Alaloul et al.

Int J Concr Struct Mater (2020) 14:24

https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-020-00399-9 International Journal of Concrete
Structures and Materials

RESEARCH Open Access

Mechanical and Thermal Properties

of Interlocking Bricks Utilizing Wasted
Polyethylene Terephthalate
Wesam Salah Alaloul*, Vivekka Olivia John and Muhammad Ali Musarat

Abstract
Plastic bottles are non-biodegradable material made up of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and takes around
450 years to get decomposed. In Malaysia, near 13.2% of plastics contribute to municipal solid waste, where 2.5% is
PET. To reduce the waste, interlocking bricks manufacture by waste plastic bottles are used to replace the conven-
tional bricks that use cement and clay. The purpose of this research is to reuse plastic bottles comprised of Polyeth-
ylene Terephthalate and Polyurethane binder, by manufacturing interlocking brick that helps to reduce the waste on
landfills and the pollution. The plastic bottles were shredded and grinded to a size of 0.75 mm and mixed with the
Polyurethane (PU) and the Polymer. The mixed later casted and compacted in the interlocking brick machine mould.
The tests performed on the interlocking bricks were compressive strength, impact, flexural strength and thermal con-
ductivity for obtaining the mechanical and thermal properties. The tests values were then keyed into the Response
Surface Methodology (RSM) to obtain the optimal PET and PU to verify reliability. Based on the results it is concluded
that PET/PU of 60/40 ratio is suitable as non-load bearing masonry brick and recommended to be used as partition
walls.
Keywords: polyethylene terephthalate, polyurethane, mechanical and thermal properties, RSM

1 Introduction human health and the environment. In addition, the vast

Plastic bottles are made up of thermoplastic polymer amount of plastic produced yearly is used for packaging
known as Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET). It is one of disposable items or other fleeting items which are dis-
the largest and most problematic sources of waste as it is carded within a year of manufacture. This scenario causes
affordable, lightweight and sturdy material, which can be accumulation of discarded plastic as debris in landfills
moulded into a wide range of products. As a result, the and oceans. These two perceptions alone demonstrate
generation of plastic waste has expanded significantly in that our present utilization of plastic is not economical
the recent years. Dumping plastic wastes in the landfills (Saikia et al. 2014). Recycling the plastic is one of the
is not encouraged due to its bulk and slow degradation most prominent method to diminish these effects by con-
rate (Hopewell et al. 2009). However, other than the land- structing various useable objects (Hopewell et al. 2009).
filling and stockpiling, incineration processes can be con- The generation of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) is
ducted to break down plastic to generate energy, but the higher than recovery and due to this large gap, an inno-
high temperature can produce high-calorie energy, where vative approach to encourage high recycling of the mate-
its combustion generates harmful gases which affect both rial is recommended. PET has a property of low modulus
synthetic fibres along with other fibres sharing the simi-
*Correspondence: [email protected]
larity such as polyethylene, nylon, and polyester. How-
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi ever, PET bottles are being experimented to produce a
PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 32610 Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia non-load bearing product and partition walls in many
Journal information: ISSN 1976-0485/eISSN 2234-1315

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Alaloul et al. Int J Concr Struct Mater (2020) 14:24 Page 2 of 11

