this calculation results in a fraction the next larger whole number is used. After all clips are installed the clip farthest from the thimble is tightened with a wrench. Then the rope is placed under tension and the nuts are tightened on the clip next to
the first
clip. The remaining clips are tightened in order, moving toward the thimble. After the rope has been placed in service and has been under tension, the nuts should be

2-21.
rable.

Clips

Wire rope clips (fig. 2-51) are reliable and duThey can be used repeatedly in making eyes in wire rope, either for a simple eye or an
eye reinforced with a thimble, or to secure a

tightened again to compensate for any decrease in rope diameter caused by the load. For this

ground.

2-22.

Clamps

wire clamp (fig. 2-52) can be used with or without a thimble to make an eye in wire rope.

It has about 90 percent of the strength of the rope. The two end collars should be tightened with wrenches to force the clamp to a good snug fit. This crushes the

without a thimble.

pieces of rope firmly against each other.

CORRECT

INCORRECT

INCORRECT

Figure 2-51. Wire rope

clips.

2-23.

Wedge

Socket

wedge socket end fitting (fig. 2-53) is used when it may be necessary to change the fitting at frequent intervals. The efficiency is about

two-thirds the strength of the rope. It is made in two parts. The socket itself has a tapered opening for the wire rope and a small wedge to go into this tapered socket. The loop of wire

lorm a nearly

direct line to tne clevis pin 01 the fitting. A properly installed wedge socket connection will tighten when a strain is placed on the wire rope.

2-24.

Basket Socket

Figure 2-52.

Wire rope clamps.

basket type socket ordinarily is attached to the end of the rope with molten zinc or babbitt

WIRE ROPE CLIP

INCORRECT
Figure 2-53.

CORRECT
Wedge
is

socket.

metal, and

is

a permanent end

fitting. If

pro-

perly

up, this fitting is as strong as the rope itself. If molten lead is used instead of zinc, the strength of the connection must be asof a zinc connection.

made

sharply reduced and must be considered tc be about one-sixth the strength of a zinc con nection. In all cases the wire rope should leac from the socket in line with the axis of th<
socket.
a.
(fig.

reduced to one-fourth the strength The socket can be made up by the dry method if facilities are not available to make a poured fitting, but its strength

sumed

to be

Poured Method. The poured basket socke 2-54) is the most satisfactory method h
If the socketing is

use.

properly done, whei

AGO

20062.

tested to destruction, a wire rope will break before it will pull out from the socket.
b.

made up
chion
clips
is

Dry Method. The dry method

(fig.

2-55)

of a 1-inch diameter pipe. Each stan 40 inches long. Two %-inch wire rop< are fastened through holes in the pip<

should be used only when facilities are not available for the poured method. The strength of the connection must be assumed to be reduced to about one-sixth of the strength of a

poured zinc connection.

with the centers of the clips 36-inches apart Such a stanchion can be used without modifi cation for a suspended walkway which use: two wire ropes on each side, but for handlines the lower wire rope clip is removed or left off Refer to TM 5-270 for detailed information 01
types and uses of stanchions.

2-25.

Stanchions
(fig.

The standard pipe stanchion

2-56)

is

SPREAD WIRES IN EACH STRAND

BEND EACH WIRE OVER

UNLAY STRANDS EQUAL TO LENGTH OF SOCKET

POUR
PULL ROPE INTO SOCKET

IN

MOLTEN

ZINC OR BABBITT

PLACE PUTTY

OR
CLAY HERE
Figure 2-54.
Attaching basket sockets by pouring.

UNLAY STRANDS EQUAL TO TWICE THE LENGTH OF SOCKET

BEND EACH WIRE OVER

THE KNOT

BEND ENDS WITH TWINE

DRIVE WIRE FIRMLY

INTO SOCKET

Figure 2-55. Attaching basket socket by dry method.

%" WIRE
ROPE CUP
3'-0"

DRILL
11/16"

FOUR HOLES
DIAMETER

Figure 256. Iron pipe stanchions.

Ropes may be used in the construction of hanging ladders and standoff ladders. Hanging ladders are made of wire or fiber rope anchored at the top and suspended vertically. They are difficult to ascend and descend, particularly for a man carrying a pack or load, and should be

used.

two

different methods. In one

is

The rungs may be fastened in place by method a 7/16drilled at

inch diameter hole

each end

of

used only when necessary. Standoff ladders are easier to climb because they have two wood or

metal uprights which hold them rigid, and they are placed at an angle. Both types of ladders can be prefabricated and transported easily. One or two standoff ladders are adequate for most purposes, but three or four hanging
ladders must be provided for the same purpose because they are more difficult to use.

each pipe rung and %-inch wire rope uprights are threaded through the holes. To hold each rung in place a %-inch wire rope clip is fastened about the wire rope upright at each end of each rung after the rung is in final position. In the other method the pipe rungs are cut 12 inches long and the U-bolt of a %-inch rope clip is welded to each end. The rungs are spaced 12 inches apart on the %-inch wire rope uprights. The saddle of the wire rope clips and the nuts are placed on the U-bolts, then the nuts are tightened to hold the rungs
in place.

2-27.

Hanging Ladders
of hanging ladders

The uprights

may

be

made

of wire or fiber rope

and anchored

at the top

and bottom. Wire rope uprights with pipe rungs make the most satisfactory hanging ladders because they are more rigid and do not sag as much as hanging ladders made of other material. Wire rope uprights with wire rope rungs are usable. Fiber rope uprights with

Wire Rope Ladder With Wire Rope Rungs. wire rope ladder with wire rope rungs is made by laying the %-inch diameter wire rope unrights on the ground. The first length is
b.

layed out in a series of U-shaped bends. The second length is layed out in a similar manner (fig. 2-58) with the U-shaped bends in the opposite direction from those in the first series,

wood or fiber rope rungs are difficult to use because of their greater flexibility which causes them to twist when they are being used. A log should be placed at the break of the ladder at the top to hold the uprights and rungs away from a rock face so that better handholds and footholds are provided. single rock anchor is usually sufficient at the bottom of the ladder, or a pile of rocks can be used as bottom anchor for fiber rope hanging ladders.

and the horizontal rung portions overlapping. A %-inch wire rope clip is fastened on the overlapping rung portions at each end of each rung to hold them firm.
c. Fiber Rope Ladder With Fiber Rope Rungs. Fiber rope ladders with fiber rope rungs can be made by using two or three up-

rights.

When

three uprights

(fig.

2-59)

are

a. Wire Rope Ladder With Pipe Rungs. A wire rope ladder can be made using either 1inch or %-inch pipe rungs. The 1-inch pipe rungs are more satisfactory. For such ladders the standard pipe stanchion is used. The pipe stanchions are spaced 12 inches apart in the ladder (fig. 2-57) and the %-inch wire rope clips are inserted in the stanchion over %-inch wire rope uprights. If s/g-inch wire rope uprights are used, %-inch wire rope clips are inserted in the pipe over the wire rope uprights. When 34-inch pipe rungs are used, the rungs

used, a loop is made in the center upright at the position of each rung. The two outside uprights are spaced 20 inches apart. loop and a single splice hold each end of each rung to the

outside upright. loop in the center of the rung passes through the loop in the center upright. If only two uprights are used, the rungs are held in place by a loop and a rolling hitch

or a single splice at each upright. The two uprights must be closer together, with shorter rungs, to stiffen the ladder. Ladders of eithei type are very flexible and difficult to climb.

are also spaced 12 inches apart in the ladder but uprights should not be spaced more than

d. Fiber Rope Ladder With Wood Rungs Fiber rope ladders with wood rungs (fig. 2-60' can be made by using finished lumber or nativi material for rungs. When native material i

AGO

20062A

INCH PIPE STANCHIONS FOR RUNGS

METHOD
1

METHOD

3/4" WIRE ROPE CLIPS 3/4" WIRE ROPE

1" PIPE

3/8" WIRE ROPE

T
12"

1" PIPE

i
3'

INCH PIPE FOR

METHOD
1

RUNGS
METHOD
U 2

3/4" PIPE

BOLT FROM A 3/ WIRE ROPE CLIP

\
WELD TO
PIPE

3/8" WIRE ROPE

12"

12"
Figure 2-57.
Pipe rungs.

%" DIAMETER WIRE-ROPE CLIP

ds^sssssis^ss^^

12"
I

12"-

Figure 258.

Wire rope rungs.

10" 12"

used, the rungs are cut from 2-inch diameter material about 15 inches long. The ends of each rung are notched and the rung is fastened to the fiber rope upright with a clove hitch.

THREE UPRIGHTS

TWO

UPRIGHTS

Figure 2-59.

Fiber rope rungs.

The rungs

are spaced 12 inches apart. A piece of seizing wire is twisted about the back of the clove hitch to make it more secure, and in a

manner which

will not snag the clothing of persons climbing the ladder. If rungs are to be made of finished lumber the rungs are cut to size and a -%,-inch hole is drilled at each end. Oak lumber is best for this purpose. A 14 -inch

by 2i/2-inch carriage bolt is put horizontally through each end near the vertical hole t( prevent splitting. An overhand knot is tied ii the upright to support the rung. Then the up right is threaded through the %-inch hole ii the rung. A second overhand knot is tied in th< upright before it is threaded through the nex rung. This procedure is continued until the de
sired length of the ladder
is

reached.

AGO

20062A

NATIVE MATERIAL

FINISHED MATERIAL

CLOVE
12'

HITCH
it Li
i
I

CN

%"

FIBER

ROPE

16"

SEIZING WIRE TO HOLD

SECTION OF RUNG

KNOT

IN

BACK

OVERHAND KNOT

Figure 2-60.

Wood

rungs.

CHAPTER

HOISTING

Section

I.

CHAINS AND HOOKS

3-1 Introduction Chains are made up of a series of links fas.

number

available.

of grades and types of chains are In lifting, chains as well as fiber

tened through each other. Each link is made of a rod of wire bent into an oval shape and welded at one or two points. The weld ordinarily causes a slight bulge on the side or end of the link (fig. 3-1). The chain size refers to the diameter in inches of the rod used to make the link. Chains will usually stretch under excessive loading so that the individual links will be bent slightly. Bent links are a warning that the chain has been overloaded and might fail suddenly under load. Wire, on the other hand, will fail a strand at a time, giving warning before complete failure occurs. If a chain is equipped with the proper hook, the hook should start to fail first, indicating that the chain is overloaded. Chains are much more re-

ropes or wire ropes can be tied to the load. But for speed and convenience, it is much better to fasten a hook to the end of the lifting line. Blocks are ordinarily constructed with a hook

(para 3-4).

3-2. Strength of Chains To determine the safe working load on a chain

apply
a
factor

strength.

assumed

of safety to the breaking safe working load ordinarily is to be approximately one-sixth of th<

The

breaking strength, giving a factor of safety o: 6. Table 3-1 lists safe working loads for vari ous chains. The safe load or safe working ca pacity of an open link chain can be approxi

mated by using the following

rule of

thumb

and corrosion than wire rope; therefore, chains are used where this
sistant to abrasion

SWC =
D =

8D. 2

Smallest link thickness or least di

ameter measured in inches

(fig

3-1)

SWC

EXAMPLE:

Safe working capacity in tons. Using the rule of thumb, the saf

SWC

= 8D- =

working capacity of a chain wit! a link thickness of %-inch is

8(%)= =

4.5

tons

9,000 pounds

Figure 8-1.

Link thickness.

The figures given assume that the load is ap plied in a straight pull rather than by an im pact. An impact load occurs when an object dropped suddenly for a distance and stopped The impace load in such a case the weight of the load.
3-3.
is

i:

several time

type of deterioration is a problem. An example is the use of chains for anchor gear in marine work where the chains must withstand the corrosive effects of sea water. Another example
is

Care of Chains
hoisting

When

heavy

metal

objects

usin

Table 3-1. Properties of Chains (Factor of Safety 6)

MOUTH

"Size listed

is

the diameter in inches of one side of a link.

the chain links from being cut. The padding may be either planks or heavy fabric. Chains should not be permitted to twist or kink when under strain. Links of chain should never be

SLIP

HOOK

GRAB HOOK

Figure S-2. Types of hooks.

d. Strength. Hooks usually fail by straightening. Any deviation from the original inner arc indicates that the hook has been over-

fastened together with bolts or wire because such connections weaken the chain and limit its safe working capacity. Worn or damaged
links should be cut out of the chain

and

re-

placed with a cold shut link. The cold shut link must be closed and welded to equal the strength of the other links. The smaller chain

loaded. Since evidence of overloading the

is

Large chain must be cut with a hacksaw or oxyacetylene torch. Chains must be inspected frequently, depending on the amount of use.
links can be cut with a bolt cutter.

hook customary to use a hook weaker than the chain to which it is attached. With this system, distortion of the hook will
easily detected, it is

links

Painting a chain to prevent rusting is not advisable because the paint will interfere with the freedom of action of the links. A light coat
of lubricant can be applied to prevent rusting. Chains should be stored in a dry and well

ventilated place to prevent rusting.

3-4. Hooks There are two general types of hooks available, the slip hook and the grab hook (fig. 3-2). Slip hooks are made so that the inside curve of the hook is an arc of a circle, and may be used with wire rope, chains, or fiber rope. Chain links can slip through a slip hook so the loop formed in the chain will tighten under a load. Grab hooks have an inside curve which is nearly U-shaped so the hook will slip over a

occur before the chain is overloaded. Severely cracked, or badly worn hooks are dangerous and should be discarded. Table 3-2 lists safe working loads on hooks. The safe working capacity of a hook can be approximated by using the following rule of thumb: = D 2 D is the diameter in inches of the hook where the inside of the hook starts its arc (fig. 3-3). Thus, the safe working capacity of a hook with a diameter of H/4 inches is as follows:
distorted,

SWC

SWC=D

2 =(114) = 16 tons or 3125 pounds.

6. Mousing. In general, a hook should always be "moused" as a safety measure to prevent slings or ropes from jumping off. Mousing also

helps prevent straightening of the hook, but does not strengthen it materially. To mouse a
,*.

A \

r.

Figure S-S. Hook thickness (diameter).

Figure 3-b. Mousing hooks.

Table 3-2. Safe Loads on

Hooks

3-5.

inspection of Chains and Hooks Chains, including the hooks, should be inspected at least once a month, but those that are used for heavy and continuous loading require more frequent inspections. Particular attention must be given to the small radius fillets at the neck of hooks for any deviation from the
original inner arc. Each link and hook must also be examined for small dents, cracks, sharp

nicks or cuts, worn surfaces, and distortions. Those that show any of these weaknesses must be replaced. If several links are stretched or distorted, the chain should not be used because
it

probably was overloaded or hooked improp-

erly
For reference
to A, B, C, or D, see figure 3-2.

which weakened the

entire chain.

