electronics

Communication
Design and Performance Evaluation of a Compact
Frequency-Reconfigurable Coplanar-Waveguide-Fed Slotted
Patch Antenna for Multi-Band Wireless Communication
Ashfaq Ahmad , Geun Ok Lee and Dong-you Choi *

Communication and Wave Propagation Laboratory, Department of Information and Communication Engineering,
Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
* Correspondence: [email protected]

Abstract: A miniaturized and low-profile planar antenna is a crucial part of any wireless communica-
tion system. To cover additional narrowband services and to reduce system complexity, antennas
in portable devices should offer several operating bands. In this paper, we propose a coplanar-
waveguide-fed (CPW-fed), flexible, and compact slotted patch frequency reconfigurable antenna with
a compact size of 20 × 24 mm2 . The designed antenna employs a low-cost Rogers 5880 substrate
with a thickness of 0.127 mm. This choice of substrate ensures cost-effectiveness while preserving
the desired performance of the antenna. The antenna radiates through five distinct frequency bands,
including 5.58–6.25 GHz, 6.05–8.81 GHz, 8.79–9.7 GHz, 9.7–10.22 GHz, and 10.48–15 GHz, depending
on the switch on/off condition, thereby enabling the antenna to span a broader range of frequencies
for WLAN, C-UWB, sub-6 GHz, and X-band communications. The designed antenna is fabricated
and tested in both the on and off states. The measured results closely match the simulated outcomes.

Keywords: CPW-fed; reconfigurable; miniaturized; WLAN; flexible antenna

Citation: Ahmad, A.; Lee, G.O.; Choi,

D.-y. Design and Performance
1. Introduction
Evaluation of a Compact Frequency-
Reconfigurable Coplanar- The role of an antenna becomes indispensable as communication systems become
Waveguide-Fed Slotted Patch increasingly miniature. To accommodate diverse applications in a single device, recon-
Antenna for Multi-Band Wireless figurable multi-band and wideband antennas have emerged as essential components.
Communication. Electronics 2023, 12, However, designing such antennas is challenging because they need to satisfy a number
3889. https://doi.org/10.3390/ of stringent criteria, such as the ability to operate in the broadband range, steady gain,
electronics12183889 consistent radiation pattern, low profile, compactness, lightweight, and ease of fabrication,
which can be achieved using inexpensive substrates such as paper, FR-4, or Roger, as well
Academic Editor: David A.
Sánchez-Hernández
using an inexpensive production technique like inkjet printing [1].
Owing to the diverse requirements of contemporary communication devices, there
Received: 17 August 2023 has recently been an increase in interest in finding antennas that cover numerous frequency
Revised: 1 September 2023 bands, such as WLAN (5.15–5.825 GHz), C-band (4–8 GHz), UWB (3.1–10.6 GHz), and
Accepted: 12 September 2023 X-band (8–12 GHz) [2–5]. The addition of several antennas for various applications may im-
Published: 14 September 2023 prove performance, but at the expense of complexity, coupling, and system size, depending
on how closely the antennas are placed. A multi-band antenna that operates at several fre-
quencies with optimal gain, improved efficiency, and bandwidth is ideal for consolidating
various services. A narrowband antenna can be transformed into a multi-band antenna by
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
strategically incorporating slits/slots or by adjusting the dimensions of the patch at specific
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
positions. This modification significantly impacts the resonance and stopband behavior
distributed under the terms and
of the antenna. However, they transmit all resonances regardless of the specific needs or
conditions of the Creative Commons requirements of the end user [6]. In other words, it is difficult to adjust multi-band antennas
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// to operate at a specific frequency. Additionally, when using multi-band antennas, there is a
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ higher risk of interference, and wireless services become unavailable because of inadequate
4.0/). isolation between different frequency bands. Researchers have found potential solutions to

Electronics 2023, 12, 3889. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12183889 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/electronics

