Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology

https://doi.org/10.1007/s42835-020-00492-9

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Reconfigurable Quad‑Band Antenna for Wireless Communication

Koduri Sreelakshmi1,2 · Gottapu Sasibhushana Rao1

Received: 2 January 2020 / Revised: 10 June 2020 / Accepted: 20 July 2020

© The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2020

Abstract
This letter presents a thorough procedural investigation of a highly compact reconfigurable quad-band monopole antenna
providing multiband operation at 1.85 GHz (GSM 1900 MHz), 2.42 GHz Bluetooth/IMTE, 3.4 GHz (Wi-MAX) and 5.3 GHz
wireless LAN (WLAN) for personal wireless applications (PWA). The investigated antenna structure consists of a ‘5′- shaped
stub that facilitates operation for GSM applications and a semicircular arc for Bluetooth/IMT-E applications, while an inverted
L-shaped stub facilitates dual-band operation for Wi-MAX and wireless LAN applications. The presented antenna is fed using
an asymmetrical coplanar strip-line (ACS) feed. The triple-band frequency reconfiguration operation, over the Bluetooth,
Wi-MAX, and WLAN frequency bands, is achieved by embedding two PIN diode RF switches. The investigated antenna is
developed on a highly economical FR-4 glass epoxy substrate that is 1 mm thick with a compact size of 24 × 10 ­mm2. The
presented antenna has measured impedance bandwidths of 1.7–1.91 GHz (BW = 11.63%), 2.35–2.55 GHz (BW = 10.31%),
3.3–3.7 GHz (BW = 11.428%) and 5.10–5.6 GHz (BW = 9.345%) providing frequency reconfigurable quad-band operation
at the aforementioned frequency bands. The antenna offers simulated gains of 1.8, 3.45, 4.91 and 0.86 dBi; measured gains
of 2.3, 2.7, 2.82 and 2.6 dBi and radiation efficiencies of 83%, 61%, 82% and 86% at 1.85 GHz, 2.42 GHz, 3.4 GHz and
5.3 GHz, respectively. The investigated antenna exhibits nearly symmetrical radiation patterns and stable acceptable gains
across all application bands, thus making the antenna suitable for wireless communication.

Keywords Reconfigurable · PIN diode · GSM · Bluetooth · Wi-MAX · WLAN

1 Introduction waveguides (CPWs), asymmetrical coplanar strips (ACSs)

and proximity coupled feeds have been reported in [3–6].
Antennas are currently required to provide multiband opera- Advancements in CMOS-MEMS technologies and
tions and they play a crucial role in the design of wireless implementations in RF/microwave switches have provided
communication systems, specifically for commercial wire- antennas with the ability to dynamically adapt to changing
less applications devices such as smartphones, USB dongles, application demands, yielding the concept of reconfigurable
tablets and laptops [1, 2]. Tremendous research has been antennas. Reconfigurable antennas can exhibit reconfigura-
performed on antenna design over the years, resulting in tion properties within the frequency of operation, radiation
the design of various types of antenna structures for almost pattern, polarization behavior, or a combination of any of
all application scenarios. Single-band antennas, multi- the above. A simple frequency reconfigurable square slot
band antennas with simple microstrip feedlines, coplanar antenna operating at 2.45 GHz, 3.3 GHz, and 5.15 GHz is
reported in [7], where distinct frequency switching is achieved
by using two PIN diodes in the radiating patch. In contrast,
frequency reconfigurable characteristics by using PIN diodes
* Koduri Sreelakshmi in the ground plane are reported in [8]. Another multiband
[email protected] frequency reconfigurable antenna providing ten operational
1
frequency bands from 2 to 6 GHz with a hybrid EM circuit
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Andhra University College of Engineering (A), Andhra
is reported in [9]. A nested PIFA based multiband compact
University, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India frequency reconfigurable antenna was reported in [10], where
2
Department of Electronics and Communication
an antenna size reduction of approximately 60% was reported
Engineering, Raghu Engineering College, Vishakhapatnam, with an antenna operating between 900 MHz and 4 GHz. A
Andhra Pradesh, India

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multiband to wideband reconfigurable antenna is reported in

