sihjy ricE Kwlsw qy Shwdq dw is`K sMklp

prmvIr isMG*

gurmiq Aqy Kwlsw pMQ ivc dwrSink Aqy smwj-AiDAwqmk vrqwirAW dI

ivAwiKAw qy punr-ivAwiKAw dI lMmI prMprw hY[ ies lVI ivc BweI gurdws jI dIAW
vwrW, guriblws qy pMQ pRkwS Awid „gRMQ‟ rcy gey hn[ pRo. hirMdr isMG mihbUb v`loN
ilKI geI pusqk „sihjy ricE Kwlsw‟ ies lVI ivc rcI geI mhqvpUrx rcnw
hY[ieh rcnw Asl ivc A`T pusqkW dw sMgRih hY jo smkwlI igAwn icMqn, icMqk Aqy
Akwdimk pRvcnW dy hvwly nwl gurmiq, is`K Drm Aqy prMprwvW dy iBMn -iBMn iviSAW
Aqy sMklpW ijvyN ik gurmuK, Shwdq, Ardws, sMgq, Sbd, krwmwq Aqy mIrI-pIrI
Awid bwry dwrSink crcw kIqI geI hY[vrqmwn lyK ivc pRo. hirMdr isMG mihbUb
rwhIN punr rUp ivc ivcwry qy sMklp bD kIqy gey iBMn iBMn sMklpW nUM ivSlySx dw
AwDwr bxwieAw jwvygw[
Shwdq
Shwdq dw vrqwrw hr QW auqy hY, hryk[lok -ipRA isDWqkwrI ivc ‘Shwdq’ dy ArQ
hn gvwhI, s`c dI gvwhI, Drm-Xu`D ivc jwn dy dyxw pr ivSvwS nw C`fxw[ ShId
auh hY jo Awpxy ivSvwS leI sIs dy dyvy pr isrV nw C`fy, ShId auh hY jo qsIhW dI
hwlq ivc AwpxI jwn nw bcwvy qy ivSvwS nw C`fy[” 1 dUijAW dy ihq ivc jIvn dyx
vwly ivAkqI nUM ShId ikhw jWdw hY, pr Asl ivc ShId auh huMdw hY ijs kol bc jwx
dy swry vsIly mOjUd hox pr bwvjUd iesdy auh ShId hoxw hI cuxdw hY[ “ShIdW nUM pwey
pricAW qoN pqw l`gdw hY ik jy auh cwhuMdy qW sdw AwpxI jwn bcwA skdy sn[ auhnW
nUM cox dw mOkw id`qw jWdw sI Aqy auh hmySw Awpxy Drm, AwpxI AxK, Awpxy dweIey
Aqy svYmwx nUM cuxdy hn; PokI Suhrq, gYrW dw Drm Aqy srkwrI ruqby sMgq dy crnW
dI DUV auqoN vgwh mwrdy sn[” 2 hkUmqW hmySW AwpxI g`l mnwaux leI fr qy BYA dw
shwrw lYNdIAW hn[ jo inrBau huMdy hn, auh ApxI dyh auqy qS`dd sih bwkI lokW leI
imswl bxdy hn[ ieiqhws ivc Shwdq auh cyqMn dKl hY, ijs nwl ieiqhws ivc
v`fIAW qbdIlIAW AweIAW hn[ Shwdq ny hmySw hI rMg ilAWdw hY[ ShIdW dy nW „mW
dy SIr‟ (dùD) nwl cyqnw dw ih`sw bxdy hn[ swihqkwr vI aunHW dy j`s gwauNdy hn[ hr
kOm dy lokW dw ieh ivSvws hY ik ShId dw KUn kdy ivArQ nhIN jWdw[ iksy dI
Shwdq dI mhwnqw bwry it`pxI nhIN ho skdI, swry ShId mhwn hud M y hn[ “iksy vI
mnu`K ihqYSI lKS leI id`qI kurbwnI- Shwdq hY, pr ijs kurbwnI ipCy kMm kr rhI
cyqMnqw ieMnI ivSwl hovy ik auh smùcy bRihmMf dy jIvn nUM klwvy ivc lY lvy, jo kuJ
isrjnw ivc hY, sB nUM iek BrwqrIAqw jwxy, auh au~dwq Shwdq hY, AMgryjI ivc ies
nUM „sblwiem mwrtIfm‟ AwKWgy[”3
* KojwrQI, gurU nwnk is`K AiDAYn ivBwg, pMjwb XUnIvristI, cMfIgVH[

-- 295 --
Shwdq dw is`K-sMklp
„ShId‟ Aqy „Shwdq‟ BwrqI ieiqhws jW sMsikRqI dy sMklp nhIN hn[ ieh dovNy
ieslwmk sMklp hn[ Bwrq ivc ienHW SbdW dI vrqoN ArbW dy Awaux nwl hI SurU
hoeI hY pr BwrqI Aqy swmI prMprwvW qoN v`K is`K Drm ivc „ShId‟ Aqy „Shwdq‟ dw
sMklp v`Kry rUp ivc pRsquq hoieAw hY[ Shwdq nUM iek sMklp vWgU,M kOm vwsqy, gurU
vwsqy, s`c vwsqy, inAW vwsqy, mrx imtx dy zjby vwl BrpUr ienswn pYdw krn vwlw
vrqwrw kyvl is`KW ivc hY:
Never before in Indian History has pure love of death manifested so
gloriously as in Sikh History. 4
gurU-pMQ ny Shwdq dy sMklp nUM punr-pirBwSq kIqw hY, iesdy nvyN pRqImwn
isrjy hn[ Awm ienswn leI sB qoN vDyry kImqI cIz ijMdgI huMdI hY pr is`K AwpxI
ijMdgI nUM gurU dI bKiSS/dwq smJdy hn[ is`K Shwdq nUM iek sMklp vWg mMndw hY,
ieh iehnW dw ijMdgI ijaux dw FMg Aqy mUl AwDwr hY[ is`KW dw koeI vI sMklp Drm
dI mu`K Dwrw qoN v`Kry jW A`fry rUp ivc pRBwivq nhIN hY[ “is`K Drm dw pMjvW rUhwnI
inSwn Shwdq iksy mkwnkI rsm dI pYdwvwr nhIN, sgoN iesdI jIvn- dwqI jVH gur U
gRMQ swihb dy bhu qYhW vwly isdk ivc insicq qOr ‟qy lgI hoeI hY ijhVI mOq dI
drgwh qk ausdy pYgwm nUM phuMcwauNdI hY[ gurU Aqy is`K ny Awpxy Drm dI sUrq, sIrq,
ieKlwk Aqy gurU gRMQ swihb dy shI Anupwq ivc smweI hoeI AiDAwqmkqw nUM mOq q`k
Afol r`Kxw hY[ so iesy cVHdI klw ivcoN Shwdq dw husn, ivsmwd Aqy Aij`q cwA
aupjdy hn[” 5 is`K Shwdq dw AwDwr gurbwxI hY, gurbwxI ivc &urmwn hY:
sUrw so pihcwnIAY ju lrY dIn ky hyq]
purjw purjw kit mrY kbhU nw CwfY Kyqu]
“is`KI ivc ShIdI drjw pRwpq krn sMbMDI iek hor vic`qr g`l ieh hY ik ies dI
sMBwvnw ny gihr gMBIr bzurgW qoN lY ky mncly nOjvwnW, b`icAW Aqy isMGxIAW qk nUM
ieauN Awpxy v`l iKicAw, ijvyN imknwqIs lohy nUM iK`cdw hY[ ”6 jdoN is`K „qy gur-bKiSS
huMdI hY qW aus nUM ismrn dI rUhwnI-bKiSS imldI hY, ismrn nwl is`K dI dyh SùD ho
jWdI hY[ aus dIAW ibrqIAW iekwgr qy auh inrBau ho jWdw hY, Awm mnùKW leI sB qoN
v`fw fr; mOq dw fr vI, gur-bKiSS A`gy ausnUM iksy lGU-idRS ijhw jwpdw hY[ ies
bwry pRo. pUrn isMG kihMdy hn ik,
But the spirit of the Khalsa that despises comfort and pleasure and
welcome suffering, sorrow and death is unique. This passion for
death, infused by the Guru in the Sikh, is the only form of that
renunciation of which Goethe and Carlyle say: “It is only with
renunciation (Entsagar) that life, properly speaking, can be said to
begin.” 7