Electronics 2023, 12, 3889 2 of 15

these challenges by developing reconfigurable antennas. Reconfigurable antennas can ad-

dress the issues encountered with both single-band and multi-band antennas, making them
promising alternatives. Several types of reconfigurable antennas exist, such as frequency
reconfigurable [7–9], pattern reconfigurable [10], and polarization reconfigurable [11].
Numerous studies have documented the use of microstrip lines, corporate feedlines,
and CPW-fed antennas for wideband/multi-band and reconfigurable applications [9,12,13].
Contrary to microstrip line-fed antennas, CPW-fed antennas are designed with both the
radiator and ground plane positioned on top of the substrate, and they almost completely
cover the space around the radiator. The presence of a patch and its proximity to the
ground make CPW feeding highly advisable for antenna fabrication. These antennas are
characterized by low dispersion, low radiation leakage, and large operating bandwidths.
In addition, it allows for the simple series and shunt attachment of additional surface
components [14]. In [15], a bow-tie antenna was designed using CPW-feeding, and three
bands of 2.4–2.7 GHz, 3.4–3.7 GHz, and 5.2–5.8 GHz were observed by introducing slots in
the patches. However, it had a large size of 100 × 60 mm2 . In [16], a pliable and reconfig-
urable CPW-fed monopole antenna was proposed. However, the antenna exhibited certain
drawbacks, such as using an expensive substrate leading to relatively high fabrication
costs. In [17], a CPW-fed super-wideband antenna was proposed, and the desired bands
were achieved by etching the elliptical slots and using a Split ring resonator placed on
the ground. A flexible CPW-fed transparent antenna for sub-6 GHz 5G applications was
proposed in [18] and was fabricated using a transparent sheet made up of silver tin oxide
(AgHT-8). In [19], the author proposed a CPW-fed fractal antenna for various applications.
In [20], a novel reconfigurable antenna was introduced in the shape of a cedar that
demonstrated operations across multiple bands, including WiMAX, Bluetooth, GPS, and
WLAN. To achieve reconfigurability, the antenna design incorporated both PIN and varactor
diodes, with three pairs of varactor diodes used for this purpose. The utilization of multiple
varactor diodes from two manufacturers—SMV1211 from SKYWORKS and 1SV325 from
TOSHIBA—caused a notable decline in the performance of the antenna. Similarly, [21]
proposed L- and U-shaped slots combined with three-pin diodes for LTE and WLAN
applications, respectively. The proposed antenna design incorporated antenna elements on
both sides of the substrate.
This manuscript illustrates the simulation and measurement results of a compact,
slotted patch-shaped, and CPW-fed frequency reconfigurable antenna. The suggested
antenna exhibited five distinct resonances, each with an acceptable gain and bandwidth.
The resonance can be adjusted by manipulating the operational status of the PIN diode
integrated into the patch.
The primary contribution of the proposed design lies in its achievement of practical
frequency reconfigurability with a minimalistic approach, offering exceptional versatility
and cost-effectiveness. By utilizing a single-switch mechanism for on and off operations,
the proposed design simplifies complex antenna systems while maintaining competitive
performance across multiple frequencies. This innovation addresses real-world challenges
related to frequency band coverage, bandwidth, and return loss, showcasing engineering
ingenuity. Furthermore, the design’s comparative advantage stems from its seamless
transition across frequencies with acceptable bandwidth and return loss, making it a
competitive alternative in scenarios prioritizing simplicity, reliability, and affordability. Its
adaptability finds relevance in a wide array of applications, underscoring its real-world
implications. Overall, the proposed design’s contribution lies in bridging the gap between
efficiency and ease of implementation in the realm of antenna design.
The remainder of the paper is structured as follows: The design and theory of the
proposed slotted patch-shaped reconfigurable antenna are discussed in Section 2. The
analysis of the simulated and measured outcomes is presented in Section 3. Section 4
provides a comparison between the proposed design and a recently published state-of-
the-art design. Finally, Section 5 concludes the study and summarizes the findings and
implications of the study.
Electronics 2023, 12, 3889 3 of 15

2. Antenna Configuration
A multi-band slotted patch-shaped reconfigurable antenna is illustrated in Figure 1.
The compactness and multi-resonance of the designed antenna are achieved by introducing
slots on the patch. To obtain a low profile and wide bandwidth, a single feed CPW has
a width of “Wt” and two gaps of “g” are used. This approach reduced the fabrication
complexity because the radiator and ground were placed on the common side of the
dielectric substrate.

Figure 1. Front view of the proposed slotted patched multi-band frequency reconfigurable antenna.

