Parts for This Lab

Separate and identify the following from your parts kit:

• Breadboard
• Jumper Wire Kit
• Mystery Resistor, glass, yellow marking "MIS60G 8251F T1 1%"
• Various 1/4 W 5% resistors, marked with color code
• 0.1 μ Farad Ceramic Disc Capacitor (optional procedure)
• 100mH Inductor (optional procedure)
• 1000  potentiometer (1/4 Watt)
• Potentiometer adjustment tool
• 9 V battery and connector
• 1.5 V battery and connector
+ +

+ +

Figure 1 - Breadboard connectivity diagram

The breadboard (Figure 1) is typically a white piece of plastic with lots of tiny little
holes in it. You stick wires and component leads into the holes to make circuits. Some
of the holes are already electrically connected with each other. The holes are 0.1 inch
apart, which is the standard spacing for leads on integrated circuit dual in-line
packages. You will verify the breadboard internal connections in this lab.

Breadboards are sometimes supplied with an adhesive back and a separate metal
backing plate. Go ahead and stick the plate onto the back of the breadboard - it will act
as a ground plane and cut down on stray circuit noise. Noise is NOT a problem in EE
215 labs, but may be important when you use the breadboard in later courses.
Figure 2 - Jumper Wire Kit with breadboard

The arrowed green lines in Figure 1 show how the holes are connected internally in the
breadboard. Note how all of the holes in one outer row (with polarity mark + or – and
with a red or blue line) are connected together. The + rows are typically connected to
the positive terminal of a battery or power supply. The – rows are typically connected
to the negative terminal. Thus the rows act as power supply buses, running the length
of the breadboard. The central section of the breadboard is split into two. Each half
consists of 63 columns of 5 holes. The 5 holes in each of these columns are connected
together. The gap between each set of 63 columns allows a Dual Inline Package (DIP)
integrated circuit to be used on the breadboard without its opposing pins being
connected together.

The jumper wire kit (Figure 2) contains assorted lengths of pre-stripped wire.
(Stripping means removing the insulation from an end of a wire.) Working with pre-cut
and pre-stripped wire is much easier than cutting and stripping your own wire. The
wire lengths are color-coded using the same colors as the resistor color code. For
example a short yellow jumper wire will connect two holes that are four holes apart.
Similarly a long orange jumper wire will connect two holes that are thirty holes apart.

Figure 3 - Various resistors. Larger resistors have higher power ratings. The resistor
circuit symbol is shown on the right.

Resistors (Figure 3) are the small, usually light brown tubular things with wires (leads)
sticking out of each end and four colored rings on the body. The colored rings
correspond to the resistor's value. Use the resistor color code guide supplied in the lab
kit to determine a resistor value.
Figure 4 - Different types of capacitors. Ceramic disk capacitors are on the right in the
photograph.
The capacitor circuit symbol is on the right of the figure.
The ceramic disc capacitor is the light brown circular component with two wires. It is
marked in black with the numbers “104”. These numbers represent its value in pico
(1x10-12 ) Farads, pF. The third number, 4, represents the number of zeroes, so 104 is
equal to 10 x 104 x 10-12 Farads or 0.1 x 10-6 Farads or 0.1 micro Farads (0.1 μF,
sometimes written uF). There are several different types of capacitors, each with its
own characteristic shape. Some different types are shown in Figure 4.

Figure 5 - Potentiometers.
On the left in the picture is a typical knob-operated potentiometer, found on volume
controls. In the center are two multi-turn potentiometers. On the right is a one-turn
potentiometer. On the right side of the page is the potentiometer circuit symbol. It's a
continuously variable voltage divider.
The 1000  potentiometer (sometimes called a "pot") (Figure 5) is the rectangular or
cubic blue device. It is a variable resistor that can be adjusted with a small screwdriver
or adjustment tool (supplied in lab kit). There are two different types of pot in the lab
kit. The rectangular one requires 15 – 20 turns to go from zero resistance to maximum.
The cubic one requires only about ¾ of a turn.

Figure 6 - Types of inductors. The LJ 410 is second from the left. On the right is the
inductor circuit symbol.
The 100 mH inductor (Figure 6) is the blue cylindrical device with two wires. It is
marked in black with LJ 410. Inside the blue plastic case is a coil of enameled copper
wire. Real (non-ideal) inductors typically have a resistance of several ohms, as well as
an ideal inductance.

The 9V battery connector is the black plastic cap with two snaps mounted on it and a
couple of wires coming out of its side. The snaps fit with the snaps on the top of the 9V
battery. The red wire is from the positive terminal of the battery, the black from the
negative terminal. The 1.5 V battery connector is a black plastic case.
Procedure 1

a
b
c
d
e
f
Figure P1-1 - Partial breadboard

a) Resistance between two holes in row 5 of connected holes:

R = 1.012Ω
Resistance between two holes of opposite ends of long side row:
R = 1.101Ω
b) The resistance between two unconnected holes is very large, and
the multimeter reads infinity value (0 MΩ).
c) It will not make any difference which probe goes in which hole.

Procedure 2

a) Circuit schematic diagram

b) The measured voltage v across RM: v1 = 1.58 V

c)
The measured current i across RM: i1 = 0.285mA

d) vs = 9V

+ The measured voltage v across RM: v2 = 9.05 V

+ The measured current i across RM: i2 = 1.64mA

e) vs = 9V + 1.5V = 10.5V

+ The measured voltage v across RM: v3 = 10.59 V

+ The measured current i across RM: i3 = 1.9

 f) The graph of measured values above:
g) The resistance calculated by Ohm’s Law for each set:

+ Set 1: RM (c) = 𝑣1 = 5544Ω

𝑖1

+ Set 2: RM (c) = 𝑣2 = 5518Ω

𝑖2

+ Set 3: RM (c) = 𝑣3 = 5545Ω

𝑖3

h) The measured value of RM: RM (m) = 5535Ω

i) The error between the average of the calculated value and measured
value:

Procedure 3

a) Circuit schematic diagram

b) Applying voltage divider:

𝑅
𝑣 = 6.75 (V)
v30k
= 𝑅30𝑘30𝑘
𝑅10𝑘 𝑠
+

v30k attains maximum value when R10k min, R30k max:

𝑣 = 6.577 (V)
v30k 1
𝑅10𝑘
𝑠
=
𝚗)
𝑅30𝑘
1+
(mi

(max)

v30k attains minimum value when R10k max, R30k min:

𝑣 = 6.915 (V)
v30k 1
𝑅10𝑘
𝑠
=
1 +
𝑅30𝑘
(max)

(mi𝚗)

The range of voltage between R30k with resistors tolerances:

v30k 𝜖 [6.577; 6.915] V

c) Measurement

+ The measured source voltage: vs (m) = 9.036 V

+ The measured value of R30k: R30k (m) = 29.657kΩ

+ The measured value of R10k: R10k (m) = 9.817kΩ

d) Applying voltage divider:

 = 𝑅30𝑘 (𝑚)+ 𝑅10𝑘 𝑣𝑠
v30k (c) 𝑅30𝑘 (𝑚)
= 6.736 (V)
(𝑚)
(𝑚)

The computed value v30k (c) is still within the range of calculated
value in part b.

e) The measured voltage across R30k:

v30k (m) = 6.803 V

*Comment: The measured value is a little bit smaller than the

computed value in part d leading to very small error.