Section
-6.

II.

SLINGS
lar

Characteristics

advantages which must be considered when

he term "sling" includes a wide variety of degns. Slings may be ire rope, or chain.
of fiber rope, sling for lifting a .ven load may be an endless sling, a single ing, or several single slings used together to >rm a combination sling. The ends of single ings usually are made up into eyes, either

made up

The

selecting a sling for a given purpose. Fiber ropes make good sling material because of their flexibility, but they are more easily damaged by sharp edges on the material hoisted

ig

ith or without thimbles, to go over the hoisthook. They may also be made up with end

btings to provide variable service. Spreaders iay be added to change the angle of the sling
gs.

Each type

or combination has its particu-

than are wire ropes or chain slings. Wire ropes are widely used for slings because they have a combination of strength and flexibility. Chain slings are used especially where sharp edges of metal would cut wire rope or where very hot items are lifted as in foundries or blacksmith shops. Fiber rope slings are used for lifting comparatively light loads and for temporary

5O 20062A

65

ricated wire rope slings are the safest type of slings. They do not wear away as do slings

made

of fiber rope, nor do they lose their strength from exposure as rapidly. They also are not susceptible to the "weakest link" condition of chains caused by the uncertainty of the strengths of the welds. The appearance of broken wires clearly indicates the fatigue of the metal, and the end of the usefulness of the
sling.

3-7.
a.

Types

Endless Slings. The endless sling is made by splicing the ends of a piece of wire rope or fiber rope together, or by inserting a cold shut link in a chain. Cold shut links should be welded after insertion in the chain. These endless slings are simple to handle, and may be used in several different ways to lift loads (fig.
3-5).
sling
lifted

CHOKER HITCH

BASKET HITCH

A common
is

method of using an endless

under the load to be and inserting one loop through the other and over the hoisting hook. Such a sling is known as a choker hitch, or anchor hitch. When the hoisting hook is raised, one side of
to cast the sling

the choker hitch

is forced down against the load by the strain on the other side, forming a tight grip on the load. If the endless sling is passed around the object to be lifted and both

remaining loops are slipped over the hook, it is called a basket hitch. The inverted basket hitch is very much like the simple basket
hitch, except that the

INVERTED BASKET HITCH

Figure 3-5.
Endless

TOGGLE HITCH
slings.

two parts of the sling going under the load are spread wide apart. The toggle hitch is used only for special applications. It is actually a modification of the inverted basket hitch, except that the line passes

around toggles fastened to the load rather than going around the load itself. The barrel slings can be made with fiber rope to hold barrels
horizontally or vertically.
b. Single Slings. single sling can be made of wire rope, fiber rope, or chain. Each end of a single sling (fig. 3-6) is made into an eye, or

ways for hoisting (fig. 3-6). It is advisable to have four single slings of wire rope available at all times. These can be used singly or in combination as may be necessary. When a single sling is used for hoisting by
passing one eye through the other eye and over the hoisting hook, it is known as a choker hitch (or anchor hitch). A choker hitch will tighten down against the load when a strain is placed on the sling. If a single sling is passed under the load and both ends are hooked over the hoisting hook, it is known as a basket hitch. Single slings with two hooks which are used for lifting stone are known as stonedog
hitches.

eral different

has an attached hook. In some instances the ends of a wire rope are spliced into eyes around thimbles and one eye is fastened to a hook with a shackle. With this type of single sling, the shackle and hook can be removed when desired. A single sling can be used in sev-

in the double

Another application of a single sling is anchor hitch which is used for

self

under strain and lift by friction against the sides of the cylinder.

WIRE ROPE

CLAMPS
SINGLE SLING

c. Combination Slings. Single slings can be combined into bridle slings, basket slings, and choker slings (fig. 3-7) to lift virtually any type of load. Either two or four single slings can be used in a given combination. Where greater length is required, two of the single slings can be combined into a longer single sling. One of the problems in lifting heavy loads is in fastening the bottom of the sling

WIRE ROPE

CLAMPS

legs to the load in such a

way

that the load will

not be damaged. Lifting eyes are fastened to many pieces of equipment at the time it is manufactured. On large crates or boxes the sling legs may be passed under the object to form a gasket sling. A hook can be fastened
to the eye on one end of each sling leg to permit easier fastening on some loads. Where the load being lifted is heavy enough or awkward enough, a four-leg sling may be required.
still greater length of sling is required, two additional slings can be used in conjunction with the four-leg sling to form a double basket.

7) SLING WITH WIRE ROPE CLAMPS ^ AND ATTACHMENTS

If

3-8. Pallets A problem in hoisting and moving loads sometimes occurs when the items to be lifted are packaged in small boxes and the individual boxes are not crated. In this case, it is entirely too slow to pick up each small box and move it separately. Pallets, used in combination with slings, provide an efficient method of handling such loads. Only one set of slings is required

1z)CHOKER HITCH

g) BASKET HITCH

with a number of pallets (fig. 3-8). The pallets can be made up readily on the job out of 2 x 8
timbers 6 or 8 feet long, nailed to three or four heavy cross members, such as 4- x 8-inch timbers. Several pallets should be made up so that one pallet can be loaded while the pallet previously loaded is being hoisted. As each pallet
is unloaded, the next return trip of the hoist

takes the empty pallet back for loading.

3-9.

Spreaders

Occasionally it is necessary to hoist loads that are not protected sufficiently to prevent crushing by the sling legs. In such cases, spreaders (ng. 3-9) may be used with the slings. Spread-

STONE DOG HITCH

(s)

DOUBLE ANCHOI
HITCH

Figure 8-6.

Single slings.

CHOKER HITCH

BASKET HITCH

STONE DOS HITCH

DOUBLE ANCHOR HITCH

Combination
slings.

Figure 3-7.
s are short

bars or pipes with eyes on each ad. The sling leg passes through the eye down ,o its connection with the load. By setting

Figure 3-8. Moving loads on

pallets.

spreaders in the sling legs above the top of the load, the angle of the sling leg is changed so that crushing of the load is prevented. Chang-

3-1 0.

Stresses Tables 3-3 through 3-5

list

the safe work

ing the angle of the sling leg may increase the stress in that portion of the sling leg above the spreaders. The determining factor in computing the safe lifting capacity of the sling is the stress (or tension) in the sling leg above the
spreader.

loads of ropes, chains, and wire rope sli under various conditions. The angle of the 1 of a sling must be considered as well as

strength of the material of which a sling made. The lifting capacity of a sling is redu
as the angle of
its

duced

(fig.

3-9)

legs to the horizontal is (as the legs of a sling

TV

= Number

of slings

L = Length of sling V = Vertical distance, measured from

hook
Note.
1.

to the

the top of the load

L and V must

be expressed in the same unit of

SPREADER BAR

of measure.
2. The resulting tension will be in the same unit of measure as that of the weight of the load. Thus, if the weight of the load is in pounds the tension will be

given in pounds.

Example:
Determine the tension
of a single leg of a

two-legged sling being used to lift a load weighing 1800 pounds. The length of a sling is
8 feet and the vertical distance Solution:
is

6 feet.

m __ ~ 1
Figure
3-9.

"V

AT
Use of spreaders in
slings.

^. X

V
Q
'

7.

1200 pounds or 6 tons

spread). Thus, the reduction of this angle of the legs of a sling increases the tension on the sling legs. In determining the proper size of sling, the tension on each leg must be determined for each load (fig. 3-10). This tension may be computed by using the following for-

mula

the amount of tension in a single the appropriate size of rope, chain, or wire rope may be determined. The safe working capacity of a sling leg (keeping within the safety factors for slings) must be equal to or greater than the tension on a sling leg. If possible, the tension on each sling leg should be kept below that in the hoisting line to which the sling is attached. A particular angle formed by the

By knowing
leg,

T = N V. T = Tension in a single sling leg (which may be more than the weight of the load

sling

legs

with

the

horizontal

(fig.

3-11)

where the tension within each sling leg equals

the weight of the load is called the critical angle. This angle can be approximated by the following formula:

lifted)

= Weight

of the load to be lifted

Table 3-8. Safe Working Loads for Manila Rope Slings (Standard, three-strand manila rope sling with a splice in each end)

Table 3-4. Safe Working Loads for Chain Slings (New wrought iron chains)

Table 3-5. Safe Working Loads for Wire

Rope Slings

(New improved plow

steel

wire rope)

Critical angle

= -= (N = number

fift

of sling legs)

It is desirable to

stay above the critical angle

when using

slings.

ropes, chains, and hooks, must be made when they are used in slings. In addition to the usual precautions, wire ropes used in slings are declared unsafe if 4 percent or more of the wires are broken. Objects to be lifted must be padded

Tension

in

a sling leg X
L

T= WL
N
T

V
in

-Tension
L

a srngle leg
of Ibad

W
N
L

Weight

Number

of sling

legs

= Length of sling leg

Vertical

V =

distance of sling
sling.

Figure 8-10. Computing tension in a

20062A

71

1000#

500#
90

500#

707#

707#

1000#

1000#
1000#

1000#

1930#

1930#

(1)

Critical

Angle
in

The sling angle that exists when the tension the sling leg equals the weight of the load.

(2)

Critical

Angle Formula:
-

CA

60

Number

of sling

legs

-1
.

2.

Introauct ion
is

force

push or

pull.

The push

or pull a

HOOK
OUTER STRAP
INNERSTRAP
SHELL

can exert depends on his weight and ;rength. In order to move any load heavier lan the maximum amount a man can move, a lachine must be used to multiply the force exrted into a force capable of moving the load. he machine used may be a lever, a screw, or a

uman

SHEAVES

The same principle applies to all machine is used which exerts a 3rce 10 times greater than the force applied to the machine has multiplied the force input y 10. The mechanical advantage of a machine the amount by which the machine multiplies
ickle system.

SHEAVEPIN
BECKET

these. If a

;,

Components of & double block.

le force applied to it in
>ad.

For example,

if

order to lift or move a downward push of 10

ounds on the left end of a lever will cause the [ght end of the lever to raise a load weighing 30 pounds, the lever is said to have a mechan:al

advantage of

10.

Blocks and Tackle block (A, fig. 3-12) consists essentially of a ood or metal frame containing one or more tackle is an Dtating pulleys called sheaves. ssembly of ropes and blocks used to multiply Dree. (B, fig. 3-12) The number of times the

-13.
.

STANDING BLOCK

DEAD

LINE

RETURN LINE
FALL LINE

3rce is multiplied is the

f

mechanical advantage

TRAVELING BLOCK

the tackle. To make up a tackle system, the locks to be used are laid out and the rope is simeeved (threaded) through the blocks. le tackle is one or more blocks reeved with a ingle rope. Compound tackle is two or more

Figure 3-12. Double block and a tackle system..

is a single sheave block made so that the opens on one side at the base of the hook to permit a rope to be slipped over the sheave without threading the end of it through the block. Snatch blocks ordinarily are used where it is necessary to change the direction of the pull on the line. A traveling block is a block attached to the load which is being lifted and moves as the load is lifted. A standing block is a block that is fixed to a stationary object.

locks reeved with

more than one

and

rope.

Every
block
shell

ackle system contains a fixed block attached to

ome

solid support,

may have

a traveling

lock attached to the load. The single rope saving the tackle system is called the fall line. he pulling force is applied to the fall line,
l

rtiieh
'his is

may

be led through a leading block, an additional block used to change the

irection of pull.
a.

Blocks. Blocks are used to reverse the di(fig.

ection of rope in tackle. Blocks

3-13)
(1) Leading blocks. Blocks used in the tackle to change the direction of the pull without affecting the mechanical advantage of the

ake their names from the purpose for which hey are used, the places they occupy, or from
particular shape or type of construction. Acording the the number of sheaves, blocks are designated as single, double, or triple. A snatch
,

system are

called leading blocks (fig. 3-14). In some tackle systems the fall line leads off

GO

20062A

73

WIRE ROPE SINGLE BLOCK

7) MANILA ROPE

^DOUBLE BLOCK
WIRE ROPE SNATCH BLOCK

^MANILA

ROPE

SNATCH BLOCK

[4)

WIRE ROPE DOUBLE BLOCK

ivo

&1Q

Tai/nao

nf

block is used to correct this. Ordinarily snatch block is used as the leading block, his block can be placed at any convenient potion. The fall line from the tackle system is d through the leading block to the line of

admg

(3) Twisting. Blocks should be reeved in a

ost direct action.

that prevents twisting. After the blocks are reeved, the rope should be pulled back and forth through the blocks several times to allow the rope to adjust to the blocks. This reduces the tendency of the tackle to twist under a load. When the ropes in a tackle
friction

manner

system become twisted, there is an increase in and chafing of the ropes, as well as a

possibility of

jamming

the blocks.

When

the

hook of the standing block is fastened to the supporting member, the hook should be turned
LEADING BLQCK
so that the fall line leads directly to the leading block or to the source of motive power. It is

prevent twisting of a traveling particularly important when the tackle is being used for a long pull along the ground, such as in dragging logs or timbers. One of the simplest antitwisting devices for

very

difficult to

block.

It

is

such a tackle
Figure 3-14-

Use of leading

block.

blocks. Blocks are laid out on a clean and level surface other .an the ground to avoid getting dirt into the >erating parts. Figure 3-15 shows the reeving single and double blocks. In reeving triple ocks (fig. 3-16), it is imperative that the )isting strain be put at the center of the

(2) Reeving

r reeving

'

is a short iron rod or piece of pipe lashed to the traveling block (fig. 3-17). The antitwisting rod or pipe may be lashed to the shell of the block with two or three turns of rope. If it is lashed to the becket of the block, the rod or pipe should pass between the ropes without chafing them as the tackle is

hauled
b.

in.

ocks to prevent them from the strain. If the blocks >pe will drag across the edges id the shell of the block and he blocks are placed so that
cider

being inclined do incline, the of the sheaves

cut the fibers, the sheaves in le block are at right angles to the sheaves in le other block. The coil of rope may be laid
2side either block.
is passed one block and back to le bottom sheave of the other block. It is then assed over one of the side sheaves of the first iock. In selecting which side sheave over hich to pass the rope, one must remember

Simple Tackle Systems. A simple tackle system is one using one rope and one or more blocks. To determine the mechanical advantage of a simple system (fig. 3-18), count the number of lines supporting the load (or the traveling block) In counting, the fall line is included if it leads out of a traveling block. In a simple tackle system the mechanical advantage always will be the same as the number of lines supporting the load. As an alternate method, the mechanical advantage can be determined by tracing the forces through the system. Thus, begin with a unit force applied to the fall line. Assume that the tension in a single rope is the same throughout and therefore the same force wilr exist in each line. Total all the forces acting on the load or traveling block, The ratio of the resulting total force acting on the load or traveling block to the original unit force exerted on the fall line is the theoretical mechanical advantage of the simple system.
.