The substrate material utilized is Rogers 5880, which has a thickness of 0.127 mm
and possesses a loss tangent of 0.0009 and a permittivity of 2.2. To achieve the targeted
impedance matching of 50 Ω, the gaps (g) between the feedline and ground planes, the
width of the feedline (wt), and other dimensions are essential. The antenna has dimensions
of 20 × 24 × 0.127 mm3 and operates in five frequency bands. Table 1 lists the optimized
dimensions of the designed reconfigurable antenna.

Table 1. Attributes of the proposed design.

Parameter Size (mm) Parameter Size (mm) Parameter Size (mm)

Ls 24 L7 2 W4 2
L1 15.8 L8 1.2 W5 2.4
L2 12 L9 1 W6 1
L3 7.3 Ws 20 W7 5
L4 8 W1 13 Wt 1.52
L5 6.5 W2 7.8 g 0.55
L6 7 W3 4.84 C 3
Electronics 2023, 12, 3889 4 of 15

To optimize matching, the feedline impedance can be computed as [22]

30π K (k/o )
Zo = √ , (1)
ee K ( k o )

where ee represents the effective permittivity of the substrate. K(k o ), K(k/o ), K(k1 ), and K(k/1 )
are the modulus values of the complete integral, which can be evaluated as given below.

(er − 1) K (k1 )K (k/o )

ee = 1 + , (2)
2 K (k/1 )K (k o )

S
ko = (3)
S + 2d
q
k/o = 1 − k2o (4)

sinh(πS/4h)
k1 = (5)
sinh π (S + 2d)/4h
q
k/1 = 1 − k21 . (6)

Similarly, for a specific resonance, the effective antenna length is determined using
transmission line theory [9].
c
Lr = q (7)
er + 1 er − 1 h −0.5
4 fr 2 + 2 (1 + 12 w )

In the aforementioned equation, er and h represent the substrate’s relative dielectric

constant and thickness, respectively.

2.1. Design Methodology

Figures 2 and 3 presents the step-by-step procedure for obtaining the desired CPW-fed
slotted patch multi-band frequency reconfigurable antenna with its corresponding S11 ,
which indicates the degree of impedance matching achieved between the antenna and the
connected transmission line. A perfect match has a reflection coefficient of zero (linear
scale), whereas a mismatch has a reflection coefficient with some nonzero values. As
observed in the simulations, the corresponding S11 is less than −10 dB in all the operating
bands. An investigation of the antenna through a parametric study is conducted based
on S11 . Initially, a single C-shaped resonator is designed along with a CPW feedline and
resonates at 11.5 GHz. By adding another strip, the frequency shifts to 7.9 GHz. A central
patch is then added in between the C-shaped resonator, which operates at two wide bands,
namely, 6.12–8.72 GHz and 11.4–15 GHz. All these variations and their corresponding
S-parameters are shown in Figure 3.
The final intended design was obtained by introducing a PIN diode at a precise
location. A 1 mm slot was allocated for the switch in the upper part of the radiator. The
PIN diode commonly exhibits characteristics of a variable resistor within the RF frequency
spectrum. Nonetheless, the transition between its on and off states entails intricate circuit
configurations. The on and off states of the PIN diode can be adequately represented
by equivalent circuit models comprising an inductor (L) and a resistor (R). When the
diode is forward-biased, the inductor and resistor (R) are linked in a series configuration.
Conversely, in the off state, the inductor is paired with a parallel arrangement of a resistor
(R) and a capacitor (C). The dynamic behaviors of the on and off states of the PIN diode are
effectively analyzed through the framework of RL and RLC circuits, respectively [23].
Electronics 2023, 12, 3889 5 of 15

Figure 2. Steps of the proposed antenna.

Figure 3. Reflection coefficients for Steps 1, 2, and 3.

The RL circuit, governed by a lower (R) value, facilitates current flow between radiat-
ing components. On the other hand, the RLC circuit, characterized by a higher RC value,
impedes current propagation amidst radiating elements. For the sake of simplification, we
have chosen to model our PIN diode using the RL circuit paradigm in our simulations.
The inductance (L) is held at a constant value, while the resistor (R) is set to 1 Ω in the on
state and 5 MΩ in the off state of the diode. A biasing voltage (VB ) of 3 V is applied for the
switch on condition, while 0 V is applied for the switch off condition in the circuitry. This
resulted in resonance in the five frequency bands. Figure 4 presents a flowchart outlining
the various steps required to obtain the desired results.
Electronics 2023, 12, 3889 6 of 15

Figure 4. Flow chart of the antenna design methodology.