-- 296 --
 is`K dI Shwdq rudn nhIN, sgoN cwA hY, Shwdq dw cwA mOq dy BYA qoN A`gy
vrqdw hY[ is`KW leI mrn qoN bc jwxw hI Shwdq hY, AMqm vyly q`k is`K ShId, gurU -
ilv dy ivc ivcrdw hY Aqy ielwhI joq ivc hI smw jWdw hY: “AwKrI vkq qk ShId
dy smùcy Asiq`qv (being) ivcoN ivsmwdI sMgIq Jrdw hY, rOSnI Put
` dI hY[ joq ho ky
8
ShId hoxw, is`K Shwdq dw invyklwpx hY[”
Shwdq hI ies g`l dw pRmwx hY ik ShId Awm mnùK nhIN hY, ShId kol kuJ
ivSyS hY, auh ivSyS gurU dIAW brkqW hn qy gurU vWg Awpw vwr dyx dw zzbw hY[
Shwdq ijQy surq dI Afolqw nUM inrMqrqw pRdwn krdI hY, auQy ieh vI pRgt krdI ik
is`K qy gurU „c vI koeI &rk nhIN hY[ is`K ieiqhws qoN pihlW swnUM ShwdqW dI AijhI
lVI ikqy vI dyKx nUM nhIN imldI, imiQhws „c pRihlwd qy iek-do hor gQwvW qoN Cùt,
ies BU-KMf ‟qy is`K-Shwdq ny hI ShIdIAW dw dOr AwrMB kIqw hY[ ijs qrHW is`K,
Shwdq nUM rozwnw Xwd krdy ny ies qrHW dw zzbw iksy hor kOm kol nhIN hY[ is`K
qnKwhdwr POjIAW dy mr jwx dy ArQW ivc AwpxI Shwdq dw jlvw nhIN pRgt krdw,
Awpxy inAwrypx dI qrHW Kwlsy dI Shwdq vI inAwrI hY[ is`K iksy v`fy inAW leI qy
Drm leI Awpxw Awp pyS krdw hY[ “is`K Shwdq mOq dy dyS ivc ivSv hXwqI dy
prcm nUM icrMjIv Aqy At`l r`Kx dw nwm hY[ is`K Drm dw Akwl qKq dI mIrI pIrI
dw CyvW rUhwnI inSwn Shwdq ivcoN hI iKVdw hY Aqy Shwdq qoN pihlW ausdI hoNd sMBv
nhIN[ Shwdq qoN pihlW iKAwlI pIrI qW ho skdI hY, pr rUhwnI mIrI nhIN[ hW, ihMsk
mIrI ho skdI hY[ Shwdq (ijvyN gurU Arjn swihb dI Shwdq) ipCoN hI rUhwnIAq dy
Drwql auqy mIrI Aqy pIrI dIAW qlvwrW imldIAW hn[” 9
hQly prcy iv`c AsIN pRo. hirMdr isMG mihbUb ricq „sihjy ricE Kwlsw‟
pusqk sMigRh ivc pyS hoeI is`K Shwdq dy sMklp dI ivAwiKAw nUM smJx dw Xqn
krWgy[
‘sihjy ricE Kwlsw’ ivc pRo. hirMdr isMG mihbUb v`loN pyS kIqy gey Shwdq
dy is`K sMklp nUM AsIN cwr pRmùK nukiqAW qihq ivcwrdy hW:
1. isdk-pRblqw dy jlOA leI
2. inAW dy v`fy inXm sQwipq krn leI
3. hwkmW nUM auhnW dy rUhwnI sMktW nwl rU-b-rU krwaux leI
4. inAwry isMG-AwdrS nUM kwiem r`Kx leI
is`K ieiqhws ies g`l dI gvwhI Brdw hY ik is`K Shwdq dy do rUp hn:
SWqmeI Shwdq qy jMg ivc jUJdI hoeI Shwdq, pr somw dovW dw iek hI hY[ is`K dI
Shwdq dy ieh do rUp swnUM smJxy pYxgy, is`K SWqI Aqy jMg dovW dI isKr nUM hMFwauNdw
hY[