[11], where a PIN diode and varactor diode are used to achieve
frequency reconfigurable characteristics. All the above men-
tioned reconfigurable antennas use active elements such as
PIN diodes, MEMS switches and varactor diodes to achieve
reconfigurable characteristics. However, not all reconfigur-
able antennas are active. A metamaterial-based frequency
reconfigurable multiband antenna providing operation over
1.8–5.75 GHz is reported in [12], wherein frequency recon-
figurable characteristics have been achieved by incorporating a
metamaterial EBG (electromagnetic bandgap). Metamaterials
exhibit numerous properties that have paved a path for innova-
tive antenna design solutions. Metamaterials that have zero-
index properties not only allow the implementation of highly
compact and efficient antennas but also provide an antenna
with higher performance characteristics (gain and directivity)
in comparison to conventional antenna design. Metamaterials
have also been used in applications such as partially reflecting
surfaces and wireless power transfer, as reported in [13] and
[14], respectively. In [15], the radiation pattern of an antenna
is reconfigured in the desired direction by rotating multiple
frequency selective surfaces composed of only conductive Fig. 1  Geometrical configuration
patches, without deploying any active components. In [16],
the reconfigurable monopole antenna was achieved using a
single layer of frequency selective surfaces, which is totally (HFSS). The investigated antenna has very compact substrate
passive. A reconfigurable triple-wideband IFA/loop antenna dimensions of 24 × 10 ­mm2. The investigated antenna is mod-
for LTE tablet computer, which is totally passive is presented eled on a low-cost single-sided fire retardant-4 glass epoxy
in [17]. These types of reconfigurable antennas do not use any substrate with a thickness of 1 mm, having εr = 4.4 and tan
active elements to achieve reconfigurable characteristics and δ = 0.02. The designed antenna incorporates a ‘5′-shaped stub,
are termed passive reconfigurable antennas. Recently, artificial semicircular radiating arc, inverted L-shaped stub, and RF PIN
intelligence-based techniques have been used to reconfigure diode switches connected to a 50 Ω ACS feed-line. Frequency
antenna operating frequencies as well as radiation patterns, reconfigurable multiband operation is achieved for the Blue-
wherein a wide-band and continuous frequency reconfigur- tooth/IMT-E and Wi-MAX/WLAN applications by activat-
able PASS based on manipulating liquid metal in a 3D-printed ing or deactivating (ON/OFF) the RF PIN diode switches D ­ 1
microfluidic channel is reported in [18]. A reconfigurable and ­D2, respectively. The choice of proper dimensions for the
antenna with both frequency reconfiguration and radiation pat- semicircular radiating arcs and inverted L-shaped stub and
tern reconfiguration is reported in [19]. However these anten- control of the RF PIN diode switches facilitate the operation
nas [3–24] has either large size, limited number of operating over the GSM, Bluetooth/IMT-E, Wi-MAX and WLAN fre-
bands,lack reconfigurability or no justification is provided for quency ranges.
how the diodes to control frequency switching. Antenna-1 (as shown in Fig. 2a) is optimized to operate
In this article, a detailed discussion of a very compact and over the first fundamental frequency of fGSM = 1.8 GHz. The
lightweight multiband antenna that deploys two PIN diodes Antenna-1 structure incorporates a ‘5′-shaped radiating mono-
(BA482 from Philips) to achieve frequency reconfiguration pole connected to the 50 Ω ACS feed-line with a width of
operating over the GSM, Bluetooth/IMT-E, Wi-MAX, and 1.75 mm. The total length of the monopole is calculated using
WLAN frequencies is presented. Eq. (1),
C
lGSM = CGSM + LGSM = √ (1)
4fGSM 𝜀reff
2 Quad Band Antenna Configuration
where CGSM represents the circumference of the semicircular
The proposed quad-band frequency reconfigurable antenna arc and is calculated using Eq. (2):
covering GSM, Bluetooth/IMT-E, Wi-MAX, and wireless
LAN applications is shown in Fig. 1. The antenna models are 𝜋RGSM = CGSM (2)
simulated in the ANSYS High-Frequency Structure Simulator

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Fig. 2  Evolution of quad-band