The running end

?er the center sheave of

lat the rope should not cross the

way from

rope leading the center sheave of the first block,

he rope is then led over the top sheave of the scond block and back to the remaining side heave of the first block. From this point, the Dpe is led to the center sheave of the second
lock and back to the becket of the first block,
'he

rope should be reeved through the blocks

Examples

GO 20062A

75

SINGLE

BLOCK
Figure 8-15. Reeving single and double

blocks.

Method
fig.

Counting Supporting Lines

(,

3-19). There are three lines supporting the traveling block, so the theoretical

mechanical advantage is 3:1. Method //Unit Force (, fig. 3-19). Assuming the tension on a single rope is the same throughout its length, a unit force of
1

on the fall line results in a total of 3

ratio of the resulting force of 3

tackle system (fig. 3-20), is one using more than one rope with two 'or more blocks. Compound systems are made up of two or more simple systems. The fall line from one simple system is fastened to a hook on the traveling block of another simple system, which may include one or more blocks. In compound systems the mechanical advantage can best be deter-

unit forces acting on the traveling block.

mined by using the unit

force method. Begin

on the traveling block to the unit force of 1 on the fall line gives a theoretical mechanical advantage of 3:1.
c.

The

with a unit force applied to the fall line. Assume that the tension in a single rope is the same throughout and therefore the same force
will exist in each line. Total all the forces ing on the traveling block and transfer
act-

Compound Tackle Systems.

this

compound
AGO
2ft(182A

Figure 3-16. Reeving triple blocks.

Mechanical Advantage of simple system number:

1.

1:1

2.

3:1

3.

3:1

Figure 8-18.

Simple tackle systems.

SUPPORTING LINES

TRAVELING BLOCK

on the fall line is the theoretical mechanadvantage of the compound system. Anr method, simpler, but less accurate in 3 cases, is by determining the mechanical intage of each simple system in the cornid system and multiplying these together
i

eling block carrying the load to a 1 unit force on the fall line gives a theoretical

mechanical advantage of 16:1.

Method

Dtain the total

mechanical advantage.

II Multiplying Mechanical Advantages of Simple Systems (CD, fig. 3-21). The number of lines supporting the trav-

mples:

eling blocks in both systems

number A

Method I Unit Force (, fig. 3-21). As in method II of simple tackle systems, a unit force of 1 on the fall line results in 4 unit forces acting on the traveling block of tackle system A. Transferring the unit
force of 4 into the fall line of simple system B results in a total of 16 unit forces

and

is

equal to

4.

The mechanical advan-

tage of each simple system is therefore equal to 4:1. The mechanical advantage of the compound system is then determined by multiplying together the mechanical advantage of each simple system for a resulting mechanical advantage of 16 :1.

\\\\\\\\\A\\\\\\\\ \\V\\\\\\\

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\v\\

MA

4:1

MA

= 16:1

MA =

6:1

MA

=
=

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
WEIGHT

Figure 8-20.
20062A

Compound

tackle systems.

79

TRAVELING BLOCKS

SUPPORTING
LINES

SUPPORTING
LINES

tackle system. ratio of a compound Figure 3'-21. Determimng

AGO

20082A

80

ng on tne

pin,

tne ropes ru Doing togemer,

the rope rubbing against the sheave. This tion reduces the total lifting power. There-

the force exerted on the fall line must be eased by some amount to overcome the tion of the system in order to lift the load. h sheave in the tackle system can be ex;ed to create a resistance equal to approxiely 10 percent of the weight of the load,
!,

;d

example, a load weighing 5,000 pounds is by a tackle system which has a mechaniadvantage of 4:1. The rope travels over 4
of 5,000
.

ives
;

which produce a resistance of 40 perpounds or 2,000 pounds (5,000 x The actual pull that would be required on

of the tackle system is equal to the imation of the weight of the load and the tion in the tackle system divided by the >retical mechanical advantage of the tackle
fall line

;em.

ed on the fall line

i

In this example, the actual pull rewould be equal to the

of 5,000 Ibs (Load)

)

iO

and 2,000 Ibs (Fricdivided by 4 (Mechanical Advantage) or Ibs. There are other types of resistance

ch

may

have

to

be considered in addition to
Section IV.

Source of Power. In all cases where manis used for hoisting, the system must be arranged to consider the most satisfactory method of utilizing that source of power. More men can pull on a single horizontal line along the ground than on a single vertical line. On a vertical pull, men of average weight can pull approximately 100 pounds per man, and on a horizontal pull approximately 60 pounds per man. If the force required on the fall line is 300 pounds or less, the fall line can lead directly down from the upper block of a tackle vertical line. If 300 pounds times the mechanical advantage of the system is not enough to lift a given load, the tackle must be re-rigged to increase the mechanical advantage, or the fall line must be led through a leading block to provide a horizontal pull. This will permit more men to pull on the line. Similarly, if a heavy load is to be lifted and the fall line is led through a leading block to a winch mounted on a vehicle, the full power available at the winch is multiplied by the mechanical advantage of the system.
e.

power

METHODS
erate the hoist and the hoist is to be used frequently. This type of hoist is about 85 percent efficient. The screw gear hoist is about 50 percent efficient and is satisfactory where less frequent use of the hoist ia involved. The differential hoist is only about H5 percent olHcient,

4.

Chain Hoists
(fig.

in hoists
efficient

3-22) provide a convenient

method for hoisting by hand

er particular circumstances. The chief adtages of chain hoists are that the load can
iain

stationary without requiring attention, that the hoist can be operated by one man

but

is

satisfactory for occasional use and light

loads weighing several tons. The slow ng travel of a chain hoist permits small Cements, accurate adjustments of height,
'aise

loads.
b. Safety. Chain hoists are usually stamped with their load capacities on the shell of the

ratched handle gentle handling of loads. hoist (fig. 3-23) is used for short horizonpulls

on heavy objects. Chain hoists differ ely in their mechanical advantage, dependupon their rated capacity which may vary
5 to 250.
.

upper block. The rated load capacity will run from one-half of a ton upward. Ordinarily,
chain hoists are constructed with their lower

Types. There are three general types of in hoists for vertical operation the differial chain hoist, the spur gear hoist, and the iw gear hoist. The spur gear hoist is the
satisfactory for ordinary operation where inimum number of men are available to opit

hook as the weakest part of the assembly. This is done as a precaution, so that the lower hook will be overloaded before the chain hoist is overloaded. The lower hook will start to spread under overload, indicating to the operator thsit he is approaching the overload point of the
chain hoist. Under ordinary circumstances the pull exerted on a chain hoist by one or two men will not overload the hoist. Chain hoists should

DIFFERENTIAL 1 ) s-X CHAIN -HOIST

SPUR SEAR

Figure 8-22. Chain

hoists.

be inspected at frequent intervals. Any evidence of spreading of the hook or excessive wear is sufficient cause to require replacement of the hook. If the links of the chain are distorted, it indicates that the chain hoist has been heavily overloaded and is probably unsafe for further use. Under such circumstances the

chain hoist should be condemned.

3-15. Winches Vehicular-mounted winches and engine-driven winches are used with tackles for hoisting (fig. 3-24). There are two points to consider when
placing a power-driven winch to operate hoisting equipment first, the angle with the ground which the hoisting line makes at the drum of
;

the hoist, and second, the fleet angle (fig. 3-25) of the hoisting line winding on the drum. The

Figure 8-23.

Batched handle

hoist.

82

AGO

2006:

distance

from the drum

is

to the first sheave of

the system
angle.

the controlling factor in the fleet

the

using vehicular-mounted winches, should be placed in a position which permits the operator to watch the load
vehicle

When

being hoisted. A winch is most effective when the pull is exerted on the bare drum of the

When a winch is rated at a capacity, that rating applies only as the first layer of cable is wound onto the drum. The winch cawinch.
pacity
is

reduced as each layer of cable

is

wound onto the drum because of the change

in

leverage resulting from the increased diameter of the drum. The capacity of the winch may be

reduced by as
last layer is

being

much as 50 percent when the wound onto the drum.

t=r.

Figure S-24.

Using a vehicular winch for hoisting.

a. Ground Angle. If the hoisting line leaves the drum at an angle upward from the ground, the resulting pull on the winch will tend to lift it clear of the ground. In this case a leading block must be placed in the system at some distance from the drum to change the direction of the hoisting line to a horizontal or downward pull. The hoisting line should be overwound or underwound on the drum as may be necessary to avoid a reverse bend.
b. Fleet Angle. The drum of the winch is placed so that a line from the last block passing through the center of the drum is at right angles to the axis of the drum. The angle between this line and the hoisting line as it winds on the drum is called the fleet angle (fig. 3-25) As the hoisting line is wound in on the drum, it moves from one flange to the other, so that the fleet angle changes during the hoist.

MAX
FLEET

MAX
FLEET

ANGLE
LEFT

ANGLE
RIGHT

FLEET

ANGLE

irom the drum to the nrst sheave is 4U nches for each inch from the center of the Irum to the flange. The wider the drum of the loist the greater the lead distance must be in placing the winch.
;ance

3-16.

Expedients
it

In the absence of mechanical

propriate tackle,

may

power or an apbe necessary to use

hallway oetween tne ancnorage ana tne ioaa. This spar may be a pipe or a pole, but in either case should have as large a diameter as possible. A loop is made in the rope and wrapped partly around the spar. The end of a horizontal rod is inserted through this loop. The horizontal rod should be a stout pipe or bar long enough to provide leverage. It is used as 2
lever to turn the vertical spar.

makeshift equipment for hoisting or pulling. A Spanish windlass can be used to move a load
along the ground, or the horizontal pull from the windlass can be directed through blocks to provide a vertical pull on a load. In making a Spanish windlass, a rope is fastened between

As

the vertica!

spar turns, the rope is wound around it which shortens the line and pulls on the load. Th rope leaving the vertical spar should be as near the same level as possible on both sides to prevent the spar from tipping over.

Figure 3-26. Spanish windlass.

AGO

20062^

CHAPTER 4

ANCHORAGES AND GUYUNES

Section
B.

ANCHORS
strength of most anchorage systems bearing against the ground.
is

I .

Introduction

the area

heavy loads are handled with a tackle, it lecessary to have some means of anchorage. ny expedient rigging installations are supted by combining the use of guylines and ne type of anchorage system. Anchorage
len

4-2.

Natural Anchors

terns
s

may be either natural or manmade. type of anchorage to be used will depend the time and material available, and on the

Trees, stumps, or rocks can serve as natural anchorages for rapid work in the field. Always attach lines near the ground level on trees or stumps (fig. 4-1) Avoid dead or rotten trees or
.

ding power required. Whenever possible, iural anchorages should be utilized so that effort, and material may be conserved. .e, 5 ideal anchorage system must be of suffiit strength to support the breaking strength the attached line. Lines should always be tened to anchorages at a point as near to the und as possible. The principle factor in the

stumps as an anchorage because they are likely to snap suddenly when a strain is placed on the
line. It is

always advisable to lash the

first tree

stump to a second one, to provide added support. A transom (fig. 4-2) can be placed between two trees to provide stronger anchorage
or
tree. When using rocks (fig. 4-3) as natural anchorages, examine the rocks carefully to be sure that they are large enough and

than a single

OUND TURN AND

VO HALF HITCHES

tially in the

grouna win serve as

a,

J.U1

I UViJY

O,ll.\sl.l.\Jl.a

OiJ.WUl.VA

anchor.

inches deep.
rock.
in

1-inch diameter

drill is
drill

used

f<

hard rock and a %-inch diameter

for so

The hole is drilled as neatly as possib order that the rock anchor develops tl maximum strength. In case of extremely so rock, it is better to use some other type of a chor because the wedging action may not pr
vide sufficient holding power.

FULL

Figure 4-2. Natural anchorage

trees

and transom.

iEFORE U8i

(2)

Figure 44. Rock anchor.

Figure 4-3.

Natural anchorage

rock.

Anchors Manmade anchors must be constructed when

4-3.
natural anchors are not available. a. Rock Anchor. The rock anchor
(fig.

Manmade

Picket Holdfasts. (1) Introduction. A single picket, eith steel or wood, can be driven into the ground
b.

4-4)

has an eye on one end expanding wedge, and The threaded end of serted in the hole with

and a threaded nut, an a stop nut on the other. the rock anchor is inthe nut's relation to the

an anchor. The holding power will depend the diameter and kind of material used, tl type of soil, the depth and angle in which tl picket is driven, and the angle of the guyline
(
:

relation to the ground. The holding capaciti of the various types of wooden picket holdf as are listed in table 4-1. The various picket hoi fasts are

shown

in figure 4-5.

wedge
is

as

shown

in figure 4-4. After the anchoi

picket. Wooden stab (2) used for pickets should be at least 3 inches diameter and 5 feet long. The picket is driven

crowbar is inserted through the eye anchor and twisted. "This causes the threads to draw the nut up against the wedge and forces the wedge out against the sides of
placed, a of the rock

Single wooden

feet into the

the hole in the rock.

The wedging action

is

strongest under a direct pull; therefore, rock

ground at an angle of 15 fro: the vertical and inclined away from the dire tion of pull (fig. 4-6).

86

AGO

2006

1800 LB

700 LB

1-1-1

COMBINATION

SINGLE PICKET

2000 LB

LB

2-1

COMBINATION

1-1

COMBINATION

4000

LB

3-2-1
Figure 4-5.
ble 4-1.

COMBINATION

Picket holdfasts (loamy

soil).