2.2. Parametric Analysis

The parametric analysis of various parameters of the proposed antenna is performed
to assess the impact of different parameters on the antenna performance. The presented
antenna is analyzed using the parameter W6, L6, and C. It can be observed from Figure 5a
by varying the parameter W6, this changing the higher frequency. The higher band changes
from 12.1 GHz to 12.7 GHz; however, the effect on the center frequency is negligible. Thus,
it is concluded that the higher frequency can be controlled by the parameter W6. Similarly,
by varying the parameter L6, the reflection amplitude of the higher frequency varies, while
it has a negligible effect on the first bands; however, a small variation is observed at the
center resonance. Figure 5b presents the simulated S11 versus frequencies for different
values of L6. Figure 5c presents the S-parameter versus frequencies plot for varying the
parameter C. It is demonstrated that the parameter C is effective in shifting the center bands.
By increasing the value of C from 1.5 mm to 4 mm, the center band shifts toward the higher
frequency. Thus it is concluded from the parametric analysis that the center band can be
controlled by varying the parameter C.
Electronics 2023, 12, 3889 7 of 15

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 5. Reflection coefficient against frequencies for different parameters in (a) W6, (b) L6, and
(c) C.

3. Results and Discussion

The proposed slotted-shaped frequency reconfigurable antenna was designed and
analyzed using HFSS simulation software. A prototype was fabricated to test the antenna’s
performance. Figure 6 illustrates the prototype of the fabricated design, biasing circuit for
the PIN diode, and measurement setup used to capture the scattering parameters. The
S-parameters of the design were measured using a network analyzer model N5227B, which
Electronics 2023, 12, 3889 8 of 15

operated within the frequency range of 10 MHz to 67 GHz, while the radiation pattern was
measured using an anechoic chamber.

Figure 6. Fabricated design, measurement setup for S-parameters, and biasing circuit for PIN diode.

3.1. Switch On
Figure 7 shows the simulated and measured S-parameters for the switch on condition.
When the switch was turned on, the current followed a prolonged path, resulting in full
radiation. In this scenario, the antenna radiated in three distinct bands. The initial frequency
band spans from 6.05 to 9.74 GHz, with a central frequency of 7.9 GHz and a bandwidth of
2730 MHz. This range is crucial within the X-band spectrum that is commonly used for
wireless communication. It encompasses the military requirements for satellite uplink and
the mobile satellite sub-band from 7.9 GHz to 8 GHz, catering to naval and land mobile
satellite Earth stations. For Earth exploration satellite purposes, the military requirements
for downlink fall within the frequency range of 8 GHz to 8.4 GHz. The second band
of the antenna spans from 9.74 GHz to 10.22 GHz, with a center frequency of 9.95 GHz
and a bandwidth of 270 MHz. This band specifically covers the X-band used for satellite
communication. Finally, the third band extends from 10.7 GHz to 15 GHz, with a center
frequency of 12.29 GHz and a bandwidth exceeding 4300 MHz. This wideband covers
various applications, such as 5G communication from 12.2 GHz to 12.7 GHz, and satellite
internet providers Starlink, and SpaceX use the 12 GHz band. The proposed design shows
S11 of −38 dB, −14 dB, and −21.65 dB at 7.9 GHz, 9.9 GHz, and 12.29 GHz, respectively,
guaranteeing perfect matching. A close agreement was observed between the measured
and simulated results.
Similarly, the simulated and measured peak gain and radiation efficiency plots for
the SW ON mode are shown in Figure 8. Efficiency values of 64%, 59.7%, and 62.5% are
observed for 7.9, 9.9, and 12.2 GHz, respectively. Similarly, peak gains of 4.33, 2.95, and
4.89 dBi are observed for 7.9, 9.9, and 12.2 GHz, respectively, making the proposed design
an efficient candidate for various wireless applications.
The 3D radiation patterns of the proposed slotted-patch multi-band frequency recon-
figurable antenna for the SW ON conditions are shown here. It can be observed from
Figure 9 that the presented design has a good radiation pattern along the +z and -z axes
with minimum side lobes. Maximum gains of 4.1, 3, and 4.8 dB were observed for the three
desired frequency bands of 7.9, 9.9, and 12.3 GHz, respectively. At higher frequencies, the
Electronics 2023, 12, 3889 9 of 15

radiation near the port is highly energized and radiates more power, which then decreases
toward lower frequencies.