ACS feed frequency reconfigur-
able antenna

(𝜀r + 1)
where 𝜀reff = (3)
2
where C is the speed of the EM wave in free space, 𝜀reff is the
substrate effective dielectric constant and fGSM is the GSM
resonance frequency. The ‘5′-shaped quarter-wavelength
monopole has a theoretical length value at fGSM = 1.8 GHz
of lGSM = 25.35 mm. When ­LGSM is set to 9.5 mm, the theo-
retical value of R
­ GSM = 5.05 mm, while the optimized value
of ­RGSM = 6.5 mm.
Antenna-2 is developed to function at a second operating
frequency of 2.45 GHz to provide services in the Bluetooth
(2.4–2.484 GHz)/IMT-E (2.5–2.6 GHz) frequency band. Fig. 3  Modeling of RF PIN diode D
­ 1 in its ON state (forward bias)
This antenna comprises a semicircular radiating monopole and OFF state (reverse bias)
connected to a 50 Ω feed-line (as shown in Fig. 2b). The
radiating semicircular arc radius is estimated by Eq. (4):
capacitor ­(CT = 0.1 pF) and resistor ­(RP = 0.1 kΩ) in series
CBluetooth = πRbluetooth (4) with an inductor (L = 0.6 nH). Figure 3 shows the modeling
of a PIN diode switch using its equivalent circuitry. PIN
C diode ­D1 in its OFF state facilitates operation over the GSM
CBluetooth = (5) frequency, while in its ON state, it facilitates operation over
√
(4fBluetooth 𝜀reff )
both the GSM and Bluetooth frequency bands.
where C is the speed of the EM wave in free space, 𝜀reff The optimized antenna parameters of the presented quad-
is the substrate effective dielectric constant and fBluetooth is band antenna are provided in Table 1, while Fig. 4 represents
the Bluetooth resonance frequency. Theoretically, Rbluetooth= the simulated S11 characteristics of the investigated antenna
5.93 mm, while the practical optimized value of Rbluetooth = at various stages of evolution. As observed in Fig. 4, the pro-
5.5 mm. posed antenna offers acceptable bandwidths over operating
Further, to provide frequency reconfigurable operation at frequency bands for GSM, Bluetooth/IMT-E, Wi-MAX, and
2.45 GHz, a PIN diode (­ D1) RF switch is embedded between WLAN. Table 2 provides a simulated performance analysis
the ACS feedline and semicircular radiating monopole. The of the investigated quad-band antenna at various stages of
RF PIN diode ­(D1) in its ON state (forward bias) is modeled the evolution process. Furthermore, second frequency recon-
to operate as a series combination of inductor (L = 0.6 nH) figurable Wi-MAX and WLAN operation is achieved by
and resistance ­(RS = 1 Ω), while in its OFF state (reverse integrating an inverted L-shaped radiating stub and RF PIN
bias), it is modeled to operate as a parallel combination of diode switch, as shown in Fig. 2c (Antenna-3). This inverted

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Table 1  The optimized final design parameters of the presented

antenna
Parameters Values (mm) Parameters Values (mm)

Lsubstrate 24 mm Wsubstrate 10 mm
Lfeed 8.5 mm Wfeed 1.75 mm
Wground 8 mm Lground 4 mm
Wbluetooth 0.5 mm Rbluetooth 5.5 mm
Ll 11.65 mm Wl 0.5 mm
RGSM 6.5 mm WGSM 0.5 mm
LGSM 9.5 mm Substrate thickness 1 mm
g 0.25 mm h 1.5 mm

Fig. 5  Simulated and measured S11 for the ON and OFF states of PIN
diode ­D1 with ­D2 OFF

Fig. 4  Simulated ­S11 characteristics at various stages of antenna evo-

lution

Table 2  Simulated performance analysis of the proposed antenna

Configuration Operating fre- Reflection coef- Band-
quency [GHz] ficient [dB] width
(MHz) Fig. 6  Measured and simulated S11 for the OFF state of diode D
­ 1 and
the ON state of diode ­D2
Antenna-1 1.86 − 47.47 330
Antenna-2 1.85 − 23.70 240
2.42 − 29.40 240
Antenna-3 1.88 − 18.16 290
2.41 − 37.2 240
3.60 − 26.88 500
5.30 − 30.23 350

L-shaped stub facilitates Wi-MAX and WLAN frequency

operations following [6]. The total length of the radiating
inverted L monopole (inclusive of the RF PIN diode D ­ 2
switch, which acts as a conducting element in its ON state)
is calculated using Eq. (6):
C
Ll = � √ �
4fW 𝜀reff (6)
Fig. 7  Measured and simulated S11 for the ON state of diodes D
­ 1 and
­D2

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Fig. 8  a Photograph of Agilent Fieldfox VNA (Model No: 9916A) with the measured S11 of the investigated quad-band antenna with both diodes
­D1 and ­D2 OFF, b with both diodes D­ 1 and ­D2 ON