Holding Power of Picket Holdfast in

Loamy

Soil

turns.

second picket with a clove hitch just above the A stake is put between the rope turns to

tighten the rope by twisting the stake and then driving it into the ground (, fig. 4-6). This distributes the load between the pickets. If more than two pickets are used a similar lashing is made between the second and third pickets (, fig. 4-6). If wire rope is used for lash-

wooden pickets. The strength holdfast can be increased by increasing area of the picket bearing against the ind. Two or more pickets driven into the ind, spaced 3 to 6 feet apart and lashed toer to distribute the load, are much tiger than a single picket. To construct the a clove hitch is tied to the top of the ing, picket with 4 to 6 turns around the first second Dickets. leadiner from the tot) of the
(3) Multiple

two complete turns are made around each pair of pickets. If neither fiber rope nor wire rope is available for lashing, boards may be placed from the top of the front picket to the bottom of the second picket (fig. 4-7) and nailed onto each picket. As pickets are placed farther away from the front picket, the load to
ing, only

the rear pickets is distributed more unevenly. Thus, the principal stength of a multiple picket holdfast is at the front pickets. The capacity of a holdfast can be increased by using two or more pickets to form the front group.

This increases both the bearing surface against the soil and the breaking strencrth.

DIRECTION
2'

(MINIMUM

3'

TO

6'

OF PULL

T)DR!VE PICKETS (STEEL OR WOOD) INTO GROUND ir MINIMUM FROM VERTICAL

//

//> //
3'

/
/ /

/, (MINIMUM)

/A*'

DIAMETER

(MINIMUM)

</
LASH PICKETS TOGETHER, STARTING AT TOP OF
FIRST PICKET

TWIST ROPE WITH RACK STICK, THEN DRIVE STICK INTO GROUND

U) COMPLETED PICKET
HOLDFAST

Figure 4-6.

Preparing a picket holdfast.

plate with nine holes drilled through it and a steel eye welded on the end for attaching a

together with wire rope in the same

way

wooden stake picket

dient,

holdfasts.

As an exp

The pickets are also steel, driven through the holes in a way that clinches the pickets in the ground. This holdfast is especially adapted for anchoring horizontal lines, such as the anchor cable on a ponton bridge. Two or more of these units can be used in combination to provide a stronger anchorguyline.
age. A similar holdfast can be improvised with a chain by driving steel pickets through the chain links in a crisscross pattern. The rear pickets are driven in first to secure the end of the chain, and the successive pickets are inst.fl.llp.rl

and are

any miscellaneous

light steel

membe

can be driven into the ground and lashed t gether with wire rope to form an anchorage.
(5) Rock holdfast. A holdfast can placed in rock by drilling into the rock ai driving pickets into the holes. The pickets a lashed together with a chain (fig. 4-10). T. holes are drilled about 3 feet apart, in li: with the guyline. The first, or front, he should be 2i/ to 3 feet deep, and the rear he 2 2 feet deep. The holes are drilled at a slig

angle, inclined

away from

the direction of t

sn

t.hnt. tliprp. is

nn

slap.V in

the p.hain be-

Figure 4-7. Boarded picket holdfast.

Hf^-2 FT 10 IN

EYE

MCHORAGE

IS

PROVIDED BY NINE

STEEL PICKETS

or similar object buried in the gr< with a guyline or sling attached to its ce: This guyline or sling leads to the surfac the ground along a narrow upward slo trench. The holding power of a deadman i fected by its frontal bearing area, its r (average) depth, the angle of pull, the c
Figure 4-9. Lashed
steel picket holdfast.

beam

man

load over the largest possible area of ground. This can be done by increasing the number of pickets used. Four or five multiple picket holdfasts can be placed parallel to each other with a heavy log resting against the front pickets to

form a combination log and picket holdfast is fas(fig. 4-11). The guyline or anchor sling tened to the log which bears against the pickets. The log should bear evenly against all
pickets in order to obtain maximum strength. The timber should be carefully selected to

withstand the maximum pull on the line without appreciable bending. A steel crossmember can also be used to form a combination steel
picket holdfast
d.
(fig.

4-12)

Deadman.
(1) Construction of

deadman.

A deadman

material and the soil condition. The ing power increases progressively as the c man is placed deeper and as the angle of approaches a horizontal position as show table 4-2. The holding power of a dead must be designed to withstand the brea strength of the line attached to it. In the struction of a deadman (fig. 4-13), a ho dug at right-angles to the guyline and unde 15 degrees from the vertical at the front o: hole facing the load. The guyline should \ horizontal as possible, and the sloping tr should match the slope of the guyline. main or standing part of the line leads the bottom of the deadman. This reduces tendency to rotate the deadman upward 01 the hole. If the line cuts into the ground, or board can be placed under the line al outlet of the sloping trench. When wire

DRIVE CROWBARS INTO HOLES

SECURE FRONT BAR TO REAR BAR WITH WIRE ROPE OR CHAIN

Figure 4-10. Rock holdfast.

90

AGO

Figure 4-11. Combination log and picket

holdfast.

(2)

(a)

Terms used in design of deadman. MD = mean depth distance from

the ground level to the center of the deadman.

(b)

HD

horizontal

distance

dis-

tance measured horizontally from the front of the hole to the point where the sloping trench comes out of the ground.
(c)

VD

vertical

depth

distance

from ground

bottom of the hole. = width of sloping trench. (d) WST = timber diameter. (e) D
level to the
(/)

EL =
TL =

effective

log that

must be bearing

length length of against solid or undistotal length

turbed

soil.

(#)

timber length

required.
(ft)

HP
BS

holding power of deadman

.

in ordinary earth (refer to table 4-2) = breaking strength of rope at(i)

wooden deadman, a guylines are used with a on the steel bearing plate should be placed deadman where the wire rope is attached to avoid cutting into the wood. The placement of

Figure 4-12. Combination

steel picket holdfast.

tached to the deadman.

(;')

SR =

slope ratio of guyline

and

sloping trench.

= bearing area of the deatt(k) BA V ,,,irort fn hold the breaking strength of

Figure 4-13. Log deadman.

(3)

Deadman

formulas.

(4)

Sample problem.
1
in.

(a)

BA
EL

= BS
=

Given:
(a.)

HP BA
D

dia.

6 x

19 improved
7 ft
1.3

steel
T

rope
(b)
(c)

(b)
(c)

TL = EL + WST
=

Mean depth (MD) = Slope ration (SR) =

Width
of

(d)
2 ft

sloping trench

(Wi

(d)

VD = MD

+y

(e)

HD

= VD

SR

REQUIREMENT I: Determine the length thickness of a rectangular timber deadmai the height of face available is 18 inches (
ft).

to withstand Note The deadman should be designed of the wire a tension equal to the breaking strength

of wire rope (a) Breaking strength 1). (BS) = 83,600 Ib. from table 1-2, chapter of deadman (HP) (b) Holding power = 8,000 lb/ft 2 (from table 4-2).

(c)

Increase the thickness of the dead-

man.
(d)

Decrease the width of the sloping

tranch,

if possible.

4-4.

Using the Nomograph

rope.
(c)

Deadmen
Nomographs and
The deadmen
facilitate the design of

to Design

Bearing area of deadman (BA r )

charts have been prepared to

BS -

83,600 Ib

deadmen

in the

field.

in*

'

are designed to resist the break-

(d)

BAr
(e)

Effective length of 3 10.5 ft =

deadman (EL)
7 ft

ing strength of the cable. The required length and thickness are based on allowable soil bear-

face height

1.5 ft

Length
ft

of

deadman (TL)
9 ft

EL

ing with 1 foot of length added to compensate for the width of the cable trench. The required
thickness
logs
a.

= 7
(/)

2 ft
final

check to insure the recfail by bending is tangular timber will not accomplished through a length-to-thickness to or less ratio (L/t) which should be equal than 9. The minimum thickness can be deter-

is based on an (L/ d ) ratio of s for and an (L/ ) ration of 9 for cut timber. Log Deadmen.
t

Sample problem.
Given: 3/i-inch

IPS
J

cable.

Required

deadman
slope of

to be buried 5 feet at a
/4.

mined by LA =
9
,_|_:=
9,
t

9 and solve for (t)

-^

Solution:

With

this information use the

nomograph (fig. 4-14) to determine the ter and length of the deadman required.

diame-

f=lft
II:
9' timber is suitable. Determine the length of

Thus, and 18" x 12" x

REQUIREMENT
(a)
__ ~

a log deadman with a diameter of

Effective length of
V

21/2 ft.

Figure 4-15 shows the steps graphically on an incoma straightedge across plete nomograph. Lay section A-A (left-hand scale) on the 5 foot depth at deadman and 14 slope, and on %-inch

deadman (EL)

IPS on B-B. Read

Bearing Area required (BA ) Diameter of log (D) 10.5 ft 2 _ 42 f 4< 2.5 ft = (6) Length of deadman (TL)
,

across the straightedge and locate a point on section C-C. Then go horizontally across the graph and intersect the diameter of the log

deadmen

available.

Assume a

30-

EL +

inch diameter log is available. Go vertically up from the intersection on the log and read the length of deadman required. In this case the deadman must be over 51/3 feet long. Care

WST

4.2 ft

2 ft

=
is

6.2 ft

(c)

final check to insure that the log

will not

accomplished through a length-to-diameter ratio (L/ d ) which should be equal to or less than 5. The ratio for re= 6.2/2.5 = quirement II would be equal to L/ d 2.5. This is less than 5, therefore the log will
fail in

bending

must be taken not

to select a log

deadman

in

the darkened area of the nomograph because in

this area the log will fail by bending.
b.

Rectangular Timber Deadman.

cable.

not

by bending. the If ratio. (5) Length-to-diameter length-to-diameter ratios for a log or a rectanthe gular timber are exceeded, this means length requirements must be decreased. This can be accomplished by one of the following
fail

Sample problem. Given: %-inch IPS

Deadman

to be

buried 5 feet at a slope of %> and 5 Solution: Use the same 1/4 slope to the left foot depth, along with the procedure At 4-14) as used in a above. the
of
to the horizontally across the graph down timber with an 18-inch face. Reading that cut timber) it can be seen

graph

(fig.

C-C go

methods

(a)

Increase the

mean

depth.

(working with
i

i.i__

n,

-?+

R inrhPK.

fl,nd

the

minimum

D'('/H

)A

Diam. of Cable

in

Inches

Allowable Working
Stress of

Cable

Length of Log

Deadmen

in

Feet

(L)

in

1.000lbs./in'

S.F.=5.0
IPS

PS

MRS
B 38

34

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

1V4

5'(V3

)-

h-4'(Vj)

Length of Timber
i

Ml
'
I I ' '

Deadmen

in

Feet
i

(L)

II
' I |

'
|

' |

' I
I

'
I

' I

'

' I

'

'

'
I

T|
21

I
|

I |

^*^\

Depth Timber

4
(d)

10

11

12

13 14 15

16

17

IB

19 20

22 23

C
Timber (Min. Thickness)
in Inches (t)

Figure 4-14- Design of deadmen.

sizes

shown on the nomograph

will fail

due to

Horizontal distance

bending.
c.

_ tower height + deadman

slope ratio

depth

Horizontal Distance. The distance behind

IPS

PS

MPS

TO

CD

z LU
< LU
Q O

u LU
ex.
ex.

O Z < LU
oe.

CO

Z O
to LU

Figure 4-16. Design of

flat

bearing plate.

96

Ai

2343

K)

II

12

13

14
in

13

W
(y>

IT

18

20

Ungth

of tearing

Rota

tnch

Bearing for upper leg

Face of baring
Design of formed bearing plate.

Figure 4-17.

Solution:

25

ft

414 + 7 ft 1/4

man. There are two types of bearing

the
flat

plates,

= 32

ft 41/4 in

= 129ft5in

1/4
Place deadman 129 ft

behind tower.

bearing plate and the formed bearing plate, each with its particular advantages. The flat is easily fabricated, while the shaped or formed can be made of much thinner steel. A sample problem in the design of bearing plates
is

Note. Horizontal distance without tower

given below.
a.

deadman depth
slope ration

7ft
28ft.

Design of Flat Bearing Plate.

Given: 12
in.

1/4

Sample problem.

x 12

in.

timber

45. Bearing Plates To prevent the cable

wood,

from cutting into the on the deadplace a metal bearing plate

94 in IPS cable Solution: Enter the graph (fig. 4-16 from left of %-inch cable and go horizontal!

across graph to intersect line marked 12" timber, which shows that the plate will be 10 inches wide. (The bearing plate is made 2

inches narrower than the timber to prevent cutting into the anchor cable.) Drop vertically and determine the length of the plate, which is 91/2 inches. Go to the top vertically along the
line to

where

it

intersects with

%"

cable

and

Solution: Design a formed bearing plate. Enter graph (fig. 4-17) on left at H/8 MPS and go horizontally across to intersect the 14" line. Note that lines intersect in an area requiring a li-inch plate. Drop vertically to the bottom of the graph to determine the length of the plate, which in this instance is 12 inches. If a log is used, the width of the bearing plate
is
red

determine the

required thickness, 1 1/16 inches. Thus the necessary bearing plate must be 1 1/16 inches x 9^ inches x 10 inches..
b.

minimum

equal to
.

1/2

"the

circumference of the
.

log,

nd .,. , or in this case 00 inches, 22

-g

3.14

x 14
^

Design of Formed Bearing Plate. The formed bearing plates are either curved to fit logs or formed to fit rectangular timber. In the case of a log, the bearing plate must go onehalf way (180) around the log. For a shaped timber, the bearing plate extends the depth of the timber with an extended portion at the top and the bottom (fig. 4-17). Each extended portion should be one-half the depth of the timber.

21.98, use 22 inches.

The bearing

plate

would

therefore be *4 i nc h x 12 inches x 22 inches. For a rectangular timber, the width of the plate would be 14 inches for the face and 7 inches for the width of each leg, or a total width of 28 inches (sketch on fig. 4-17). The inch x 12 bearing plate would therefore be inches x 28 inches.

Sample problem.
Given: 14-in.
log or

timber with 14-in.

face.

11/8

MPS

cable.

Section

II.

OUTLINES
4-7.

4-6.

Introduction

Guylines are ropes or chains attached to an object to steady, guide, or secure it. The lines leading from the object or structure are attached to an anchor system (fig. 4-18). When a load is applied to the structure supported by the guylines, a portion of the load is passed through each supporting guyline to its anchor. The amount of tension on a guyline will depend on the main load, the position and weight of the structure, the alinement of the guyline with the structure and the main load, and the angle of the guyline. For example, if the supported structure is vertical, the stress on each guyline is very small, but if the angle of the structure is 45, the stress on the guylines supporting the structure will increase considerably. Wire rope is preferred for guylines because of its strength and resistance to corrosion. Fiber is also used for guylines, particularly on temporary structures. The number and size of guylines required depends on the type of structure to be supported and the tension or pull exerted on the guylines while the struc-

guylines are used for ginpoles and boom derricks and two for shears. The guylines should be evenly spaced around the structure. In a long slender strucit is sometimes necessary to provide support at several points in a tiered effect. In such cases, there might be four guylines from the center of a long pole to anchorage on the ground and four additional guylines from the top of the pole to anchorage on the ground.