Figure 7. Simulated and measured S11 characteristics of the proposed antenna (SW ON).

Figure 8. Simulated and measured peak gain and efficiency (SW ON).

Figure 9. Three-dimensional radiation pattern (SW ON): (a) 7.9 GHz, (b) 9.9 GHz, (c) 12.3 GHz.

Figure 10 illustrates the simulated and measured 2D radiation patterns for the E and
H fields of the antenna. In this instance, with the switch turned on, the antenna resonates at
three distinct frequency bands spanning from 6.05 to 15 GHz. Figure 10a shows the E-plane
radiation pattern of the multi-band frequency reconfigurable antenna at frequencies of
Electronics 2023, 12, 3889 10 of 15

7.9 GHz, 9.9 GHz, and 12.3 GHz. The antenna has a four-lobe configuration at 9.9 GHz
and bidirectional radiation patterns at 12.3 and 7.9 GHz. Figure 10b illustrates the H-
plane of the proposed antenna at the three resonances. The antenna design exhibits nearly
identical radiation patterns across different frequency bands. This makes it a highly suitable
candidate for insertion into portable electronics intended for wireless applications.

(a)

(b)

Figure 10. Simulated and measured radiation pattern of SW ON: (a) E-plane and (b) H-plane.

The summarized results for the switch on conditions are presented in Table 2.
Electronics 2023, 12, 3889 11 of 15

Table 2. Summarized results for SW ON.

Frequency (GHz) 7.9 9.9 12.3

Return loss (dB) −38 −15 −21
Bandwidth (GHz) 2.76 0.48 5.3
Gain (dBi) 4.1 3 4.8
Efficiency (%age) 64.4 59.7 62.5

3.2. Switch Off

The simulated and measured S-parameters of the switch-off condition are shown
in Figure 11. In this mode, the antenna operates at three different resonances. The first
frequency band ranges from 5.58 GHz to 6.25 GHz, with a center frequency of 5.84 GHz
and a bandwidth of 670 MHz. This range covers the upper portion of the WLAN band,
specifically the frequencies around 5.9 GHz and 6 GHz. The second frequency band spans
from 8.79 GHz to 9.7 GHz, with a center frequency of 9.18 GHz and a bandwidth of
910 MHz. This band falls within the X-band spectrum. The third band is from 10.4 GHz to
15 GHz, with a center frequency of 13.75 GHz and a bandwidth of more than 4600 MHz.
This band covers various applications for 5G communications from 12.2 GHz to 12.7 GHz,
and satellite Internet providers Starlink and SpaceX use the 12 GHz bands. The proposed
design shows S11 of −35 dB, −18 dB, and −27 dB at 5.8 GHz, 9.1 GHz, and 13.75 GHz,
respectively, guaranteeing perfect matching. A close agreement is observed between the
measured and simulated results.

Figure 11. Simulated and measured S11 characteristics of the proposed antenna (SW OFF).

The simulated and measured peak gain and radiation efficiency plots for the SW OFF
mode are illustrated in Figure 12. Efficiency values of 99% 84% and 86% are observed
at 5.8 GHz, 9.2 GHz, and 13.75 GHz, respectively. Similarly, peak gains of 2.62, 3.27, and
3.99 dBi are observed for 5.8 GHz, 9.2 GHz, and 13.75 GHz, respectively, making the pro-
posed slotted patch reconfigurable antenna a better candidate for wireless communication.
The 3D radiation patterns of the proposed reconfigurable antenna for the SW OFF
condition are presented. It can be observed from Figure 13 that the presented design has a
perfect radiation pattern along the +z and -z axes with minimum side lobes. Maximum
gains of 2.4, 3.5, and 3.8 dB can be observed for the three desired frequency bands of 5.8,
9.1, and 13.7 GHz, respectively. At higher frequencies, the radiation near the port is highly
energized and radiates more power.
Similarly, Figure 14 illustrates the simulated and measured 2D radiation patterns
for both the E and H fields for the SW OFF condition. The antenna radiates at three
different frequency bands, from 5.58 GHz to 15 GHz. Figure 14a presents the E-plane of the
proposed reconfigurable antenna at 5.8 GHz, 9.1 GHz, and 13.7 GHz. The antenna exhibits
a bidirectional radiation pattern at 13.7 GHz and an omnidirectional radiation pattern at
Electronics 2023, 12, 3889 12 of 15

9.1 GHz and 13.7 GHz. Figure 14b illustrates the H-plane of the proposed antenna at the
three resonant frequencies. The design exhibited almost the same radiation pattern for all
the desired frequencies. This makes the antenna an excellent option for incorporation into
portable electronics for wireless applications.