-- 297 --
1. isdk-pRblqw dy jlOA leI:
is`K Shwdq dw pihlw audyS isdk-pRblqw dy jlOA leI Awpw vwr dyxw hud M w
hY[ isdk-pRblqw pRo. hirMdr isMG mihbUb duAwrw id`qw mOilk sMklp hY[ ijsnUM auh
Kwls-kudrq ivclIAW Cy nuhwrW ‟coN cOQI nuhwr vjoN pyS krdy hn[ Shwdq iek isdk
hY, is`K dI suriq jdoN gurU-ilv nwl juVdI hY qW ausnUM „isdk‟ gur-bKiSS rwhIN pRwpq
huMdw hY[ isdk-pRblqw is`K dI ilv dw ih`sw hY[ is`K isdk-pRblqw nUM ShwdqW qoN pwr
jwky drswauNdw hY[ rUhwnIAq Awpxy Awp nMU pRgt krn leI keI qrHW dy coz krdI hY,
ijs ivc isdk pRblqw vI hY[ ieh idRVqw d`sdI hY ik is`K Aqy gurU ivc koeI &rk
nhIN hY[ is`K-Xwd ies g`l dI swKI BrdI hY ik Awpxy ivAwh dI rsm ivc jVH smyq
ik`lw pùtx vwlw mhWblI XoDy gurU Arjn dyv jI, iks sbr qy isdk nwl q`qI qvI qy
cOkVw mwr ky bYTy sn[ iesy sbr qy isdk ny is`K Shwdq dy ipCy Asmwn isrijAw,
ijs „c is`K ShId Awpxy gurU dI FoeI leI KVw huMdw hY[ “dunIAw dy Anyk ShIdW dI
SkqI Awpxy AsUlW dI sMswrk sur`iKAw dw iekihrw iDAwn hI DrdI hY, Aqy iek
iekihry h`T au~qy Klo jWdI hY, pr gurU Arjn swihb inry Awpxy AsUlW dI suriKAw
leI ShId nhIN ho rhy, sgoN izMdgI Aqy mOq nUM ivgws nwl iek kr rhy hn[” 10 ies
Shwdq ny is`KW nUM isdk pRblqw dy jlOA dy isKr dw pRq`K dIdwr krvwieAw, ijsnMU
is`K ieiqhws ivc is`K-ShId AnykW vwr duhrwauNdy Aw rhy hn[
is`K rozwnw auhnW is`K-ShIdW nUM Xwd krdy hn, Akwl purK qoN auhnW
ShIdW/isMGW vrgy isdk dI bKiSS leI Ardws krdy hn[ keI vwr gurU-bKiSS is`K
nUM sihj rUp ‟c imldI hY qy keI vwr aus leI AwpxI pwqrqw is`D krnI pYNdI hY,
pwqrqw dw koeI dwAvw nhIN huMdw[ gur pRswid sdkw AwpxI suriq nUM gurU-ilv nwl
joVn dy aucyc krm qoN bwAd gurU bKiSS rwhIN Awpxy is`K nUM isdk-Afolqw bKS idMdw
hY[ mIr mMnMU dIAW jylW ivc KMnI-KMnI rotI dy shwry swrw idn Akih-Asih qsIhy J`l,
Awpxy b`icAW dy srIr dy toitAW dy hwr glW „c pvw, mùKoN “qyrw kIAw mITw lwgy]”
kih Sukrwny dI Ardws kr is`K-bIbIAW, gur-bKiSS dy hwx dIAW ho geIAW sn,
ijnHW dI ShIdI dyK duinAwvI lokW dI rUh q`k kMb jwvy[ is`K qvwrIK „c AjIhy bhwdr
sUrbIrW ShIdW dy bySumwr nW imldy hn, ijnHW ivc BweI qwrU isMG, Sihbwz isMG, Subyg
isMG vrgy Anyk is`K ShIdW ny isdk-pRblqw dy jlOA dw isKr hMFwieAw hY[
isMG Shwdq pwauNidAW duinAwvI h`T ivc nhIN huMdw, sgoN mOq dy swhmxy auh
pUrn ivgws dw rUp huMdw hY[ is`K ShId j`lwdW dI qyg swhmxy Apwr suihrdqw ivc
muskrwauNdy sn[ is`K Shwdq dI isdk pRblqw bwry pRo. mihbUb AwKdy hn, “is`K
ShwdqW dI AihMsw dw prw-SkqI dy dYvI soimAW nwl juVy hoxw, auhnW nUM im`Q dw ruqbw
bKSdw hY[ is`K-ShwdqW mUk AihMsw dy SWq KyVy bKyrdIAW hn, qW auhnW dI prw-
qIbrqw swry kwl nUM gurU Arjn swihb dI q`qI qvI ivc bdl idMdI hY, Aqy swmUihk
is`K cyqnw nUM auhnW dI iKmw-BrpUr suihrdqw dw jwmw pihnw idMdI hY[”11 Awm qOr qy
iekihry ivSlySx nwl isdk-pRblqw nUM ausdy rUhwnI pswrW qoN inKyV ky dyKx dI koiSS
krdI hoeI, is`K-Shwdq dI bhuq hlkI ivAwiKAw kIqI jWdI hY pr is`K Shwdq dI