Usually a

Number of Guylines minimum of four

ture

4-8.

Tension

The tension that will be exerted on the guylines must be determined beforehand in order to select the proper size and material to be used. The maximum load or tension on a guyline will result

when

a guyline

is in direct line

with the load and the structure. This tension should be considered in all strength calculations of guylines. The following is the formula for determining this tension for ginpoles and shears (fig. 4-19):

T =

SIDEGUYLINE

REARGUYLINE

FRONT GUYLINE

SIDEGUYLINE

Figure 4-18.

Typical guyline installations.

GIN POLE

Tension

in

guyline

Wi - Weight

of the load

W
D
R GUYLINE

ti

= Weight

=
=

LOAD

of spar or spars Drift distance, measured from the base of the ginpole or shears to the center of the suspended load along the ground. Perpendicular distance from the rear guyline to the base of the gin pole or for a shears, to a point on the ground midway between the shearlegs.

Sample problem.

REQUIREMENT
a.

Given:

I: Gin Pole: Load (W L ) = 2,400 Ib Weight of spar (W a ) = 800

Ib

SHEARS

Drift distance (D)

20 ft

b.

Solution:

_ _ -

(W L +

(2400
GUYLINE

1/2

(800)) 20
in the rear or
line.

supporting guy-

REQUIREMENT
LOAD
a.

II:

Shears:
T
avntiTYf
fVid'

Given: The same conditions exist as in

v/amnivckYvtQirf

b.

Solution:

T _ i

(W^ +

Va

s)

D
800)) 20

4-10.

Y
+
1/2

An
+

Anchorage Requirements

(2400

(800

y
=
2,285 Ib
Note. The reason the shears produced a greater tenwas due to the weight of an

ideal anchorage system should be designed to withstand a tension equal to the breaking strength of the guyline attached to it. If a 3/8inch diameter manila rope is used as a guyline,

sion in the rear guyline additional spar.

the anchorage used must have the capability of withstanding a tension of 1,350 pounds which is the breaking strength of the 3/8-inch diameter

4-9.

Size of Guyline
size of the guyline to be

The

used will depend on the amount of tension to be placed on it. Since the tension on a guyline may be affected by shock loading, and its strength affected by

manila rope. would require

line

at

If picket holdfasts are used, it least a 1-1 combination

knots, sharp bends, age, and condition, the appropriate safety factors must be incorporated. Therefore, a rope chosen for the guyline should have a safe working capacity equal to or greater than the tension placed on the guyline.

(1,400 Ib capacity in ordinary soil). The guyshould be anchored as far as possible from the base of the installation to obtain a greater holding power from the anchorage system. The

recommended minimum distance from the base of the installation to the anchorage for the
guyline
is

twice the height of the installation.

CHAPTER 5
LIFTING

AND MOVING LOADS

I.

Section
-1
.

LIFTING

EQUIPMENT
may
also be used to drag loads-horizontoward the base of the pole in preparalift.

Gin Pole
is

pole
tally
it in is

gin pole consists of an upright spar which

a vertical or equipped with litable hoisting tackle. The vertical spar may uyed at the top to maintain
early vertical position
e

tion for a vertical

It

cannot be drifted (in-

and

clined) more than 45 degrees from the vertical or 7/10 the height of the pole, nor is it suitable

of timber, a wide-flange steel beam section, railroad rail, or similar members of sufficient

;rength to support the load being lifted. The >ad may be hoisted by hand tackle or by use of and- or engine-driven hoists. The gin pole is sed widely in erection work because of the
ise with which
it

for swinging the load horizontally. The length and thickness of the gin pole depends on the purpose for which it is installed. It should not be longer than 60 times its minimum thickness

because of the tendency to buckle under comusable rule is to allow five feet of inch of minimum thickness. Table 5-1 lists values for the use of spruce timbers as gin poles, with allowance for normal stresses in hoisting operations.
pression. pole for

can be rigged, moved, and

of

each

perated. It

is

suitable for raising loads

is

ledium weight to heights of 10 to 50 feet

rhere only a vertical lift

required.

The gin

Table 5-1. Safe Capacity of Spruce Timber as Gin Poles in

Normal Operations

Note. Safe capacity of each le of shears or tripod

is

seven-eights of the value Riven for a gin pole.

a. Rigging. In rigging a gin pole, lay out the pole with the base at the spot where it is to be erected. In order to make provisions for the

guylines and tackle blocks, place the gin pole on cribbing for ease of lashing. Figure 4-18 shows the lashing on top of a gin pole and the method of attaching guys. The procedure is as
follows
:

with two of the center turns engaging the hook of the upper block of the tackle. Secure the ends of the lashing with a square knot. Nail wooden cleats (boards) to the pole flush with the lower and upper sides of the lashing to prevent the lashing from slipping. (2) Lay out guy ropes, each four times the length of the gin pole. In the center of each

(1)
fiber

Make a tight lashing of eight turns of rope about 1 foot from the top of the pole,

guy rope, form a clove hitch over the top of the pole next to the tackle lashing (fig. 5-1), and
101

AGO

20062A

GUY
GUY IINES

LINES

MOUSING
DETAILS ATTOP

OP OIN POLE

CLEAT
SEIZING

DETAILS AT BASE OF GIN POLE

CLEAT

SNATCH BLOCK

Figure 5-1. Lashing for a gin pole.

be sure the guylines are alined in the direction of their anchors.

(3) Lash a block to the gin pole about 2 from the base of the pole, the same as was done for the tackle lashing at the top, and

feet

line can be passed through the leading block at the base of the gin pole. (5) Drive a stake about 3 feet from the base of the gin pole. Tie a rope from the stake
fall

to the base of the pole

place a cleat above the lashing to prevent slipping. This block serves as a leading block on

the fall line which allows a directional change of pull from the vertical to the horizontal. snatch block is the most convenient type to use

for this purpose. (4) Reeve the hoisting tackle and use the block lashed to the top of the pole so that the

below the lashing on the leading block and near the bottom of the pole. This is to prevent the pole from skidding while it is being erected. (6) Check all lines to be sure that they are not snarled. Check all lashings to see that they are made up properly, and see that all knots are tight. Check the hooks on the blocks to see that they are moused properly. The gin
pole
is

now ready

to be erected.

102

AGO

20062A

l>. gin pole 40 feet long may be Erecting. raised easily by hand, but longer poles must be raised by supplementary rigging or power

it is erected to prevent the chocking of the tackle blocks during the erection of the gin pole.

equipment. Figure 5-2 shows a gin pole being

erected.

line

(4) Keep a slight tension on the rear guyand on each of the side guylines, haul in

the weight of the pole. lows:

The number of men needed depends on The procedure is as fol-

(1) Dig a hole about 2 feet deep for the base of the gin pole. (2) String out the guys to their respective anchorages and assign a man to each anchorage to control the slack in the guyline with a round turn around the anchorage as the pole is

on the fall line of the tackle system, while eight men (more for larger poles) raise the top of the pole by hand (fig. 5-2) until the tackle system can take control. (5) The rear guyline must be kept under tension to prevent the pole from swinging and throwing all of its weight on one of the side
guys. <6)

When

the pole

is

in its final position,

has not been done already, install an anchorage for the base of the pole.
raised. If
it

lized to raise

(3) If necessary, the tackle system utiand lower the load may be used to

assist in raising the gin pole, but the attaching of an additional tackle system to the rear guyline is preferable. Attach the running block of the rear guyline tackle system (fig 4-18) to the rear guyline the end of which is at this point of erection near the base of the gin pole. The fixed or stationary block is then secured to the rear anchor. The fall line should come out of

the running block to give greater mechanical advantage to the tackle system. The tackle system is stretched to the base of the pole before

approximately vertical or inclined as desired, make all guys fast to their anchorages with the round turn and two half hitches. It frequently is desirable to double the portion of rope used for the half hitches. (7) Open the leading block at the base of the gin pole and place the fall line from the tackle system through it. When the leading block is closed the gin pole is ready for use. If it is necessary to move (drift) the top of the pole without moving the base, it should be done when there is no load on the pole, unless the guys are equipped with tackle.
c.

Operating.

The

gin pole
lifts

adapted to vertical

(fig.

is particularly 5-3). It also is

Figure 5-3. Hoisting with a gin pole,

red travels

and.

When

toward the gin pole just off the used in this manner, a snubbing
to the other

of

some kind must be attached

of the load being dragged and kept under don at all times. Tag lines should be used to
trol
,

loads being lifted vertically.

light line fastened to one

A tag line end of the load

kept under slight tension during hoisting.

!.

Tripod

;ripod consists of three legs lashed or seed at the top. The advantage of the tripod r other rigging installations is its stability

requires no guylines to hold it in disadvantage is that the load can be /ed only up and down. The load capacity of ripod is approximately one and one-half es that of shears made of the same size ma-

that

it

3e.

Its

LASHING
CLOVE HITCH

al.

Rigging. There are two methods of lasha tripod, either of which is suitable projd the lashing material is strong enough. material used for lashing can be fiber e, wire rope, or chain. Metal rings joined h short chain sections and large enough to over the top of the tripod legs also can be d. The method described in par (1) below is fiber rope 1 inch in diameter or smaller,
.
! >

CLOVE HITCH

the strength of the tripod is affected ditly by the strength of the rope and the lashused, more turns than described below mid be used for extra heavy loads and fewer
ice
;

Figure 54. Lashing for a tripod*

ns can be used for light loads. (1) Procedure. (a) Select three spars of approximately lal size and place a mark near the top of ;h spar to indicate the center of the lashing.
of the spars parallel with ;ir tops resting on a skid or block and a rd spar between the first two, with the butt the opposite direction and the lashing marks
(&)
all

5-4). Be sure to maintain the space between the spars while making the turns.
fig.

(d) Finish the lashing by taking two close frapping turns around the lashing between each pair of spars. Secure the end of the

Lay two

rope with a clove hitch on the center spar just above the lashing. Frapping turns should not be drawn too tight. (2) Alternate procedure.
(.)

An

alternate

procedure

(,

fig.

three in

line.

The spacing between spars

ould be about one-half the diameter of the

Leave the space between the spars so the lashing will not be drawn too tight len the tripod is erected. (c) With a 1-inch rope, make a clove tch around one of the outside spars about 4 ches above the lashing mark and take eight
ars. at

5-4) can be used when slender poles not more than 20 feet long are being used, or when some means other than hand power is available for
erection. (b) Lay the three spars parallel to each other with an interval between them slightly greater than twice the diameter of the rope to be used. Rest the tops of the poles on a skid so that the ends project over the skid approxi-

rns of the line

around the three spars

((D,

are in
at the

line.

(c) Put a clove hitch on one outside leg bottom of the position the lashing will occupy which is approximately 2 feet from the end. Weave the line over the middle leg, under and around the outer leg, under the middle leg, over and around the first leg, and continue this weaving for eight turns. Finish with a clove hitch on the outer leg.
b. Erecting. The legs of a tripod in its final position should be spread so that each leg is

equidistant (fig. 5-5) from the others. This spread should not be less than one-half nor more than two-thirds of the length of the legs. Chain, rope, or boards should be used to hold the legs in this position. A leading block for the fall line of the tackle may be lashed to one of the legs. The procedure is as follows
:

Raise the tops of the spars about 4 feet, keeping the base of the legs on the ground. (2) Cross the two outer legs. The third or center leg then rests on top of the cross. With
(1)

the legs in this position, pass a sling over the cross so that it passes over the top or center leg and around the other two.
(3) Hook the upper block the sling and mouse the hook.
of a

tackle to

(4) Continue raising the tripod by pushing in on the legs as they are lifted at the center. Eight men should be able to raise an ordi-

TO POWER
Figure 5-5. Tripod assembled for use,

nary tripod into position.

(5)

When

the tripod legs are in their final

position, place a rope or chain lashing the legs to hold them from shifting.
c.

between

installations

Erecting Large Tripods. For larger tripod it may be necessary to erect a small gin pole to raise the tripod into position.

5-3. Shears Shears made by lashing two legs together with a rope is well adapted for lifting heavy machinery or other bulky loads. It is formed by two members crossed at their tops, with the
hoisting tackle suspended from the intersection. The shears must be guyed to hold it in po-

Tripods lashed in the manner described in a above with the three legs laid together, must be erected by raising the tops of the legs until the legs clear the gound so they can be spread apart. Guylines or tag lines should be used to assist in steadying the legs while they are being raised. The outer legs should be crossed so that the center leg is on top of the cross, and
the sling for the hoisting tackle should pass over the center leg and around the two outer
legs at the cross.

quickly assembled and only two guys, and is adapted to working at an inclination from the vertical. The shear legs may be round poles, timbers, heavy planks, or steel bars, depending on the material at hand and the purpose of the shears. In determining the size of the members to be used, the load to be lifted and the ratio of the length and diameter of the legs are the determining factors. For heavy loads the length-diameter (L/d) ratio should not exceed
sition.
is

The shears
It

erected.

requires

CLOVE HITCH

FRAPNNO
TACKLi SLiNO

nALrf**

DETAIL FOR

H6AH LASHING

REAR GUY

Figure. 5-6. Lashing for shears.

ther

because of the tendency of the legs to bend than to act as columns. For light work,

ears

can be improvised from two planks or

ht poles bolted together and reinforced by a tall lashing at the intersection of the legs. a. Rigging. In erection, the spread of the
js e

should equal about one-half the height of The maximum allowable drift (innation) is 45. Tackle blocks and guys for
shears.
ears are essential.

(2) Place a large block under the tops of the legs just below the point of lashing (fig. 5-6), and insert a small spacer block between the tops at the same point. The separation between the legs at this point should be equal to one-third the diameter on one leg, to make handling of the lashing easier. (3) With sufficient 1-inch rope for 14

The guy ropes can be

se~

red to firm posts or trees with a turn of the pe so that the length of the guy can be adsted easily.
(1)

The procedure is as follows Lay two timbers together on the

:

turns around both legs, make a clove hitch (fig. r>~(>) around one spar, and take 8 turns around both legs above the clove hitch. Wrap the turns tightly HO that the lashing is made smooth and without kinks. (4) Finish the lashing by taking two frap-

BACK GUY

FRONTGUY]

HOLE FOR BASE OF LEG

Figure

5-7. Erecting shears.

oads the number of lashing turns

b.

is

increased.