Table 3  Investigated antenna Model Diode ­D1 Diode ­D2 Operational frequency band Reflection Bandwidth Bandwidth (%)
impedance bandwidths during coefficient
various operational states of pin [dB]
diodes ­D1 and ­D2
Simulated OFF OFF GSM 1.86 GHz − 47.47 1.7–2.03 17.69
ON OFF GSM 1.85 GHz − 23.70 1.7–1.94 13.18
Bluetooth 2.42 GHz − 29.40 2.3–2.54 9.917
OFF ON GSM 1.91 GHz − 21.90 1.7–2.03 17.69
Wi-MAX 3.56 GHz − 24.40 3.3–3.80 14.08
WLAN 5.25 GHz − 21.30 5.15–5.5 6.572
ON ON GSM 1.88 GHz − 18.16 1.7–1.94 13.18
Bluetooth 2.41 GHz − 37.20 2.3–2.54 9.917
Wi-MAX 3.6 GHz − 26.88 3.3–3.80 14.08
WLAN 5.3 GHz − 30.23 5.15–5.5 6.572
Measured OFF OFF GSM 1.81 GHz − 41.47 1.7–2.01 16.71
ON OFF GSM 1.8 GHz − 25.32 1.7–1.94 13.18
Bluetooth 2.42 GHz − 32.40 2.3–2.50 8.333
OFF ON GSM 1.85 GHz − 22.50 1.7–1.91 11.63
Wi-MAX 3.57 GHz − 28.70 3.3–3.70 11.42
WLAN 5.24 GHz − 29.30 5.10–5.6 9.345
ON ON GSM 1.85 GHz − 23.70 1.7–1.91 11.63
Bluetooth 2.42 GHz − 29.40 2.3–2.55 10.39
Wi-MAX 3.4 GHz − 30.88 3.3–3.70 11.42
WLAN 5.3 GHz − 37.23 5.10–5.6 9.345

where Ll is the total length of the radiating inverted L mono- in Fig. 2d. Further, a vertical stub is added to this stretched
pole and fw is the Wi-MAX resonance frequency. In Antenna ACS feed line as shown in Fig. 2d, which contributes a quar-
-3, the ACS feedline structure is stretched out to achieve the ter wavelength electrical conducting path at 3.5 GHz oper-
operational WLAN band at 5.5 GHz. The stretched out ACS ating frequency; thus providing two operating frequencies
feed line structure provides a quarter wavelength electrical centered at 3.4 GHz and 5.3 GHz.
conducting path at 5.5 GHz operating frequency as shown

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Fig. 9  The normalized magnitude current distribution of the investigated antenna at resonant frequencies a 1.88 GHz (­D1 and D
­ 2 OFF) b
2.42 GHz ­(D1 ON and OFF and D­ 2 OFF) c 3.4 GHz ­(D1 OFF and D­ 2 ON and OFF) and d 5.3 GHz (­ D1 OFF and D­ 2 ON and OFF)

Fig. 10  Fabricated prototype

of the proposed reconfigurable
multiband antenna (PIN diode
embedded on the proposed
antenna) along with the biasing
circuit

3 Results and Analysis Fig. 11  Simulated and measured 2D radiation patterns at a 1.85 GHz ▸
b 2.42 GHz c 3.4 GHz and d 5.3 GHz along the E-plane (on the left-
hand side) and H-plane (on the right-hand side)
Furthermore, the RF PIN diodes D ­ 1 and D
­ 2 in their ON
state facilitate frequency reconfigurable operation over
the Bluetooth, Wi-MAX and WLAN frequencies by pro- 1.91 GHz, 3.56 GHz, and 5.25 GHz with reflection coef-
viding electrically conducting paths to the semicircular ficients of − 21.9 dB, 24.4 dB, and − 21.3 dB, respec-
and inverted L- shaped stubs, respectively. Figure 5 illus- tively. Figure 7 illustrates the simulated and measured S11
trates the simulated and measured S11 characteristics of characteristics of the proposed quad-band antenna with
the investigated quad-band antenna with PIN diode D ­ 1 both diodes in their ON state. Four frequency bands are
in its ON and OFF states and PIN diode D ­ 2 in its OFF observed at 1.88 GHz, 2.41 GHz, 3.6 GHz, and 5.3 GHz
state. Two frequency bands are observed at 1.85 GHz and with reflection coefficients of − 18.16 dB, − 37.2 dB,
2.42 GHz with reflection coefficients of − 23.7 dB and − 26.88 dB, and − 30.23 dB, respectively. The measured
− 29.4 dB, which allows the antenna to operate in these impedance bandwidths are 1.7–1.92 GHz, 2.3–2.55 GHz,
two bands. Figure 6 illustrates the measured and simu- 3.25–3.65 GHz, and 5.1–5.6 GHz covering the operat-
lated S 11 characteristics of the investigated quad-band ing frequencies of the GSM, Bluetooth, Wi-MAX and
antenna with PIN diode ­D2 in its ON state and PIN diode WLAN frequency bands, respectively. Figure 8 presents
­D1 in its OFF state. Three frequency bands are observed at a photograph of the Agilent Fieldfox VNA 9916A with