-- 298 --
AihMsw koeI gWDIvwdI mUk AihMsw nhIN hY, sgoN iksy AQwh-Drvws ivcoN ies isdk dI
bKiSS hoeI hY, ijs dy sdkw is`K-ShId mOq dy fr qoN vI inrBau ho jWdw hY, “is`K
Shwdq dI v`fI is&q ieh hY, ik iesnUM mOq dw syk sihx dI loV nhIN pYNdI, sgoN ieh
sihx dI swrI pRikirAw qoN aupr au~T ky mOq dy swry syk pI jWdI hY[ A`gNo jy Shwdq
AihMsw dy rUp ivc hovy, qW iesdw nqIjw ieh inklygw ik AihMsw ivc mOq dI prw-
qIbrqw Aw jwvygI[ AihMsw dy inXm nUM Apxw rhI is`K-ShId dI cyqnw nUM mOq dI
prw-qIbrqw Amrqw dy Aijhy isdk nwl joV dyvg y I:
Awpn ko gxq AibnwsI[ AOrn ko jIv cOrwsI[ (pMQ pRkwS)”12
2. inAW dy v`fy inXm sQwipq krn leI:
inAW dy v`fy inXm sQwipq krn dw AkIdw is`KI dy mUl ivc ipAw hY, gurU
nwnk swihb qoN lY ky A`j q`k is`KW ny hr zulm-D`ky dy iKlwP AwpxI Awvwz buld M
kIqI hY, is`KW ny gurU hukm dy Anuswr Awpxy kwrj krny hn[ kUV dy rwj nUM dUr krnw
qy Drm dy rwj dI sQwpnw krdy hoey iesdI vwSnw qoN dUr rihxw hI is`KW dw AwdrS
hY[ is`K AinAweI rwj dI BgqI nhIN krdy sgoN DMgo-zorI qy AinAweI vwly rwj dI
gurU-Awsry sdkw jVH auKyV dyxw Awpxw Aihm &rj mMndy hn[ jdoN hkUmqW Drm inAW
dy rwh qoN iQVk jWdIAW hn qW is`K aus vkq Shwdq idMdw hY, “jdoN mwnvqw nUM
ieiqhwsk pRbMD ivc clwauNdIAW rUhwnI kImqW dw islislw tùt jWdw hY, qW ShId dy
ieSk dI ieMqhw dunIAW dy sB qbky dy ienswnW nUM AwpxI ivSwl bùkl ivc Gùt lYNdI
hY[ aus dI srIrk hsqI imt ky mwnvqw dw AnMq srIr ho jWdI hY[ audoN aus dI
Ardws nwl pYgMbr, Drm Aqy kbIly kqwrW bMnH ky Klo jWdy hn[”13 inAW swjn leI
jMgI rUp Dwrn krnw pYNdw hY, pMjvyN gurU dI Shwdq qoN ipCoN CyvyN gurU jI v`lNo mIrI-pIrI
dIAW ikRpwnW Dwrn krn dw iek kwrx ieh vI sI[ gurU-jMgW dy dYvI inzwm ipCy inAW
dy v`fy inXm nUM swjn dw vrqwrw sihj rUp ivc cldw hY[ mwlvy ivc mihrwj dI jMg
vyly SwhI POjW jdoN rwq nUM ryqly ielwky ivc AweI hnyrI qy purzor srdI kwrn bybs ho
cùkIAW sn qW aus vyly “BweI ibDI cMd ny AYsI dSw ivc PsI POj nUM rwq hI mukwaux
dI AwigAw mMgI pr gurU jI ny ikhw, ifg pey, hiQAwr-hIn, bwlk, ibrD, rogI,
Srnwgq, iesqRI ienHW s`qW auqy vwr krn vwly dw sB qyj pRqwp nSt ho jWdw hY[ ”14
gurU hrgoibMd swihb jI v`loN BweI ibDI cMd nUM hukm kIqI ieh s`q pRkwr dI AihMsw vI
inAW dy iksy v`fy inXm dw hI iek rUp hY ik ikvyN jMg dOrwn vI is`K Awpxy inAwry
isMG-AwdrS dI pwlxw kry[ ies inAW dy v`fy inXm nUM is`K-qvwrIK ny brkrwr
r`iKAw, jdoN vI hkUmqW ny koeI D`kw kIqw qW is`KW ny ausdy zbr nUM T`l pweI hY[ 18vIN
sdI ivc nwdr Swh koloN ihMdusqwn dIAW kuVIAW nUM Cufwaux leI vwrIAW jwnW,
muslmwn mwCI dI DI dy cùk ky iljwx dI kMnsoA jMglW ivcly isMGW q`k phuc M waux dy
is`ty vjoN hoeI BweI qwrU isMG dI Shwdq Aqy is`K ieiqhws ivc swvIAW GtnwvW
ivclIAW AnykW hI ShwdqW inAW dy v`fy inXm hyTW hoeIAW hn[
is`KW ny isr& hwkmW dy zulm nUM T`lH pwaux leI ShwdqW hI nhIN id`qIAW sgoN

-- 299 --
bhuq vwr rwj-pRbMD dy inzwm nUM bdl auQoN dy lokW nUM „hlymI rwj‟ dw Aihsws vI
krvwieAw[ bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr smyN ijQy ikqy vI hwkm qoN lok qMg sn qW auQNo dy
inzwm nUM bdlxw is`KW dw pRmùK kwrj hoieAw krdw sI, iPr BwvyN auh kpUrI ijlHy dw
nvwb hovy jW srihMd dw nvwb[ inAW dy v`fy inXm sQwipq krn leI kIqy Xqn qy
id`qIAW ShwdqW dw islislw is`K imslW qoN bwAd mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy rwj ivc
vI lgwqwr jwrI irhw[ is`K-Xwd d`sdI hY ik jdoN srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw nUM kSmIr
dw gvrnr lwieAw igAw qW pTwxW v`loN ihMdUAW nUM jùqI pwaux ‟qy l`gI rok nUM htwauxw
Aqy auQy pRclq bygwr (ibnW qnKwh qoN D`ky nwl kMm krwauxw) nUM Kqm kIqw[ ies qoN
ielwvw Dwrimk sQwnW dI rwKI qy syvw-sMBwl leI vI Anykw is`KW ny jUJ ky ShwdqW
id`qIAW[ AijhIAW inAW dy v`fy inXm swjx leI kIqIAW jMgW ivc srIr dI AwhUqI
dyx vwly is`K-ShId iek Kws ruqbw r`Kdy hn[ “BKdy mYdwin-jMgW ivc isdk-jlwl
is`K-ShId dI KUbsUrqI hY; ausdI auh Afolqw hY, ijQy AMqm-nWh dw pRBwv phuc M g
y w hI
15
nhIN[”
3. hwkmW nMU auhnW dy rUhwnI sMktW nwl rU-b-rU krwaux leI:
jdoN gurU jW guris`K Shwdq dyx jwdy hn qW auhnW kol komlqw, jlwl, sMvd y nw
qy ikRpw huMdI hY[ auh AwqmGwqI jW suMn nhIN huMdy sgoN jwigRq/sucyq hud
M y hn Aqy aunWH nMU
pqw huMdw hY ik auh AYsy v`fy kwrj leI jw rhy hn ijs ivc aunWH dy srIr lyKy l`gxy
hn[ Alwmw iekbwl Anuswr “I tell you that the sign of a true believer, when death
draws near, there is a smile on his lips.” 16 keI hwlwqW ‟c srIr lyKy lwey ibnW dUsry
bMdy nUM g`l nhIN smJweI jw skdI[ bwbr dy Awaux qoN pihlW hI ieslwmI SrHw nUM
AwDwr bxwky rwj-SwSn clwaux dI koiSS huMdI rhI hY, pr muglW mgroN ibnW qlvwr
vriqAW Aqy ibnW ieslwm kbUlx ‟qy vI ihMdUAW nUM ihMdusqwn dI nwgirkqw dy,
imlvrqnI rwj sQwpq krn dw JukwA ho igAw sI[ ieh „sYkulr‟ JukwA Akbr vyly
pRbl sI pr iPr ieh iF`lw pYNdw-pYNdw AOrMgjyb vyly qIk Alop hI ho igAw[ is`K
ieiqhws d`sdw hY ik jdoN AOrMgzyb dy zulmW qoN BY -BIq hoey, audwsI Bry idl lY kSmIrI
pMifq, ikRpw rwm dI AgvweI ivc AwnMdpur &irAwd lY ky Awey audNo gurU jI ny
AOrMgzyb nUM ieh sunyhw lwaux leI ikhw ik jy ihMdusqwn nUM dwr-aul-ieslwm ivc
bdlxw hY qW gurU qyg bhwdr nUM muslmwn bxw lvy[ iesdy nqIjy, gurU jI dI Shwdq
vjoN ieiqhws dy vrikAW auqy aukry gey[ gurU jI dI Shwdq qoN Axjwx ieiqhwskwr
AwKdy ik auh iksy ivSyS (ihMdU Drm) Drm dI rwKI leI ShId hoey pr pR.o mihbUb ies
g`l nwl iblkul vI sihmq nhIN[ nOvyN nwnk gurU qyg bhwdr jI dI Shwdq bwry auh
ilKdy hn ik “gurU qyg bhwdr jI dI dI ShIdI cwr AslIAqW nUM pRkwSmwn krdI hY:
1) auhnW rwhW nUM bcwauxw, jo ik pUrn sn[
2) AOrMgzyb ijs ieslwmI jnUMn dw pujwrI sI, aus nwl Aw^rI mrd dy supny nMU
zrb phuMcdI sI; so gurU jI ny ies nUM rokxw sI[
3) qIsry rwh dw sp`St AYlwn krnw[