Erecting. Holes should be dug at the oints where the legs of the shears are to tand. In case of placement on rocky ground, he base for the shears should be level. The 3gs of the shears should be crossed and the 'utts placed at the edges of the holes. With a hort length of rope, make two turns over the
ross at the top of the shears and tie the rope ogether to form a sling. Be sure to have the ling bearing against the spars and not on the hears lashing entirely. The procedure is as

hook of the upper block through the sling. Secure the sling in the hook by mousing. Fasten the lower block to one of the legs near the butt, so that it will be in a convenient position when the shears have been raised, but will be out of the way during erection. (2) If the shears are to be used on heavy lifts, another tackle is rigged in the back guy near its anchorage. The two guys should be secured to the top of the shears with clove hitches to legs opposite their anchorages above
the lashing. (3) Several men (depending on the size of the shears) should lift the top end of the shear

ollows

(1)

Reeve a set of blocks and place the

Figure 5-8. Hoisting with shears.

and "walk" them up by hand until the tacon the rear guyline can take effect (fig. r). After this, the shear legs can be raised
s
;o

final

position

by hauling

in

on the

tackle,

ing by connecting them with rope, chain, or boards. It may be necessary, under some conditions, to anchor each leg of the shears during erection to keep the legs from sliding in the

lure the front guyline to its

:e

anchorage beraising the shear legs and keep a slight

on this line to control movement. The legs should be kept from spread-

wrong
c.

direction.

ision

(4)

Operating. The rear guy is a very important part of the shears rigging, as it is under a considerable strain when hoisting. In order to

hapter
ittle

auuui uiajj i/u tuts principles uiacuaseu in 4, section II. The front guy has very
it

-v)

iveeve tne lacKie so

mat

tne tali line

and is used mainly to aid in id justing the drift and to steady the top of the hears when hoisting or placing the load. It
strain on

comes from the traveling block instead of the standing block. Attach the traveling block to the top end of the boom after the gin pole is
erected.

nay be necessary to rig a tackle

fuy for handling

in the rear

loads. In operation, the of the shears) desired is set )y adjustment of the rear guy, but this should lot be done while a load is on the shears. For handling light loads, the fall line of the tackle >f the shears can be led straight out of the .ipper block. When heavy loads are handled, it tfill be necessary to lash a snatch block (fig. 5-8) near the base of one of the shear legs to a,ct as a leading block. The fall line should be run through the leading block to a hand- or

heavy

Irift (inclination

power-operated winch for heavy loads.

5-4.
A.

Boom

Derrick

derrick is a lifting device which incorporates the advantages of a gin pole and the long horizontal reach of a boom. The boom der-

boom

BOOM

be used to lift and swing medium size loads in a 90 arc on either side of the resting position of the boom, for a total swing of 180. When a boom derrick is employed in lifting heavy loads, it must be set on a turnplate or turnwheel to allow the mast and boom to swing as a unit. A mast is a gin pole used with a boom. The mast can swing more than 180 degrees when it is set on a turnplate or turnrick

may

wheel.
a. Rigging. For hoisting medium loads, a boom may be rigged to swing independently of the pole. Care must be taken to insure the

Figure 5-9. Rigging a boom on a gin

(2)

pole.

safety of those using the installation, and it

should be used only temporarily or where time does not permit a more stable installation. When using a boom on a gin pole, more stress is placed on the rear guy, and therefore a stronger guy is necessary. In case larger rope is not at hand, a set of tackle reeved with the same size rope used in the hoisting tackle can be used as a guyline by extending the tackle from the top of the gin pole to the anchorage. The block attached to the gin pole should be lashed at the point where the other guys are
tied

Erect the gin pole in the manner described in paragraph 5-16, but pass the fall
line of the tackle

through the extra block at the top of the pole before erection to increase the mechanical advantage of the tackle system. (3) Select a boom with the same diameter and not more than two-thirds as long as the

and in the same manner. The procedure

is

as follows:
(1) Rig a gin pole as described in paragraph 5-la, but lash another block about 2 feet

gin pole. Spike two boards (fig. 5-9) to the butt end of the boom and lash them with rope, making a fork. The lashing should be made with a minimum of sixteen turns and tied off with a square knot. Drive wedges (fig. 5-9) under the lashing next to the cleats to help make the fork more secure.
(4) Spike cleats to the mast about 4 feet above the resting place of the boom and place

BOOM

LINES

COUNTERWEIGHT

SWING ROPE
BULL WHEEL
Figure 5-10. Four-ton
bher block lashing just above these cleats. 3 block lashing will support the butt of the
stiff

leg derrick.

m. If a separate tackle system is rigged up lupport the butt of the boom, an additional

lashing should be placed on the boom below the larger lashing to secure the rung block of the tackle system. (5) If the boom is light enough, manner may be used to lift the boom in place on mast through the sling which will support The sling consists of 2 turns of rope with ends tied together with a square knot. The
;k
;

sling should pass through the center 4 turns of the block lashing on the mast and should cradle the boom. On heavier booms, the tackle system on the top of the mast can be used to raise the butt of the boom to the desired position

onto the mast.

(6)

Lash the traveling block

of the gin

pole tackle to the top end of the boom as described in paragraph 5-la, and lash the stand-

ing block of the boom tackle at the same point. Reeve the boom tackle so that the fall line comes from the standing block and passes
111

20062A

when handling heavy loads, more be applied to a horizontal line leading from the block with less strain on the
optional, but

TWO GUYS
ONE GUY

power may

boom and
b.

guys. Erecting. The boom is raised into position when the rigging is finished. When working with heavy loads, the base of the boom should rest on the ground at the base of the pole. A

more horizontal
working with

position

may

be used

when

4"

* 6".

TACKLE

no case should the boom bear against any part of the upper twolight loads. In

ARRANGEMENT
POlT DERRICK, OR DUTCHMAN

thirds of the mast.

boom on a gin pole provides Operating. a convenient means for loading and unloading trucks or flatcars when the base of the gin pole
c.

cannot be set close to the object to be lifted. It is used also on docks and piers for unloading boats and barges. The boom is swung by pushing directly on the load or by pulling the load with bridle lines or tag lines. The angle of the boom to the mast is adjusted by hauling on the
fall line of

2"

6"

TWO
2"
x

6"

the mast tackle.

The load

is

raised

or lowered by hauling on the fall line of the boom tackle. A leading block (snatch block) is usually placed at the base of the gin pole. The
fall line of the

PLANK BRACES
6" x 6"

boom

tackle

is

led

through

this

leading block to

a hand- or power-operated winch for the actual hoisting of the load.

BRACED DERRICK, OR MONKEY

5-5.

Stiff

Leg Derrick

stiff leg derrick is held in the vertical position by two rigid, inclined struts connected to the top of the mast. The struts are

The mast of a

spread 60

to 90

to provide support in
sills

two

di-

rections and are attached to

extending

from the bottom of the mast. The mast is mounted on vertical pins. The mast and boom can swing through an arc of about 270. The tackles for hoisting the load and raising the

JINNIWINK
Figure 5-11. Light hoisting equipment.

rick also

boom are
a.

similar to those used with the

.

boom

(par. 5-4a) Operating. A stiff leg derrick equipped with a long boom is suitable for yard use for unloading and transferring material whenever continuous operations are carried on within reach of its boom. When used on a bridge deck these derricks must be moved on rollers. They

and gin pole

is used where guylines cannot be provided, as on the edge of a wharf or on a barge. b. Steel Derrick. Steel derricks of the stiff

leg type are available to engineer troops in two sizes: 4-ton rated capacity (fig. 5-10) with a 28-foot radius, and a 30-ton rated capacity

with a 38-foot radius, when properly counterweighted. Both derricks are erected on fixed
bases. The 4-ton derrick, including a skidmounted double-drum gasoline-engine-driven hoist, weighs 7 tons and occupies a space 20 feet square. The 30-ton derrick, including a

are sometimes used in multistoried buildings surmounted by towers to hoist material to the

roof of the
ricks

main building to supply guy dermounted on the tower. The stiff leg der-

skid-mounted double-drum

hoist,

weighs ap-

29 proximately 22 tons and occupies a space

feet square.

effective for lifting loads of 2 tons and, because

of its light

moved from place

Light Hoisting Equipment Extended construction projects generally involve the erection of numerous light memben as well as the heavy main members. Progress can be more rapid if light members are raiset by hand or by light hoisting equipment, allowing the heavy hoisting equipment to move ahead with the erection of the main members. Very light members can be raised into place by
:.wo

5-6.

6.

Brace
as a

weight and few guys, is readily to place by a small squad. Derrick. The braced derrick,

known

"monkey"

(,

fig.

5-10),

is

very

useful for filling in heavy members behind the regular erection equipment. Two back guys are

usually employed when lifting heavy loads, although light members may be lifted without them. Power is furnished by a hand- or pow-

using manila handlines. Where hand.hies arc inadequate or where members must jo raised above the working level, light hoist.ng equipment should be used. Many types of loisting equipment for lifting light loads have jeen devised. Those, discussed here are only ,ypieal examples which can be constructed easly in the field and moved readily about the job.

men

er-driven hoist. The construction of the base of the monkey permits it to be anchored to the
structure by lashings to resist the pull of the lead line on the snatch block at the foot of the mast.
c.

Jmniwink Derrick. This derrick

is

(,

fig.

5-11)
tons.

suitable for lifting loads weighing 5

Pole Derrick. The improved pole derrick, "dutchman" (i"), fig. 5-11), is esaen,ially a gin pole constructed with a sill and <nee braces at the bottom. It is usually installed with guys at the front and back. It is
a.

ailed a

Hand-powered jinni winks are rigged preferably with manila rope. Those operated by a power-driven hoist should be rigged with wire rope. The jinniwink is lashed down to the structural frame at both the front sill and tail
sill

to prevent the tail

is lifted.

sill

from rising when a

load

Section

II.

SKIDS, ROLLERS,

AND JACKS

i7.
Skids,

introduction
rollers,

runway surface when

to

and jacks are used

i.s

move
in

rollers are used. Oak planks 2 inches thick and about 15 feet long

leavy loads, ('ribbing or blocking

:ssary as a safety
)<>sitioii

often nec-

measure

to

keep an object

or to prevent accidents to personnel hat work under or near these heavy objects, ."".ribbing is formed by piling timbers in tiers,
vith

make .satisfactory skids for most operations. The angle of the skids must be kept low to prevent the load from drifting or getting out of control. Grease may be used on skids when horizontal movement only is involved, but in
most circumstances greasing is dangerous as it may cause the load to drift sideways suddenly.
5-9.
Rollers
or

the

tiers

alternating

in

direction

(fig.

)-12), to support a heavy weight, at a height greater than blocking would provide. A firm
uid level foundation for cribbing
uid the
'.venly
lutioii
is

essential,

bottom timber.-; should n-st firmly and on the ground. Hloeking used as a fonnfor jacks should be sound and large
|<;n';u<f, ami placed firmly ground so that thr pressmv in i-vt-aly

Hardwood
skids for
tion.

pipe

rollers

can be used over

into posi-

moving very heavy loads

jnough to carry the load. The timbers should

K>.

dry ami free from

:m the

.Uslributrd.

Skids are placed under the rollers to provide a smooth, continuous surface for the rollers. The rollers must be smooth and round and should he long enough to pass completely under the load being moved. The load should
ln>

.supported on longitudinal

wooden members

5-8.

Skids
.skids

Timber

may

bi-

placed

longitudinally

provide a smooth upper surface for the rollers to move on. The skids placed underneath
t.n

slightly in the direction of the turn and the rear rollers in the opposite direction. This in-

clination of the rollers

may be made by

strik-

ing them sharply with a sledge. For moving lighter loads, rollers can be made up and set on axles in side beams as a semipermanent conveyor. Permanent metal roller conveyors (fig. 5-14) are available. They are usually made in
sections.

5-10.
a.

Jocks

In order to place cribbing, skids, or often necessary to lift and lower the load for a short distance. Jacks are used for this purpose. Jacks are used also for precision placement of heavy loads, such as bridge
Use*.

rollers, it is

spans. A number of different styles of jacks are available, but only heavy duty hydraulic or screw type jacks should be used. The number of jacks used will depend on the weight of the
Figure 5-12. Timber cribbing.

load and the rated capacity of the jacks. Be certain that the jacks are provided with a solid
footing, preferably
is

load

are placed in front of the load and the rolled slowly forward unto the rollers. As the load passes, rollers are left clear behind the load and are picked up and placed in front of the load so that there is a continuous path of rollers. In making a turn with a load on the front rollers must be inclined rollers,
rollers
is

wooden blocking. Cribbing frequently used in lifting loads by jacking The procedure requires stages (fig. 5-15) blocking under the jacks, raising of the object to the maximum height of the jacks to permit cribbing to be put directly under the load, and the lowering of the load onto the cribbing.
.

ROLLERS

WHEEL TYPE CONVEYOR

Figure 5-15. Jacking loads by stages.

Ratchet lever jacks. The ratchet lever jack (, fig. 5-16), available to engineer troops as part of panel bridge equipment, is a rack-bar jack which has a rated capacity of 15 tons. It has a foot lift by which loads close to its base can be engaged. The foot capacity is
(1)
71/2 tons.

Steamboat ratchets. Steamboat ratch(sometimes called pushing-and-pulling jacks) (, fig. 5-16) are ratchet screw jacks of 10-ton rated capacity with end fittings
(2)
ets

which permit pulling parts together or pushing them apart. Their principal uses are for tightening lines or lashings and for spreading or bracing parts in bridge construction. (3) Screw jacks. Screw jacks (, fig. 5-16) have a rated capacity of 12 tons. They are about 13 inches high when closed and have a safe rise of at least 7 inches. These jacks are issued with the pioneer set and can be used for general purposes, including steel erection. (4) Hydraulic jacks. Hydraulic jacks (, fig. 5-16) are available in class IV supin capacities up to 100 tons. Loads norplies mally encountered by engineer troops do not
require large capacity hydraulic jacks. Those supplied with the squad pioneer set are 11 inches high, have a rated capacity of 12 tons, and a rise of at least 5V4 inches. They are large enough for usual construction needs.

ROLLER TYPE CONVEYOR

Figure 5-14. Metal conveyors.

ds process is repeated as many times as necsary to lift the load to the desired height.

Types. Jacks are available in capacities 5 to 100 tons (fig. 5-16) Small capacity cks are operated through a rack bar or rew, while those of large capacity are usub.

om

ly

operated hydraulically.