Figure 12. Simulated and measured peak gain and efficiency (SW OFF).

Figure 13. Three-dimensional radiation pattern (SW OFF): (a) 5.8 GHz, (b) 9.1 GHz, (c) 13.7 GHz.

(a)

Figure 14. Cont.

Electronics 2023, 12, 3889 13 of 15

(b)

Figure 14. Simulated and measured radiation pattern of SW OFF: (a) E-plane and (b) H-plane.

The summarized results for the SW OFF conditions are presented in Table 3.

Table 3. Summarized results for SW OFF.

Frequency (GHz) 5.85 9.18 13.75

Return loss (dB) −35 −18 −27
Bandwidth (GHz) 0.67 0.9 5.6
Gain (dBi) 2.4 3.5 3.8
Efficiency (%age) 99 84 86

4. Comparison with State-of-the-Art Designs

To emphasize the novelty of this study, the designed antenna is compared with state-
of-the-art designs. The comparison results are summarized in Table 4, which presents
the key findings and highlights the advancements achieved by the proposed antenna.
In [20], a frequency-reconfigurable antenna was presented using a low-cost Fr-4 substrate,
and a wide bandwidth was achieved at the cost of several switches and the antenna
size. In addition, [24] presented a circular polarized rotated L-shaped antenna using
defected ground structure; however, the proposed design operates on a single frequency
band. Reference [25] reports the design of a triple band reconfigurable antenna for IoT
applications; by utilizing two switches, three different bands are achieved. The proposed
design has a better efficiency of more than 90% but has a gain of only ≤2 dBi for all three
operating bands. A miniaturized 20 × 30 mm2 antenna for sub-6 GHz 5G applications
was proposed in [26], which can operate from 3.05 to 3.74 GHz. The performance is
observed under two different bending conditions; later on, an eight port MIMO antenna
is designed with a common ground plane. Considering all the state-of-the-art designs
presented in Table 4, it can be concluded that the proposed slotted patch multi-band
frequency reconfigurable antenna is a better candidate for wireless applications.
Electronics 2023, 12, 3889 14 of 15

Table 4. Performance comparison with other designs.

Proposed
Ref. [20] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30]
Work
Dimensions (mm2 ) 3900 900 4000 600 875 900 352 1225 480
Material used FR4 FR4 FR4 Polyimide Roger 5880 Neltec FR4 FR4 Roger 5880
Height (mm) 1.55 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.254 0.762 1.6 1.6 0.127
No. of resonance 6 1 3 3 3 4 2 5 5
No. of switch 6 N/A 2 N/A 1 2 2 3 1
980; 2170; 790; 100 330; 2760; 480;
Bandwidth (MHz) 1400 to 4600 1210 N/A 690 N/A 0.3 to 3.06
1200 620 5300; 670; 900