-- 300 --
 4) is`K ShIdI nUM nvyN ArQW nwl BrpUr krnw, Aqy mOq dy AiDAwqmk srUp ivc
iek nvIN qwsIr pYdw krnI[” 17
is`K vI ieho mMndy hn ik gurU qyg bhwdr jI dI ShIdI iksy iek Kws Drm dI
rwKI leI nhIN hoeI sgoN auhnW ny Kwlsw-ivDwn dy mUl AwDwr hlymI rwj dy isDWq nUM
jwhrw rUp ivc pRgt kIqw:
huix hukmu hoAw imhrvwx dw]
pY koie n iksY r\wxdw]
sB suKwlI vuTIAw iehu hoAw hlymI rwju jIau]
gurU Arjn swihb vloN hlymI rwj dy mUl PlsPy ivc ivAkqI nUM swry h`k imlx
qy suKI vsx dI qwkId kIqI geI hY[ hlymI rwj ivc rwjnIqk zbr, AwriQk SoSx qy
smwjI dmn dI koeI QW nhIN hY[ ienswnI h`kW ivc AwpxI mrzI nwl mzHbI AkIdw qy
Dwrimk icMnH Dwrn krn dI vI suqMqrqw hY[ pMcm pwqSwh v`lNo bKSy ies ielwhI
mYnIPYsto Anuswr hI gurU qyg bhwdr jI ny sgl jgq dI mnùKI AwzwdI nUM bhwl r`Kx
leI Shwdq id`qI sI[ aunHW dI Shwdq dI vydnw ny smkwlI is`K-cyqnw nUM qIbr
iekwgrqw id`qI[ gurU jI Kwlsw pMQ dy pRgt hox dI gvwhI idMdy hn ik hux AwrIAw qy
swmI pRMprw ienswn dy v`fy AiDAwqmk srUp nUM nhIN sWB skxgIAW[
„bwbrI jlwl‟ dIAW kùJ KUbIAW Aqy KwsIAqW „is`K-Xwd‟ ny sWBIAW hoeIAw
hn[ AOrMgzyb dy pVwA au~qy phuMc ky bwbrI jlwl AjIb sMkt ivc iGr igAw sI[
gurU jI dI Shwdq mugl bwdSwhW nUM auhnW dy rUhwnI sMktW dy rU-b-rU krwaudI hY[ “jdoN
vlI-haumY Awpxy hr dYvI AMS qoN munkr ho jWdI hY, Aqy Awpxy sMswrI rUp qoN isvw hor
kuJ nhIN rihMdI[ ies pVwA au~qy bwbrI jlwl inrol haumY huMdw hY, Aqy mzHbW dy au~cy -
sùcy iDAwnI s`c au~qy vwr krny SurU kr idMdw hY[ qdoN gurU nwnk-Aml kwl dy
bwhrmuKI Drwql au~qy bwbrI jlwl dI haumY nwl tkrwauNdw hY, ShId ho ky izMdgI ivc
au~cI suriq dI At`lqw nUM sQwpq kr idMdw hY[ gurU qyg bhwdr jI dI ShIdI bwbrI
jlwl dy Aijhy rUhwnI sMkt smyN hI hoeI[ ShIdI ny vlI-haumY dy b`jr pRqIkrm nUM
qoVnw sI[” 18 gurU Arjn jI dI Shwdq qoN bwAd Kwlsw hiQAwrbMd hoieAw qy gur U
qyg bhwdr jI dI Shwdq qoN bwAd Kwlsw sMpUrn rUp ivc pRgt ho igAw[ gurU jI dI
Shwdq Kwlsy dy pRgt hox dI AMiqm inSwnI sI[
4. inAwry isMG-AwdrS nUM kwiem r`Kx leI:
is`K Shwdq dw cOQw Aml inAwry isMG -AwdrS nUM kwiem r`Kxw hud
M w hY[ BweI
gurdws jI dy kQn
ieauN qIsr mjhb Kwlsw aupijE prDwnw]
Bwv, Kwlsw; jo Akwl purK dI POj hY qy pRmwqmw dI mOj ivcoN pRgt hoieAw hY[
Awpxy inAwrypx dI qrHW Kwlsy dy AwdrS vI inAwry hn ijs nUM hirMdr isMG mihbUb ny