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the measured S11 of the investigated quad-band antenna. applications. Table 3 tabulates the various measured and
A very small discrepancy is observed between simulated simulated impedance bandwidths of the operational fre-
and measured S11, which may have been generated due to quency bands during various stages of the switching of
deficiencies during prototype fabrication, when soldering two PIN diodes.
the SMA connectors and when soldering the PIN diodes understanding of the quad-band operation of the pre-
and losses due to cable connecting antenna and measuring sented antenna the surface current distribution is observed
devices. All the operational frequency bands have achieved at the four resonant frequencies. Figure 9a illustrates the
the required bandwidths assigned to them per the regula- current distribution of the reconfigurable quad-band antenna
at a resonant frequency of 1.85 GHz. As observed in
Fig. 9a, the maximum current is highly accumulated across
the ‘5′-shaped stub. At 2.41 GHz, when PIN diode ­D1 is
switched ON, the surface current flows across the semi-
circular radiating stub of radius ­RBluetooth,,thus providing
resonance characteristics at 2.45 GHz [5] (Fig. 9b D1-ON
state). The current flow is restricted across the semicircular
radiating stub when PIN diode D ­ 1 is switched OFF (Fig. 9b
D1-OFF state), thus validating the results shown in Fig. 5
(frequency reconfigurable characteristics). The PIN diodes
­D1 and D ­ 2 are switched by applying bias voltage of 5 V and
0 V to switch ON and OFF, respectively. The biasing circuit
consists of a RF choke inductor (L = 0.6 nH) and DC block-
ing capacitor (C = 0.1 pF) as shown in Fig. 10.
From (Fig. 9c-ON state) and (Fig. 9d-ON state), when the
diode ­D2 is switched ON, the 3.6 GHz and 5.3 GHz reso-
nances occur due to the maximum surface current distri-
bution concentrated along with the inverted L-shaped stub
thereby providing operational service for Wi-MAX and
Fig. 12  Simulated efficiency WLAN applications. When diode ­D2 is switched OFF, the
current flow is restricted towards the inverted L-shaped stub
by the high impedance of the PIN diode in reverse bias.
This validates the frequency reconfigurable operation of the
investigated quad-band antenna.
The prototype of the designed antenna is fabricated using
a photolithography process. The proposed quad-band fre-
quency reconfigurable antenna is realized by inserting dual
pairs of PIN diodes into the fabricated prototype. Figure 10
presents the fabricated model of the designed reconfigur-
able multiband antenna. The far-field radiation pattern meas-
urement setup consists of an anechoic chamber employing
a standard measurement setup consisting of a ridge horn
antenna, a rotating table with an AUT mounting arm, an
RF source generator, a spectrum analyzer and a PC with
radiation pattern plotting software. The measured radia-
tion pattern of the proposed antenna has omnidirectional
characteristics along the H-plane (XZ-plane) and dumbbell-
shaped radiation characteristics on the E-plane (YZ-plane)
across all the operational frequency bands, as illustrated in
Fig. 11. The antenna provides a theoretical peak radiation
Fig. 13  Measured and simulated gain
efficiency of 97% at 4 GHz and average radiation efficiency
of approximately 70% at all other operational frequencies,
as illustrated in Fig. 12.
tory bodies, making antennas suitable for various wireless The antenna offers radiation efficiencies of 83%, 61%,
82% and 86% at 1.85, 2.42, 3.4 and 5.3 GHz, respectively,