5. Conclusions
In this study, a slotted patch multi-band frequency reconfigurable antenna was de-
signed to cater to various wireless communication applications, including WLAN, X-band,
and SpaceX. Its versatile design enables its operation across multiple frequency bands,
making it suitable for a wide range of wireless communication applications. Frequency
agility was achieved by introducing a switch in the radiator to alter the effective electrical
length. The proposed design was studied under switch-on and switch-off conditions and
in terms of important parameters, including the reflection coefficient, gain, efficiency, and
2D and 3D radiation patterns. A close agreement was observed between the simulated and
measured reflection coefficients. Efficient radiation was observed in the five desired fre-
quency bands, which makes the proposed design a good choice for future communication
systems.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, A.A., G.O.L.; data curation, A.A., G.O.L.; funding acquisi-
tion, D.-y.C.; methodology, A.A., D.-y.C.; project administration, A.A., D.-y.C.; resources, A.A., D.-y.C.;
software, A.A., G.O.L.; supervision, D.-y.C.; validation, A.A., D.-y.C.; writing—original draft, G.O.L.;
writing—review and editing, A.A., D.-y.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version
of the manuscript.
Funding: This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National
Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2022R1I1A3064544).
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References
1. Abutarboush, H.F. Silver nanoparticle inkjet-printed multiband antenna on synthetic paper material for flexible devices. Alex.
Eng. J. 2022, 61, 6349–6355. [CrossRef]
2. Ahmad, A.; Arshad, F.; Naqvi, S.I.; Amin, Y.; Tenhunen, H.; Loo, J. Flexible and compact spiral-shaped frequency reconfigurable
antenna for wireless applications. IETE J. Res. 2020, 66, 22–29. [CrossRef]
3. Khan, T.; Rahman, M.; Akram, A.; Amin, Y.; Tenhunen, H. A low-cost CPW-fed multiband frequency reconfigurable antenna for
wireless applications. Electronics 2019, 8, 900. [CrossRef]
4. Alam, M.M.; Azim, R.; Sobahi, N.M.; Khan, A.I.; Islam, M.T. A dual-band CPW-fed miniature planar antenna for S-, C-, WiMAX,
WLAN, UWB, and X-band applications. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 7584. [CrossRef]
5. Ullah, R.; Ullah, S.; Faisal, F.; Ullah, R.; Choi, D.y.; Ahmad, A.; Kamal, B. High-gain vivaldi antenna with wide bandwidth
characteristics for 5G mobile and Ku-Band radar applications. Electronics 2021, 10, 667. [CrossRef]
6. Boursianis, A.D.; Papadopoulou, M.S.; Pierezan, J.; Mariani, V.C.; Coelho, L.S.; Sarigiannidis, P.; Koulouridis, S.; Goudos, S.K.
Multiband patch antenna design using nature-inspired optimization method. IEEE Open J. Antennas Propag. 2020, 2, 151–162.
[CrossRef]
7. Awan, W.A.; Hussain, N.; Ghaffar, A.; Zaidi, A.; Naqvi, S.I.; Li, X.J. Compact flexible frequency reconfigurable antenna for
heterogeneous applications. In Proceedings of the 9th IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation (APCAP),
Xiamen, China, 4–7 August 2020; pp. 1–2.
8. Shah, I.; Hayat, S.; Basir, A.; Zada, M.; Shah, S.; Ullah, S. Design and analysis of a hexa-band frequency reconfigurable antenna
for wireless communication. AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun. 2019, 98, 80–88. [CrossRef]
Electronics 2023, 12, 3889 15 of 15