-- 301 --
inAwry isMG-AwdrS dw nwm id`qw hY[ is`KW dy smUihk Avcyqn ivc gurU goibMd isMG jI
dy hukm dYvI-iekrwr vWgrW aukry hoey hn:
jb lg Kwlsw rhy inAwrw[
qb lg qyj dIau mYN swrw[
jb ieh ghYN ibpRn kI rIq[
19
mYN n krooN ien kI pRqIq[
is`K iehnW sqrW ipCly nukqy nUM bhuq bwrIkI nwl smJdy hn Bwv ik jdoN q`k
AsIN Awpxy inAwrypx nUM kwiem r`KWgy, audoN q`k ieh inAwrwpx gurU-bKiSS nwl
lbryz rhygw[ ies inAwrypx nUM brkrwr r`Kx leI inAwry isMG -AwdrS nUM AwpxI
ilv dw Atùt ih`sw bxwauxw pvygw[ ieh inAwrwpx koeI v`Krwpx nhIN hY[
is`K ShId hmySw hI inAW ivc KVw huMdw hY, ausdy swry kwrj inAwry is`K
AwdrS dy swhmxy KVHy huMdy hn, ijhnW leI gurU ny ausnMU swijAw hY[ is`K SWqI qy jMg
dovW dI isKr nUM hMFwauNdw hY[ gurU dw v`fw nYiqk inXm hr smyN is`K -suriq dy ivc
sdIvI vrqdw hY[ cyqnw ‟qy pey jwilAW kwrx jdoN ies duAwrw kIqw koeI vI kwrj
inAwry isMG-AwdrS qoN bwhr huMdw hY qW iesdI au~cI suriq, jo iesdy Aml dy Kyqr nUM
gurU-mwhOl Anuswr ivSwl krdI hY, iesnUM AMqr-Awqmw swvyN AwpxI glqI dw Aihsws
krvw ky pCqwvy ivc lY jWdI hY qy iesdw mn gurU-brkq nwl iPr inrml ho jWdw hY[
ies bwry pRo. mihbUb dw kQn hY “jo jMg cyqnw dy Awqmk mwhOl qoN bwhr ho ky lVI
geI hovy, isMG-AwdrS mnu`K dy koml AnuBv Aqy inrp`K inAW dI Bwvnw kolNo aus ivc
moey hr ienswn dI kImq pCqwvy Aqy kurbwnI dI Skl ivc mMgdw hY[” 20
is`K ieiqhws ivc vI keI swKIAW imldIAW jdoN inAwry isMG -AwdrS dy Aml
qoN Btky is`K dI aucI-suriq ausnUM pCqwvy ivc lY jWdI hY[ gurU goibMd isMG jI dy smyN
dI ieh swKI iesdI gvwhI BrdI hY jdoN AwnMdpur dI DrqI qoN bydwvw ilK Awey cwlI
isMG iKdrwxy dI Fwb (hux sRI mukqsr swihb) ivKy gurU jI dy ipCy-ipCy Aw phuc M [
y ieh
is`K AwnMdpur nUM C`fx qoN bwAd qur hI rhy sn, gurU-ivCoVy Aqy pirvwr dIAW PtkwrW
ny iehnW dy idl Gor audwsI nwl Br id`qy sn[ ieh isMG inAwry isMG -AwdrS dy Aml
nUM muV hwsl krn leI Awpxy b^Sy jwx leI idn-rwq b^Sxhwr A`gy qrly pwaux
l`gy[ iKdrwxy dI jMg ivc iehnW cwlI isMGW ny kmwl dy jOhr idKwauNdy hoey Shwdq
pRwpq kIqI[ ies swKI nUM ibAwn krdy hoey pRo. hirMdr mihbUb ilKdy hn, “kùJ icr
ip`CoN gurU jI ku`J isMGW smyq aus QW auqy phuMcy, ijQy cwlI isMGW ny ShIdIAW pweIAW
sn[ hW! ShId hox vwly isr& auho sn, ijnHW ny ik hzUr nUM bydwvw ilK ky id`qw sI[
by-dwvy dw kwZz hux q`k gurU jI dy nwl sI, Aqy auh bVy icr qoN ies idn dw ieMqzwr
kr rhy sn[ gurU jI ny vwr vwr auhnW dy h`QW nUM m`Qy nwl CuhwieAw, keIAW nUM god ivc
ilAw, Aqy keIAW dy m`Qy nUM cuMimHAw…DrqI ny pihlI vwr hzUr dIAW A`KW ivc AYny
A`QrU vyKy[ gurU jI dy &zl ny iehnW ShIdW nUM Awpxy jyhy bxw id`qw[ gurU jI Kud