Ratchet lever jack with foot

lift

Steamboat ratchet

Screw jack

Hydraulic jack

Figure 5-16. Mechanical and hydraulic jacks.

CHAPTER 6

AND SCAFFOLDING
Section
S.

vonil types of ladders are available for eonuction work, including" extension ladders, shup ladders, and straight ladders (fig.
1

All three types of ladders are available

both metal and wood. Ladders should ali.ys be inspected before they are used. A ladr with parts missing, with bent or cracked les or rungs, and those made, with faulty nut'ia! should he condemned. Badly worn and athered ladders and wooden ladders with Hen spots should not be used because they e subject 1o breaking and can cause a .serious cidcnt. Ladders with rough spots, such as ot Hiding metal fastenings, screws, and nails
iMiilil

be repaired or reconstructed to prevent

juries.
2.

Extension Ladder
:;cction,s

:casionally
e
ii.-u'd

of

an extension ladder
EXTENSION LADDER
Figure
ti-1.

separately. When this is done, the be. used upside. iprr section of the ladder must Avn so (hat 1iie rung missing; Jit the locks will
at
i-

PUSHUP LADDER
Types of ladders.

STRAIGHT LADDER

the top of

l.he

ladder where

it

is

less lia-

eause an accident. In .selecting an exten:m ladder for a particular job, it should be rei>mb-.'n-il that this type of ladder is desigded by its nominal length, which is the sum
to
'

out

the
Htfth
ic,

lt'n}'1h:.

>f

the
is
'.\

sections.
to

The

usable

of the latlviiT

I) feet U>HH than

nominal length

<iue
i
;

to
'.'

the overlap of the

away from the building until it stands nearly vertical but leaning- slightly toward the building. While the ladder is held in this position, one man hauls down on the rope fastened to the extension section, pulling it upward. No attempt should be made to raise the extension
section to its full extension on the first pull. It is less difficult to pull the section up in easy
stage.H,

K'tioit:;.
IK!

This ovi-riap feet, 4 including

ulcU-r.s

and
the

;~>

lo ;uui

If*

iVrt

mi ladders up t(* OH 40 to 44 feet nu tin^-r ones. Kxtenf'et

feet

,on

ladders

pur-hnp
in

latiders

are

placed

tervals

KaSn.it
"ith

v.-al;

much
r p'i

the

'amr manner

th- '\ten.;iiu,

:hup, jmrtion lowered.

checking the height of the ladder at inin order to determine the correct height. The extension section should be on the side of the ladder toward the building to lessen

wan

vv 1.1.11.11

j.uj-c

piciL-iiig

LUC ictuuci

iu

us cei i/am nicy are

md

right angles to the wall. One man should stand at the foot of the ladder to prevmt the ladder from kicking backward. secat

md man

men) grasp the ladder part way ;oward the top and raise it from the ground. ks the ladder is raised it is "walked" toward ;he building, and the men keep moving toward
(or
;he

not coated with mud or debris. The ladder should be placed at a safe angle against the wall. A good rule is to place the base of the ladder about one-fourth as far out from the

When
)f

foot of the ladder to grasp new holds. the ladder is in final position, the bottom

;ain it
>r if

the ladder should be checked to make cerhas a firm footing. If the ground is soft,

the ladder does not rest squarely on both Bottom legs, a board may be placed under the

upper support as the length of the ladder (fig. 6-2). The upper end of the ladder should not extend more than 2 feet above the upper support, and not so far below the working area to be dangerous to move from the top of the ladder to the wall. The upper end of a ladder should always be lashed to the structure with wire or fiber rope to prevent it from skidding sideways or overturning while in use.

Figure 0-2. Correct angles for ladders.

Section

IS.

SCAFFOLDING
used for construction of steel buildings because of the possibility that a heavy steel member might be rested temporarily on the planks. Single scaffold planks may be laid
floor

6-4. Introduction Construction jobs may require the use of several kinds of scaffolds to permit easy working
procedures. Scaffolding may range from individual planks placed on structural members of the building to involved patent scaffolding. Scaffold planks are placed as a decking over swinging scaffolds, suspended scaffolds, needle

beams, and built-up independent scaffolding.

Scaffold planks are of various sizes, including inches x 13 feet, 2 x 10 inches x 16 feet, and 2 x 12 inches x 16 feet. Scaffold planks 3

2x9

beams of upper floors (fig. 6-3) or roofs form working areas or runways. Each plank should run from beam to beam, with not more than a few inches of any plank projecting beyond the end of the supporting beam. Overhangs are dangerous because men may step on them and over balance with the scaffold plank.
across
to

When

the planking

is

laid continuously, as in a laid so that their

be needed for platforms that must hold heavy loads or withstand movements. Planks with holes or splits are not suitable for scaffolding if the diameter of the hole
inches thick

may

runway, the planks should be

is more than 1 inch or the split extends more than 3 inches in from the end. Three-inch planks should be used to build the temporary

ends overlap. Single plank runs can be staggered so that each plank is offset with reference to the next plank in the run. It is advisable to use two layers of planking on large working areas to increase the freedom of

movement.
AGO

118

20062A

BEAM

iv*..* Hliu aie Heavier man aw.uigi.iig ouij.v/iuo. each outrigger, cables lead to hand winches on the scaffold. This type of scaffold is raised or lowered by operating the hand winches, which must contain a locking device. The scaffold may be made up in almost any width up to about 6 feet, and may be 12 feet long, depending on the size of the putlogs, or longitudinal supports, under the scaffold. A light roof may be included on this type of scaffold to protect
j.

the

men from

falling debris.

Needle Beam Scaffold. This type of scaffold is used only for temporary jobs. No material should be stored on this scaffold. In needle
c.

beam
size,

scaffolding,

two

4-

6-inch, or similar

Figure

fi-3.

Scaffold planks in place.

timbers are suspended by ropes. A decking of 2-inch scaffold plank is placed across the needle beams, which should be placed about 10 feet apart. Needle beam scaffolding (fig. 6-6) is used frequently by riveting gangs working' on steel structures because of the frequent changes of location necessary and its adaptathe needle beams to prevent them from rolling or turning over. The hanging lines are usually of li/i-mch manila rope. The rope is hitched to the needle beam, carried up over a structural beam or other support, and then down again under the needle beam so the latter has a complete loop of rope under it. The rope is then passed over the support again and fastened around itself
bility to different situations. used in the rope supporting

scaffold hitch is

6-5.

Types of Scaffolds a. Swinging Scaffolds. The swinging, single plank, or platform type of scaffold must alprevent

ways be secured to the building or structure to it from moving away and causing the mend to fall. Where swinging scaffolds are suspended adjacent
to each other, planks should never be placed so as to form a bridge between them. (1) Single plank scaffold. A single scaffold plank (fig. 6-4) may be swung over the edge of a building with two ropes by using a scaffold hitch (fig. 2-28) at each end. A tackle may be inserted in place of ropes for lowering and hoisting. This type of swinging scaffold is suitable for one man. (2) Platform scaffold. The swinging platform scaffold (fig. 6-5) consists of a frame similar in appearance to a ladder with a deckend ing of wood slats. It is supported near each by a steel stirrup to which the lower block of a
set of

by two half

hitches.

d. Double, Pole Built-Up Scaffold. The double pole built-up scaffold (steel or wood), sometimes called the independent scaffold, is com-

pletely independent of the main structure. Several types of patent independent scaffolding

fold is

manila rope falls is attached. The scafsupported by hooks or anchors on the

must be secured

roof of a structure. The fall line of the tackle to a member of the scaffold

when
ing.

in final position to prevent

it

from

fall-

simple and rapid erection The scaffolding can be built up from wood members if necessary. The scaffold uprights are braced with diagonal members and the working level is covered with a platform of planks. All bracing must form triangles and the base of each column requires adequate footing plates for the bearing area on the ground. The patented steel scaffolding is usually erected by placing the two uprights on the ground and inserting the diagonal members,
are available for
(fig.

6-7)

AOO

200B2A

11

Figure 6-4- Single swinging plank scaffold.

rope seat to lower himself by releasing the grip of the rolling hitch. A slight twist with the hand on the hitch permits the suspension line to slip through it, but when the hand pressure on the hitch is released, the hitch will hold firmly.
b. Rope Chair With Seat. If the rope boatswain's chair must be used to support a man at work for some time, the rope may cause considerable discomfort. notched board (fig. 6-9) inserted through the two leg loops will provide a comfortable seat. The loop formed as the running end to make the double bowline will still provide a back support, and the rolling hitch can still be used to lower the boatswain's chair.

SCAFFOLD HITCH OR

SPLICED EYE

Figure 6-6. Needle beam scaffold.

r
.

I
i
1 \

1
i

]
'

diagonal members have end fittings which mit rapid locking in position. The first tier jet on steel bases on the ground. A second is placed in the same manner on the first with the bottom of each upright locked to top of the lower tier. A third and fourth 'ight can be placed on the ground level and ied to the first set with diagonal bracing. 3 scaffolding can be built as high as desired, high scaffolding should be tied in to the
i
,

in structure.
6.
ie

Boatswain's Chair
boatswain's chair can be made up in sevforms, but it generally consists of a sling

c. Boatswain's Chair With Tackle. The boatswain's chair is supported by a four part rope tackle (fig. 6-10), two double blocks. One man can raise or lower himself, or be assisted by a man on the ground. When working alone the fall line is attached to the lines between the seat and the traveling block with a rolling

hitch.

al
:

As a safety precaution, a figure eight knot should be tied after the rolling hitch tc

supporting one man.

prevent accidental untying.

GO 20062A

Figure 6-7, Independent scaffolding.

MAKE ROLLING HITCH WITH RUNNING END FROM THE DOUBLE BOWLINE.
ROLLING HITCH

DOUBLE BOWLINE

Figure

6'~-.9.

Boatswain's chair with seat.

Figure 6-8. Boatswain's chair.

DOUBLE BLOCKS

TWO BOWLINES

CONTROL

LINE

BACK SUPPORT

Figure 6-10. Boatswain's chair with tackle.

APPENDIX

REFERENCES

FB
Ffl Ffl

'-13

The Engineer

Soldier's

Handbook

J-34
i-35

FR
Ffl

;0-22

'5-15
1-270

TI
Tfl

NG 300-series
-744
.0-500-series

Engineer Field Data _ Engineer Reference and Logistical Data Vehicle Recovery Operations __ Transportation Reference Data Air Moyement Instructions Cableways, Tramways, and Suspension Bridges
Structural Steelwork Airdrop of Supplies and Equipment
.

TB TB TB

17-210

. _

Air Movement of Troops and Equipment

APPENDIX &
TABLES OF USEFUL INFORMATION

SINGLE

DOUBLE

DOUBLE

TRIPLE

TRIPLE

SINGLE

SINGLE

DOUBLE

DOUBLE

TRIPLE

Note.

when

selecting rope size.

Pemissible rope diameters are for new rope used under favorable conditions as rope ages or deteriorates increase factor of safety progressively to Lead line pull is not affected by age or condition.

8,

Table B-l. Simple Block and Tackle Rigging for Manila Rope (Factor of Safety 3),

Table B-2. Simple Block and Tackle Rigging for Plow Steel Wire Rope (Factor of Safety 6)

Table B-S. Recommended Sizes of Tackle Blocks

eter of

Note. Largest diameter of sheave for a f?iven size of rope sheave is suitable.

is

preferred,

when

available, except that for 6 x 87 wire rope the smaller diam-

Table B-4- Bearing Capacity of Soils

Safe

General description

Condition

allowable pressure
(pai)

Fine grained soils Clays, silts, very fine sands, or mixtures of these containing few coarse particles of sand or gravel. Classification MH,
: :

Soft, unconsolidated, having high moisture content

l.OOC

(mud).
partly consolidated, medium moisture content Hard, well consolidated, low moisture content
Stiff,

4,001

CH, OH, ML, CL, OL.

Sands and well-graded sandy soils, containing some silt and clay. Classification: SW, SC, SP, SF.
Gravel and well-graded gravelly soils containing some sand, silt and clay. Cassification GW,
:

8,00!

(slightly

damp

to dry).

Loose, not confined ........... Loose, confined

3,00
..

..

5,00

Compact

...

10.0C

Loose, not confined Loose, confined

.
.

4.0C
0,01

GC, GP.
Rock

Compact Cemented sand and gravel ..........

Poor quality rock, soft and fractured; also hardpan.

12, 0(

16,01

10,0

Table B-5. Safe Loads on Screw-Pin Shackles

Stress (pounds) in

guy

for

w=> 1,000 pounds

Stress (pounds) in spar for

\v= 1,000 pounds

Key

W- weight to bo lifted plus 1/2 the weight of polo.

A - Drift.
B-IIorzontal distance from IMBO L Length of Kin pole.
of pole to guy.

Table B-6. Stresses in Guys and Spars of Gin Poles

Stress (pounds) in

guy

for

F= 1,000 pounds

Stress (pounds) in

mast

for

F= 1,000 pounds

Key F=Total

A = Vertical distance

force on boom lift falls. for each unit of horizontal distance. B=PIorizontal distance from base of mast to guy.

L= Length

of mast.

Table B-7. Stresses in Guys and

Mast

of

Guy Derrick

INDEX

Paragraph

Page

Paragraph

Paste

Cotton fiber rope Cribbing Crown on, wall knot

l-3d 5-7
2-2c

Crown

rope splice, Cutting kinked wire rope

:

fiber

2-13

1-13/

4 113 20 46 13

Long splice Renewing strands Bungs

Short
Size
splice
-

Deadrnan

Splices
..
_

Construction

--

Depth
Designing

4-3^(1) 4-3d(2)(a) 4-4

4-3d(3) Table 4-2 4-4a
4-3(2(1)
4-3ei!(2)

90 91 93

Splicing tools for

2-12 2-14 2-27c 2-10 l-5a 2-9 2-15 1-6,1-7 l_5c 1-7 1-56 2-16 2-50 3-156
2-4/

46 46 59 46

4
4

46

Formulas Holding power Log

Steel

92

Storage Strength Uncoiling

5,6
5

6
5

->_-.

beam

Terms used
Timber
Derrick
:

4-46

92 93 90 91 93

Weight Whipping
Fisherman's bend Fleet angle French bowline
Friction, loss in tackle

17 33

Fundamental terms
5-4 5-66 5-6c 5-6a 5-4a 5-56 5-5
110 113
113
Gin, pole

3-13d 2-la
5-1 5-4 5-16 5-la 5-lc
5-los

83 22 81 17

Boom
Braced Jinniwink
Pole

Boom

derrick

113

Erecting

Rigging
Steel
Stiff

leg

derrick

Double Double Double Double

block and tackle

App B-l
2-46 6-5d 2-3c

110 112 112 126

22

Lashing
_ Operating Rigging Safe capacity of spruce timber

101 110 103 101 103 101

bowline
pole built-up scaffold sheet bend

Table 5-1

101
3.0

119 21

Girth hitch

2-5m
3-15a
4-10 5-4a 4-6
5-la(2) 4-6 4-7 5-3 4-9

Ground angle
Guyline :

83
100 110 98 101 98 98 106 100 129 98 106
6
3

Drums and Dutchman

sheaves

1-130 5-6a

14 113

Anchorage

Boom

derrick

...