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 Table 4  Performance evaluation of proposed work with other existing work
Refs. Antenna size and Substrate used Operational frequency Operating band (GHz) Bandwidth (MHz or %) Gain (dBi) Frequency reconfigurable
volume (dimensions in achieved mechanism
­mm3)

[11] 88 × 88 × 1.6 FR-4 glass epoxy Wideband operation Multiband mode Multiband mode Multiband mode Two-pin diodes are used to
Vol = 12,390 between 2–6 GHz 2.3–2.45 150 2.36 switch operation between
Multiband operation at 2.4, 3.4–3.6 200 2.99 wideband and multiband
3.5 and 5.2 GHz 4.95–5.7 750 − 0.14 mode. No control mecha-
nisms are provided to
switch between different
frequencies for multiband or
Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology

wideband mode
[21] 80 × 60 × 3.04 Taconic RF35 1.82 GHz Not specified Not specified 4.2 Three-pin diodes are used
Vol = 14,592 2.05 GHz 2.73 to switch between six
2.32 GHz 2.35 frequency bands. However,
3.02 GHz 1.81 there is no justification for
3.2 GHz 0.95 how diode control frequency
3.5 GHz 0.1 switching is provided and
the antenna has a large
volume
[23] 50 × 50 × 1.57 FR-4 glass epoxy Wideband Mode Not Specified Wideband Wideband Two-pin diodes are used for
Vol = 3925 5 to 7 GHz Mode Mode 6 band
Dual-band mode 1 33.52% 3.17 and 4.92 operation. However, no
5.6 and 6.2 GHz Dual-band Dual-band mode 1 justification is provided for
Dual-band mode 2 mode 1 3.6 and 4.2 how the diodes to control
5 and 5.7 GHz 5.2% and 4.85% Dual-band mode 2 frequency switching
Dual-band 3.7 & 3.54
mode 2
4.2% & 2.4%
[24] 30 × 28.4 × 0.508 RT/duroid 5880 Quintuple operation at Not Specified 630 2.73 Two-pin diodes are used to
Vol = 433 4.2 GHz 700 2.72 switch between 5 frequency
4.3 GHz 700 3.92 bands providing frequency
5.1 GHz 100 3.92 reconfigurable operation
5.5 GHz 600 2.34
7.5 GHz
Proposed work 24 × 10 × 1 FR-4 glass epoxy Quad-band operation at 1.70—1.92 220 2.3 Two-pin diodes are used to
Vol = 240 1.85 GHz 2.30—2.55 250 2.7 switch between 4 different
2.42 GHz 3.30—3.70 400 2.82 frequency bands providing
3.4 GHz 5.10—5.60 500 2.6 quad-band operation. The
5.3 GHz antenna also has a compact
size compared to those of
other antennas

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Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology

24. Ul Hassan M, Arshad F, Naqvi SI, Tenhunen YAH (2017) A com- Gottapu Sasibhushana Rao
pact flexible and frequency reconfigurable antenna for quintuple received a B.E degree from
applications. Radio Eng 26(3) Andhra University, Visakhapat-
nam in Electronics and Commu-
Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to nication Engineering, M. Tech
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. (ECE) degree from JNTU,
Hyderabad, and a Ph. D (ECE)
degree from Osmania University,
Hyderabad, MBA (HRD & Mar-
Koduri Sreelakshmi received a B. keting). He has 527 research
Tech in Electronics and Commu- publications and technical
nication Engineering (ECE) reports which include Interna-
from JNTU Hyderabad, Telan- tional/National Journals/ Confer-
gana, AP, India and an M. Tech ences such as IEEE and Springer
in Very Large Scale Integration Journals and 18 technical reports
(VLSI) from JNTU Kakinada, submitted to DRDO, NSTL,
Vishakapatnam, AP, India and is UGC, CSIR, AICTE, etc. He has 32 years of experience overall in
pursuing a Ph.D (ECE) from teaching, R&D and industry. He wrote textbooks on Global Navigation
Andhra University, Vishakapat- and Satellite System (GNSS), mobile cellular communication, electro-
nam, AP, India. She has pub- magnetic field theory and transmission lines, microwave and radar
lished 5 research papers in engineering. He is a senior member of the IEEE and Fellow of IETE.
reputed international journals. Presently he is working as Head and Professor at the Department of
Her research interests include ECE, Andhra University College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam.
reconfigurable antennas, ultra-
wideband antennas, and conformal antennas.

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