-- 302 --
Shwdq sn: iehnW ShIdW dy lhU ivc sùqI Shwdq[ sB ShId hzUr dy rihm dI Coh
ivc sn, Aqy audoN qoN sn, jdoN qoN ieh qygW auTw ky duSmx dIAW s&W nUM cIrx leI vDy
sn[ ShId hox qoN pihlW isMGW dI aucI suriq auQy phuMc geI sI, ijQy auhnW vyiKAw
sI, ik hzUr dy rihm dy pwxIAW ivc ikqy vI iknwrw nhIN AwauNdw[” 21 iQVk jwx qoN
bwAd vI aucI suriq ny pCqwvy qoN AgyrI mMizl Shwdq nUM pRwpq kIqw[ gurU b^iSS dI
pRwpqI hox dw pRmwx ieh hY ik is`K ieiqhws auhnW nUM bydwvIey nhIN sgoN „cwlI
mukiqAW‟ vjoN ismrdw hY[
is`K-Xwd Anuswr bMdw isMG bhwdr v`loN pRcilq Pqih (vwihgurU jI kw Kwlsw
vwihgurU jI kI Pqih) dI QW „Pqih drSn‟, AxsuKwvyN mwhOl ivc do ivAwh krvwaux,y
S^sIAq-pRsqI dI ie`Cw pUrqI leI Xqn krny Aqy AkqUbr 1713 qoN PrvrI 1715
q`k pMQ nUM ip`T idKw ku`lU-cMbW dIAW phwVIAW ivc AYS-pRsqI dw jIvn bqIq krn
ijhIAW gusqwKIAW kIqIAW geIAW[22 ieMJ bMdw isMG bhwdr ny isMG-AwdrS dI
aulMGxw kIqI geI pr hr is`K vWg gurU swihb v`loN bKiSAw v`fw nYiqk inXm sdw
bMdw isMG dI suriq ivc vrqdw irhw, ijs dI pihl-qwzgI nUM mwnx leI auh (bMdw
isMG bhwdr) isMG-AwdrS v`l AwpxI v&w muV swbq kr skdw sI[“aus swhmxy
Aijhw krn leI Shwdq, ijs rwhIN ik auh Awpxy ieSk dI mukMml qrz Aqy isdk
dw AmoV hVH pYdw krky ivKw skdw sI, dyx qoN isvw hor koeI rwh nhIN sI[” 23 gurU
v`loN bKSy v`fy nYiqk inXm ny bMdw isMG bhwdr dI aucI-suriq ivc sdIvI sQwn bxweI
r`iKAw, ies dy &lsrUp A`T mhIny lgwqwr ikly ivc rihx qoN bwAd vI auh kmwl dI
cVHdIklw ivc bwhr Awey[ kuJ ieiqhwskwr bMdw isMG bhwdr Aqy auhnW dy swQIAW dI
Shwdq nUM v`K krky dyKdy hn pr swfw mMnxw ieh hY ik bMdw isMG bhwdr qy ausdy
swQIAW dI Shwdq koeI v`K-v`K vrqwry nhIN hn “bMdw isMG Aqy ausdy swQIAW dI
Shwdq iek ijsm vWg hoeI[ sB ShIdW ny isMG-AwdrS nwl koeI rh`smeI ieksurqw
pRwpq kIqI hoeI sI[ ies kwrn ies Shwdq AMdr koeI blvwn rUhwnI pRBwv sI[” 24
bMdw isMG dI gurU-ilv pihlW vWg hI iekwgr ho geI, aus dI pRiqBw blvwn kwl ivc
bdl geI, isMG-AwdrS dI iS`dq Awpxy isKr au~qy phuMc geI[ gurA U W duAwrw bKSy
mwrg „qy clidAW,“bMdw isMG bhwdr dI Shwdq ny Awpxy nyV-Biv`K dy is`K-iDAwn nUM
ivgwsmeI AihMsw Aqy mOq dI prw-qIbrqw dy AwpsI irSqy ivcoN aupjx vwlI im`Q-rUp
Shwdq qoN jwxU krvw id`qw sI[ is`ty vjoN, smyN dI loV muqwbk isMG-AwdrS dI AQwh-
SkqI ny Kwlsy dy smUihk Aml nUM Shwdq dy Aijhy rUp ivc FwilAw Aqy AihMsw dI
im`Q hoNd ivc AweI[” 25
bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr Aqy swQIAW dI ShwdqW dy pRsMg ny iek AlOikk rMgx
pRwpq kr ilAw[ bMdw isMG bhwdr dy swQIAW dI Shwdq dI g`l kridAW Kw&I KW iek
is`K b`cy dw A`KIN vyiKAw ibrqWq BY-BrI hYrwnI ivc ibAwn krdw hY[ ausdI A`KIN vyKI
swKI qoN sw& pRgt hY ik bwdSwh &ru^sIAr v`loN brI kIqw isMG -b`cw mW dy qrly
kridAW Awpxy lhU dy irSqy nUM Tukrw idMdw hY, Aqy bVy joS qy vjd ivc j`lwd dI qyg
koloN mloN-m`lI Shwdq dw ielwhI suAwd c`K lYNdw hY[ ausdI jwn bcwaux leI qrly

-- 303 --
G`qdI mW b`cy dy AnuBv ivc isMG-AwdrS dy swhmxy iksy sMswrI suAwrQ dI pRqIk bx
ky rih geI sI[26
iehnW ShwdqW qoN ielwvw vI AnykW is`K ShwdqW hoeIAW jo inAwry isMG-
AwdrS nUM kwiem r`KdIAW hn, jdoN 18vIN sdI ivc lwhOr dy sUbd y wr zkrIAw KW ny
ieh Dumw id`qw sI ik is`KW dw Kwqmw kr id`qw hY qW aus Kbr dI kMnsoA imlidAW hI
bwbw boqw isMG qy bwbw grzw isMG ny nUrdIn dI srW kol nwkw lw ky, ic`TI ilK fM ky dI
cot ‟qy ikhw ik pRmwqmw dI mOj ivc pRgt hoeI, aus vwihgurU dI ieh POj iksy qùC
hIx-Bwvnw dy gRsy sUbydwr/bwdSwh v`loN Kqm nhIN kIqI jw skdI[ ies qoN ibnW is`KW ny
drbwr swihb, sRI AMimRqsr swihb ivcly dIvy nUM jgwaux leI hr-roz srovr nUM pwr
krky jwxw Aqy ShId hoxw, BweI qwrU isMG jI dw kys kql krwaux dI bjwey KopV
lhwauxw, Akwl qKq swihb Aqy hor gurduAwirAW dI mirAwdw kwiem r`Kx leI
id`qIAW ShwdqW vI inAwry isMG-AwdrS nUM kwiem r`Kx leI hI sn[ ipCly 550 swlW
dy ieiqhws ivc ShIdW dI kOm: is`K kOm ny AnykW hI ShwdqW id`qIAW, swrIAW
ShwdqW dw vrxn iek lGU-prcy nhIN kIqw jw skdw, ies prcy rwhIN AsIN kuJ ku
hvwilAW nwl is`K-Shwdq dy kuJ p`KW nUM ibAwn krn dI koiSS kIqI hY[
is`K-ShId duAwrw kIqI Ardws iehnW swry audySW dy ipCy sWJy rUp ivc vrqdI
hY, Ardws AxhoNd ShId nUM mhwnqw v`l nhIN jwx idMdI, ijs bwry pR.o mihbUb ilKdy
hn, “myry iKAwl ivc ShId Aqy Ardws mOq v`l iek`iTAW hI jWdy hn[ mOq dy ibKVy
pYNfy au~qy ijhVy ShId Ardws nwl nhIN qurdy, auhnW dy AwdrS nUM SuhrqW dI duinAwvI
lwlsw smùcI izMdgI au~qy PYlx nhIN idMdI, Aqy ies dI piv`qrqw dy Anyk pRkwSW qk
iehnW ShIdW dI phuMc nWh hox kwrn iehnW dw ruqbw AslI mhwnqw nUM nhIN CoNhdw[”
27
Ardws is`K dy Aml dw Aihm ih`sw hY, Ardws rwhIN is`K rozwnw ieiqhws nMU
icqvdy hn[ is`KW dI Ardws nw kyvl pMQ dy gOrv BrpUr ieiqhws dw Kulwsw hI hY,
gurmiq Drm-ivigAwn dw incoV vI hY[ “Ardws Kwlwsw jI dy isdk dI sjIv
dwsqwn hY[ ausdy Awqmk aumwh dw sMKyipq ieiqhws hY[ ausdI ieKlwkI sud M rqw dI
mOilk dsqwvyz hY[ pRBU dI swiKAwq is`DI ivc Ardws dw sB qoN v`fw h`Q hY[” 28 jdoN
ShId dI aucI-suriq, gurU-ilv dy prw-mMflW ivc prvwz krdI hY, qW ausdy bol o
Ardws bx jWdy hn, Shwdq dyx vyly is`K dy bol At`l ho jWdy hn:
rx ivc dUr dIAW prvwzW, AQrU GuMmn Kwry[
Axsocy nukqy jo rUh ivc, Juk-Juk vyKx qwry[
Boly BwA mYN ibRC lgwvW, dyx AsIs pYgMbr;
iksy ShId dIAW ArdwsW, cOdW qbk iKlwry[ 29
pRo. mihbUb ny Ardws dy ies pRkrx nUM AwpxI kwiv-sMgiR h „JnW dI rqw‟ dI
CyvIN kwiv-pusqk „ShId dI Ardws‟ ivc kmwl dw ibAwn kIqw hY[ ies ikqwb ivc
“ShId dI rwq, ShId dw aulwhmw, ShId sMqW dI Ardws, ShIdW dI brkq, ShId dI