Effective length of

deadman
4-3d
2-20 90 54
66

Description

(EL)

Gin pole

End

fittings

Load
Shears
Size Stress

distribution
-

Endless slings End of rope knots

3-7a
...

Number

End

of rope
:

whipping

2-2 2-16

17 17

Erecting

AppB-6
4_g 5_2 C
rope
1-7
i_3c

Boom

derrick

Gin pole Shears

Tripod Expedients, hoisting and pulling Extension ladders
-

Eye Eye

or side splice for fiber rope splice in wire rope

:

5-46 5-16 5-36 5-26 3-16 6-2 2-11 2-17

112 103 108 106 84 117 46 48

Tension Tripod

Handling

fiber

Hemp
Hitch

Anchor
Barrel slings .Basket

2-la(13) 3-76 3-7a 3-76

2-5fc

17 66

Fabrication Fiber rope

Blackwall
1-4 1-9
4
7

Choker
Clove Girth

3-76
2-5/

66 66 30 66

Wire rope
Fiber rope:

2-5m
2-5a
2-5Z 2-5i 2-5i
_-

27 30
23 30 30 30 30

Back Care

splice

Characteristics Coiling

Crown

splice

Fabrication

2-13 1-6 1-5 1-6 2-13 1-4

46
5

Half Harness

4
5

Magnus
Mooring
Rolling

46 4

2-W
half

Round turn and two

Paragraph
iber hitch
;gle
D

Page

Paragraph

and half hitch

2-5e
3-7o.

half hitches

2-56
4-3eZ

Hold Hois

power deadman
lin

25 66 24 90
81 63 63 113 84 63 81

Bowline, French ____________

2-4/
2-4ci!

Bowline

a bight ______ Bowline, Spanish ___________

on.
_

Butterfly

__________________
_______ .......
_ _

2-4e 2-6a

Carrick bend

2~Bd

dn care
iin

3-14 3-3
3-2 5-6 3-16 3-1 3-146 3-13e
3-14c&

Catspaw ___________________ 2-4/i Crown on wall ____ __________ 2-2c

Double Double Figure French
bowline ________________
sheet bend ____________ eight ________ ........

strength

lipment, light
jedients

2-46 2-3c 2-26

2-4/

sting ety rce of power

>es

bowline

_____________

81
81

Overhand __________________ 2-2a Running bowline ____ ....... . 2-4c __________ ..... . 2-5% Sheepshank
.

Hol<

it:~~

ard

nbination mbination log mbination steel shed steel picket

shing
iltiple

4-36(3) 4-3c 4-3c 4-3 c

4-36(4) 4-36(3) 4-36(3) 4-36
4-2,4-3a, 4-36(5) 4-36 (2)

--

pickets

:ket

87 88 88 88 87 87 87 86
85, 86,

Single sheet bend __________ Spanish bowline ____________

2-36 2-4e

Speir

Square Stopper ________ ...... Wall ---------------------. ......... _ ..... _ Weaver's

--------------------____________ ....... _ . .

2-40 2-3a
2-2c 2_2c

Wire rope
Ladders: Extension Fiber rope

____ ______

...

......

2-36 2-8

ck

tgle
;el

picket

picket

imps
ggg

4-36(4) 4-2

42
picket
-

)od

4-36
3-4 3-5 3-46 Table 3-2 S-4M 3-4 3-4a
5-106(4)
6-5 dl

88 86 87 85 85 86

__________________
------- ........ ...
_______________________

6-2
2-27c,

Hanging
Standoff

Pushup
Straight

..... _______ ..... _ . _____ .......... ...

..

........

..

_________
_________
.

Hoc
ab
(using
fe loads
f ety

jpection
-

p
Hy.
ilic

--

rength jacks

__

64 65 64 65 64 64 64 115 119
65 7
65 70

Wire rope __________ Lashed picket holdfast Lashings

:

2-27 2-26 6-2 6-3 2-27 4-35 2-7e 5_4O

Block

________

...........
.

. _

Boom

derrick

........

Gin pole ...... . Shears ..... .. ..... . ..... ... s_3 a _______________ ........ 2-7a Square ... .................. Tripod 5 _2a
Lay, wire rope: Lay ... ....... _______________

Ind
Ins

ident scaffolds ion:

.ains

1-106
1-106(1) 1-106(3)

.-

ber rope
>oks

ings
ire

rope

...

3-5 1-8 3-5 3-11 1-14

Regular Reverse

___________________ ......... ...........

16

Length of deadman _____ ..... ..... 4-3d! Leading blocks ................... - 3-18a(l) Lifting equipment _________________ 5-1 5-6 101
Light hoisting equipment Loads, safe working:
______
-

113 113

5-6

Jac

rdraulic
itchet

lever

5-106 (4) 5-106 (1)

5-106(3) 5-106 (2) 5-106 5-10a 5-6c

rew eamboat ratchet

rpes
se
~
.

Jir
Ki;

ink derrick

g in wire rope
*ker bowline

l-13a
2-66

115 115 115 115 115 114 113 12

33

Chain slings __________ ...... ____ Table 3-4 Hooks _______________________ Table 3-2 Manila rope slings ...... _ Table 3-3 ______ Table B-5 Screw-pin shackles
..

..

......

Wire rope Log deadman Long splice:

slings ..... . . ..... _ * .......... ...

.

..

.
..

Table 3-5 4-4a

2-12 2-18 2-4

Kn

. ............... Fiber rope Wire rope - ....... ........... ...... Loops, knots for making .........
.
..

..

.......

Magnus

hitch

2-5i

30

Manmade

anchors
-

Manila rope Mechanical advantage .-.

Monkey

derrick Mooring hitch

4-3 l-3a 3-12 5-66

2-5i

86
3

Rock anchor Rock holdfast

Rollers

4-3a
4-36(5) 5-9
2-5ff

73

Rolling hitch

113 30
64 101 114 87
85

Rope:

Amount
Chair

to allow for splice

Mousing hooks Moving loads

Multiple wooden pickets

3-46
5-1 5-10 4-3 & (3)

and tucks
Failures, wire Fiber crown, or back splice Fiber eye or side splice Fiber, kinds

Table 2-1
6-6<&, &

Natural anchors -Needle beam scaffolds

4-2 6-5c

l-14c 2-13 2-11

1-3

119

Fiber ladder with fiber rope

Operating
:

Boom

derrick
stiff

5-4c
leg

Derrick,

5-5a
5-lc 5-3c

Gin pole Shears guys Overhand knot Overhand turn or loop

Pallets

2-2a
2-la(9)

112 112 103 109 17 17

67

rungs
Fiber ladder with wood

2-27c

rungs
Fiber long splice Fiber short splice Knots at the end of

2-27d 2-12 2-10 2-2

2-3 2-8 2-27

3-8
6-5eZ

Patented scaffold
Picket:

119
86 87 87

Knots for joining Knots for wire Ladder Manila slings safe working
loads Properties of manila and
sisal

Holdfast Holdfast in loamy

Holdfast, steel

soil

4-3& Table 4-1 4-36 (4)

4-36(3) 4-36(2)

Table 3-3 Table 1-1 2-18& 2-1 8a 2-26 2-16 Table 1-2 2-17
2-27a, 6

Wooden

multiple

87 87
59

Wooden, single Pipe rungs, ladder

Plank scaffold Plank scaffold, single

Plate, bearing

2-27a 6-5a
6-5a(l) 4-5
4-5et

119 119
97 97 119

Plate bearing design Platform scaffold

;

6-5 (a) (2)

Pole derrick ("Dutchman") Pole, gin Poured basket socket Power source for hoisting-

5-6a 5-1 2-24o 3-13 e

5-4o.

113

101 56 81
110
16

Round strand Lang lay Round strand regular lay Use of Whipping ends of Wire breaking strength Wire eye splice Wire ladder : Wire long splice Wire safety factors Wire slings safe working
loads

2-18 Table 1-3

Procedure

Boom

derrick rigging

Inspection

Tripod rigging Properties of sisal and manila rope Pushup ladder

Ratio, deadman. length-todiameter Ratchet lever jacks Rectangular timber deadman

1-146 5-2o Table 1-1 6-1

105
5

Wire short splice Round turn Round turn and two half hitches Running bowline Running end of rope
Scaffold:

Table3-5 2-16 2-la(8) 2-5 c 2-4c

2-la(3)

117

Built-up

6-5!
2-5*

4-3c(5) 5-106 (1) 4-46

93

115
93 75

Reeving- blocks

3-13a(2)

References

App A
fiber rope strands

125
8

Regular lay in wire rope

Renewing

1-106(1) 2-14 1-106(3) l-12e

Hitch Independent Needle beam Planks Platform Single plank Suspended Swinging

6-5d 5-5c 6-5

6-5a(2)
6-5o-(l)

46
9

Screw jacks
Screw-pin shackles, safe loads Seizing wire rope Shears
:

6-56 6-5a 5-106(3)

Reverse lay Reversing ends of wire rope Rigging

:

App B-5
l-13d
5-36 2-76 5-3c 5-3a

12

Boom

derrick
-

..

Gin pole Shears Tripod

5-4a 5-la 5-3a 5-2a

110 101 107 105

Erecting

..

Lashing Operating Rigging

Page

Paragraph
Steel

14 14 30

beam deadman
.

..

4-Sd
4-36(4)
5-5 1-6
l-12cZ

Steel picket holdfast

Stiff -leg derrick
...

90 87 112
5

46 48 75 86 119 21 66
3

Storage Fiber rope . Wire rope Straight ladder Strand combinations

:
.

6-3
,

l-10a
.
..

12 118 7

Strength Chains Fiber rope

:

3-2
l-5c,

63
5

Hooks Wire rope

Stress
:

Table 1-1 3-4a

1-llc,

64 10

Table 1-2

4,10 113

Guys
Slings

of gin poles
...

- -

App B-6
4-8 3-10

Guylines

66
65 67 70

Spars of gin poles Suspended scaffolds Swinging scaffolds

Tackle system:

. .

..

_ .

App B-6
6-56 6-56

66 70
70

Compound
Simple
Blocks,

3-13c 3-136
sizes
..

recommended
hitch

App B-3
2-57*,

Telegraph Tension Thimble:

4-8

For fiber rope For wire rope

Timber Timber Timber Timber
Tools,

2-11 2-17 6-10 4-46

2-5cZ

cribbing

deadman
hitch

. .

hitch and half hitch

splicing
:

2-5e 2-15
5-2
5-26,
c

Tripod

Advantages
Erecting Lashings Rigging Twisting of ropes Twisting of tackle system

5-2a(l) 5-2a
. .

Two

half hitches

...

3-13a(3) 3-13a(3) 2-56

Underhand turn

or loop
-

Unreeling fiber rope Unreeling wire rope Use of attachments

... -

2-la(10) 1-7 1-13 c 2-19

Using nomograph

to design
_

dadman
Wall knot

4-4
2-2c 2-23
1-56,

. .

Wedge
Weight

socket
:

Fiber rope

Table 1-1

Winches Winding wire rope

Windlass, Spanish
,

3-15

1-130(3) 3-16

82 16 84 12 10 11 10 55
7

Knots for 2-8 Ladder with pipe rungs ... 2-27a Ladder with wire rungs 2-276

Wire:
Binding Breaking strength
_ .
.

Care
Characteristics

1-lSd Table 1-2 1-12

1-11 2-22 1-10 1-126 2-21 1-136 1-9

Lay Long

splice

Lubrication Reversing ends

Rope failures
Safety factors
Seizing
Size

- -

Clamps
Cleaning
Clips

...
......

1-106 2-18 l-12a l-12c l-14c Table 1-3

1-13(2

Classification

Coiling

.__

12 54 12

Splicing

1-11 2-9
.

Core
Cutting

7
13 54 48
7

End
Eye

fittings

splice

Fabrication Failures

Handling
Inspection

1-13/ 2-20 2-17 1-9 l-14c 1-13 1-14

Storage Strand combinations Strength Unreeling

Weight Welding

16 12 16

Wooden Wooden

picket, single

l-12d l-10a 1-llc l-13c 1-116 l-13e 4-36 (2)

4-36(3)

pickets, multiple

136

PFICIAL

C. WESTMORELAND, General, United States Army, Chief of Staff.

WILLIAM

KENNETH

G.

WICKHAM,

Major General, United States Army, The Adjutant General.

istribution:

Active

Army:

DCSLOG (2) USASA (2) CNGB (6)

CofEngrs
(6)

Engr Co

(5)
(2)
(2)

Svc Colleges

Br Svc Sch

except

USAES
USAIS

USACDCEA (6) USAARTYBD (6) USAARENBD (5)

USAIB
(5)

(6000)
(50)

USAQMS (10) PMS Sr Div Unit

USMA
Instl

(2)

(50)

USARADBD (5) USAAESWBD (5) USAAVNTBD (5) USCONARC (5) USAMECOM (5) ARADCOM (2)
OS Maj Comd

(5)

Gen Dep (OS) (6) Engr Sec, Gen Dep Engr Dep (OS) (2)

(2)

EAMTMTS

(2) (2)

MDW

(10)

WAMTMTS MOTBA (2)

MOTBY(2)

(2)

Armies (6)
Corps (3) Div (2)

MOTKI

(2)

MOTSU
(5)

(2)

Engr Cen

(6)

Engr Bde Engr Gp Engr Bn

Army

Pic Cen (2)

(5)

(6)

USACOMZEUR (5) USATCFLW (50)

to each unit.

NG: State AG (3) Units Same as active Army except allowance is one (1) copy USAR: Same as active Army except allowance is one (1) copy to each unit.
;

For explanation of abbreviations used, see

AR

320-50.

"U.S.

GOVERNMENT FEINTING OFFIQE:

1968

22-056/20062A