9. Ullah, S.; Faisal, F.; Ahmad, A.; Ali, U.; Tahir, F.A.; Flint, J.A. Design and analysis of a novel tri-band flower-shaped planar
antenna for GPS and WiMAX applications. J. Electromagn. Waves Appl. 2017, 31, 927–940. [CrossRef]
10. Iqbal, A.; Smida, A.; Mallat, N.K.; Ghayoula, R.; Elfergani, I.; Rodriguez, J.; Kim, S. Frequency and pattern reconfigurable antenna
for emerging wireless communication systems. Electronics 2019, 8, 407. [CrossRef]
11. Arshad, F.; Ahmad, A.; Amin, Y.; Abbasi, M.A.B.; Choi, D.y. MIMO antenna array with the capability of dual polarization
reconfiguration for 5G mm-wave communication. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 18298. [CrossRef]
12. Uddin, M.N.; Tarek, M.N.A.; Islam, M.K.; Alwan, E.A. A Reconfigurable Beamsteering Antenna Array at 28 GHz Using a
Corporate-fed 3-Bit Phase Shifter. IEEE Open J. Antennas Propag. 2023, 4, 126–140. [CrossRef]
13. Desai, A.; Kulkarni, J.; Kamruzzaman, M.; Hubálovskỳ, Š.; Hsu, H.T.; Ibrahim, A.A. Interconnected CPW fed flexible 4-port
MIMO antenna for UWB, X, and Ku band applications. IEEE Access 2022, 10, 57641–57654. [CrossRef]
14. Yang, H.; Xi, X.; Wang, L.; Zhao, Y.; Shi, X.; Yuan, Y. Design of reconfigurable filtering ultra-wideband antenna with switchable
band-notched functions. Int. J. Microw. Wirel. Technol. 2019, 11, 368–375. [CrossRef]
15. Hajlaoui, E.A. New triple band electromagnetic band gap microstrip patch antenna with two shaped parasitic elements. J.
Comput. Electron. 2018, 17, 452–457. [CrossRef]
16. Saraswat, K.; Harish, A.R. Flexible dual-band dual-polarised CPW-fed monopole antenna with discrete-frequency reconfigurabil-
ity. IET Microw. Antennas Propag. 2019, 13, 2053–2060. [CrossRef]
17. Zhang, X.; Ur Rahman, S.; Cao, Q.; Gil, I.; Khan, M.I. A novel SWB antenna with triple band-notches based on elliptical slot and
rectangular split ring resonators. Electronics 2019, 8, 202. [CrossRef]
18. Desai, A.; Upadhyaya, T.; Patel, J.; Patel, R.; Palandoken, M. Flexible CPW fed transparent antenna for WLAN and sub-6 GHz 5G
applications. Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. 2020, 62, 2090–2103. [CrossRef]
19. Kantharia, M.; Desai, A.; Upadhyaya, T.K.; Patel, R.; Mankodi, P.; Kantharia, M. High gain flexible cpw fed fractal antenna for
Bluetooth/WLAN/WPAN/WiMAX applications. Prog. Electromagn. Res. Lett. 2018, 79, 87–93. [CrossRef]
20. Madi, M.A.; Al-Husseini, M.; Mervat, M. Frequency tunable cedar-shaped antenna for wifi and wimax. Prog. Electromagn. Res.
Lett. 2018, 72, 135–143. [CrossRef]
21. Han, L.; Wang, C.; Chen, X.; Zhang, W. Compact frequency-reconfigurable slot antenna for wireless applications. IEEE Antennas
Wirel. Propag. Lett. 2016, 15, 1795–1798. [CrossRef]
22. Simons, R.N. Coplanar Waveguide Circuits, Components, and Systems; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2004.
23. Yeom, I.; Choi, J.; Kwoun, S.s.; Lee, B.; Jung, C. Analysis of RF front-end performance of reconfigurable antennas with RF switches
in the far field. Int. J. Antennas Propag. 2014, 2014, 385730. [CrossRef]
24. Kulkarni, J.; Sim, C.; Poddar, A.; Rohde, U.; Alharbi, A. A compact circularly polarized rotated L-Shaped antenna with J-shaped
defected ground strucutre for WLAN and V2X applications. Prog. Electromagn. Res. Lett. 2022, 102, 135–143. [CrossRef]
25. Yahya, M.S.; Soeung, S.; Singh, N.S.S.; Yunusa, Z.; Chinda, F.E.; Rahim, S.K.A.; Musa, U.; Nor, N.B.; Sovuthy, C.; Abro, G.E.M.
Triple-Band Reconfigurable Monopole Antenna for Long-Range IoT Applications. Sensors 2023, 23, 5359. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
26. Kulkarni, N.; Linus, R.M.; Bahadure, N.B. A small wideband inverted l-shaped flexible antenna for sub-6 GHz 5G applications.
AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun. 2023, 159, 154479. [CrossRef]
27. Hussain, N.; Ghaffar, A.; Naqvi, S.I.; Iftikhar, A.; Anagnostou, D.E.; Tran, H.H. A conformal frequency reconfigurable antenna
with multiband and wideband characteristics. Sensors 2022, 22, 2601. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
28. Bharadwaj, S.S.; Sipal, D.; Yadav, D.; Koul, S.K. A compact tri-band frequency reconfigurable antenna for LTE/Wi-Fi/ITS
applications. Prog. Electromagn. Res. M 2020, 91, 59–67. [CrossRef]
29. Gençoğlan, D.N.; Çolak, Ş.; Palandöken, M. Spiral-Resonator-Based Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna Design for Sub-6 GHz
Applications. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 8719. [CrossRef]
30. Thenkumari, K.; Sankaran, K.S.; Mathana, J. Design and Implementation of Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna for Wi-Fi
Applications. Eng. Sci. 2023, 23, 876. [CrossRef]

Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual
author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to
people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.