-- 304 --
aufIk, ShId dI vwt qy ijauNdy ShIdW nUM” Awid kwiv-isrlyK rwhIN pyS kIqIAW
kivqwvW ivc auhnW is`K-Shwdq dy AnykW pswrW nMU bwKUbI ibAwn kIqw hY[ is`K-
Shwdq dy sMdrB ivc ies kwiv-pusqk dw ivsqwirq AiDAYn iek v`Kry Koj-prcy dI
mMg krdw hY[
pRo. mihbUb kihMdy hn, “kOmW kwl dy pRBwv krky, Awpxy soimAW qoN kuJ dUr ho
jWdIAW, auhnW v`loN gurUAW dI bKSI hoeI pihl qwzgI su`k jWdI hY[” loV isr&
AwpxI cyqnw ‟qy l`gy jwly nUM auqwrn dI hY, jdoN vI Kwlsw Awpxy AMdrly gurU rUp nUM
jwxdw hY qy ausnUM pRgt krdw hY qW d`sdw hY ik mYN ausy gurU-joq dw AMS hW jo q`qI qvI
Aqy cWdnI cONk ivc ShId hoey sn[ auh Awpxy Awp nUM is`K-ieiqhws dy icqrpt qy
hoeIAW sKSIAqW dw vwrs is`D krdw hY qy ausdI iesy g`l nUM Shwdq ikhw jWdw hY[
„is`K-Shwdq‟ ies g`l dI gvwhI hY ik is`K AMdr gurU-joq brkrwr hY, ijsnUM ibAwn
nhIN kIqw jw skdw blik isr& Shwdq rwhIN pRgt kIqw jw skdw hY[ gurU dw is`K
Shwdq dy v`fy inXm pYdw krn leI Shwdq idMdw hY[ jdoN hkUmqW inAW dy rwhoN iQVk
jWdIAW hn qy Awp hudrIAW krdy vMf dy rUp pYdw kr h`kW nUM mwr, izAwdqIAW
krdIAW ny qW Kwlsw aus vkq Shwdq idMdw hY[ inAW dy v`fy inXm vwsqy pihlW vI
ShwdqW id`qIAW jWdIAW rhIAW ny qy Awaux vwly smyN ivc vI id`qIAW jwxgIAW[

hvwly:
1. rUp isMG. (sMpw.). (2016), is`K skMlp isDWq qy sMsQwvW. AMimRqsr: Drm pRcwr kmytI (SGPC),
pM.496
2. gurqyj isMG.(2011), isMG nwd. AMimRqsr: isMG bRdrz pM.20. [
3. gurBgq isMG (2019), is`K idRStI dw gOrv. AMimRqsr: isMG bRdrz pM.70. [
4. Puran Singh (2017), Spirit of Sikh (Part II - Vol II). Patiala: Publication bureau, Punjabi
University Patiala P.162.
5. hirMdr isMG mihbUb.(sMpw.). cyqn isMG (2018), is`K suriq dI pRvwz. AMimRqsr: isMG bRdrz pM.
395 [
6. gurqyj isMG.(2011), isMG nwd. AMimRqsr: isMG bRdrz pM.20. [
7. Puran Singh (2017), Spirit of Sikh (Part II - Vol II). Patiala: Publication bureau, Punjabi
University P.158.
8. gurBgq isMG.(2019), is`K idRStI dw gOrv. AMimRqsr: isMG bRdrz pM.71. [
9. kuldIp isMG {muKbMd, hirMdr isMG mihbUb}. (2008), mOilk is`K ieiqhws. luiDAwxw: sMq eISr
isMG rwVyvwlw AYjukySn tRst pM.15 [
10. hirMdr isMG mihbUb.(2015), sihjy ricE Kwlsw. AMimRqsr: isMG bRdrz pM. 174 [
11. auhI, pM.1011
12. auhI, pM.1010
13. hirMdr isMG mihbUb. (1990), JnW dI rwq. jlMDr: svYn ipRMitMg pRYs pM.726 [
14. siqbIr isMG. (1970), gurU hrgoibMd. pitAwlw: pMjwbI XUnIvristI pM.106. [

-- 305 --
15. hirMdr isMG mihbUb. (2015), sihjy ricE Kwlsw. AMimRqsr: isMG bRdrz pM.187 [
16. Abdulla Anwar Beg. (1939), The Poet of the East. Lahore: Quami Kutub Khana P.290.

17. hirMdr isMG mihbUb. (2015), sihjy ricE Kwlsw. AMimRqsr: isMG bRdrz pM.227
18. auhI, pM.589.
19. srbloh gRMQ, pM. 532
20. hirMdr isMG mihbUb. (2015), sihjy ricE Kwlsw . AMimRqsr: isMG bRdrz pM.1007 [
21. auhI, pM. 422
22. auhI, pM.1002-03
23. auhI, pM.1004
24. auhI, pM.1005
25. auhI, pM.1011
26. audrq, The History of India (Vol. VII), Elliot & Dowson (Khafi Khan), P. 458
27. hirMdr isMG mihbUb. (1990), JnW dI rwq . jlMDr: svYn ipRMitMg pRYs pM.XLII [
28. jsvMq isMG nykI.(2012), Ardws (drSn, rUp qy AiBAws). AMimRqsr: isMG bRdrz pM.39 [
29. hirMdr isMG mihbUb. (1990), JnW dI rwq. jlMDr: svYn ipRMitMg pRYs pM.782 [

-- 306 --