parts of the world (Chowdhury et al. 2013). The possibil- In Carrasco et al. (2013) study the performance of
ity of PET plastic bottles to be used as building material walls constructed with interlocking bricks were evalu-
exist and it is also significant for sound insulation (Jora- ated. The interlocking bricks were made in a mixture of
via and Parikh 2015). Many researchers have included iron ore tailings, cement and water and put through a
plastic in their research in the aim of reducing PET plas- simple compressive loading. Compressive strength tests
tic waste, which causes a reduction in shrinkage crack- are conducted to determine the capability of a material
ing but not so effective in increasing tensile strength (Foti or structure to withstand vertically projected stress. Test
2011). However, there is a lack of research related to the specimens were crushed and the results from the study
incorporation of polyethylene terephthalate and polyure- concluded that mixing iron-ore tailings enhanced the
thane binder moulded together to form an interlocking compressive strength. The iron tailing infused mix design
bricks (Chowdhury et al. 2013). met a high compressive strength of 14.57 MPa for bricks,
As part of sustainable development, flourish technolo- 9.8 MPa for prisms and 25.3 MPa of the mortar. The wall
gies and researchers lead to the alternative construction demonstrated a good mechanical strength of 2.05 MPa,
materials to the cement which cannot be de-empha- which portrays 14% of the brick strength. However, the
sized (Mousavi 2016). Polystyrene is used in various deformation was higher than the usual axial deformation
fields mainly packaging of industrial and food products. modulus of 420 MPa, indicates the flexural behaviour of
Expanded polystyrene beads are stiff cell plastic material, the wall. Watile et al. (2014) used various mixed designs
produced from moulding of tiny pearls, showing a closed that incorporate varying percentages of fly ash, stone
structure and made up of thermoplastic with trapped air dust and sand with a man-made fire, Glass Reinforced
in a 96–98% proportion of the volume of pearls (Sayan- Polymer (GFRP) as a reinforcing material to produce
than et al. 2013a; Aciu et al. 2015). interlocking bricks.
Plastic bottles infilled with sand, soil, fly ash or any Al-Fakih et al. (2018a) studied the crumb rubber used
other material gives higher compressive strength as in geopolymer interlocking bricks. Crumb rubber is
compared to the traditional bricks but requires binding obtained from the disposal of scrap tyres and discarded
material, mainly cement to form a structure (Sharma scrap tires pose critical environmental concerns world-
2017; Shoubi et al. 2013). Due to the low cost and effec- wide due to major drawbacks (Mui et al. 2004; Al-Fakih
tiveness, masonry infill has been extensively utilized et al. 2020). Therefore, utilizing crumb rubber as a
as construction material (Vincent Sam Jebadurai et al. replacement of fine aggregate in geopolymer interlocking
2019). Whereas the engagement of interlocking brick bricks is a novel approach to solve the burdening scrap
is developing notoriously around the world due to the tyres problem worldwide. The rubberized geopolymer
mortarless brick construction concept, where mortar- interlocking brick comprises sodium hydroxide, crumb
less methods demonstrate the accompanying points of rubber, alkaline solution, and sodium silicate. Response
interest such as increased construction productivity, Surface Methodology (RSM) and Face Centered Central
labour intensive, reduction in construction duration and Composite Design (FCCCD) were used to develop the
reduced overall construction cost. In view of its innova- mathematical models for 28 days’ compressive strength.
tive coherence and considering the local source depend- The trial mixes were tested for compressive strength,
ence, the mortarless-brick development progressively water absorption, modulus of rupture and efflores-
fits into the local communities easier than conventional cence test. It was concluded that the average compres-
mortar-brick techniques (Kintingu 2009). The interlock sive strength was 3.98 MPa, and the interlocking brick
between bricks provides a very accurate assembly and was classified as a non-load bearing brick according to
a neat finishing during construction of buildings. The BS 3921. Where the modulus of rupture was compara-
installation is continued similar to an ordinary clay brick tively low (Al-Fakih et al. 2018a, b). However, the study
but does not use mortar because these bricks are shaped did not discuss the flexural properties and other major
with projected parts, which fit exactly into depressions in parameters.
the bricks placed above and automatically aligned verti- Therefore, this study aims to determine the mechani-
cally and horizontally (Malahayati et al. 2018). Except for cal and thermal properties of interlocking bricks incor-
mortarless formation and a better visual effect of inter- porating PET and polyurethane binder by using the RSM,
locking brick, it is also convenient for those places where as PET plastic bottles take a longer time to decompose.
the availability of natural quarry is low, making it more In the study, ground plastic is been used in making the
suitable to be used as compared to the infilled plastic bot- interlocking brick which won’t change its properties.
tles which mainly requires sand or soil and also binding
material.
Alaloul et al. Int J Concr Struct Mater (2020) 14:24 Page 3 of 11

2 Methodology 2.2 Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

2.1 Materials In this study, RSM was used to obtain a mix design of
To formulate the mix proportions for the interlocking interlocking bricks incorporating PET and PU, where
bricks, the materials used were: both the materials are variables. After inputting the
information in the RSM, 12 mix designs were obtained
i. Ground polyethylene terephthalate (20%, 40%, 60%, with different percentages for PET and PU as discussed
80%). in Table 1.
ii. Polyurethane binder (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%). After obtaining the experimental results, the values
were incorporated into the RSM to obtain a model for
The post-consumer plastic material can either be used the optimum amount of PET and PU. RSM’s functional-
directly, physically processed, such as grinding, melting ity includes modelling and analysis using an assembly of
and reforming, or undergo chemical treatment after the statistical and mathematical methods for developing the
components are isolated and reprocessed for manufac- empirical model building, improving and optimizing pro-
turing. Prior to grinding, the PET is washed thoroughly cess parameters. It can also be used to find the interac-
to remove contaminants (Jankauskaite et al. 2008). The tion of several factors. The response surface models are
dimensions of the interlocking brick are provided in the variation of simple linear regression, which incorpo-
Fig. 1, whereas the actual interlocking brick images in rates the second order effect of non-linear relationships,
Figs. 2 and 3. and is a prominent enhancement procedure to decide the
most ideal mixes of factors and the phenomenon (mini-
mum/maximum/saddle point) (Anjum et al. 1997).

Fig. 1 Typical dimensions of the interlocking brick in cm (side view and top view)

Fig. 2 Interlocking brick (side view and top view)

Alaloul et al. Int J Concr Struct Mater (2020) 14:24 Page 4 of 11

Fig. 3 Interlocking brick 3D view

Table 1 Mix designs obtained from RSM

Run Mix PET (%) PU (%)

1 M1 20 80
M2 20 80
M3 20 80
2 M4 40 60
M5 40 60
M6 40 60
3 M7 60 40
M8 60 40
M9 60 40
Fig. 4 Compressive strength samples after testing
4 M10 80 20
M11 80 20
M12 80 20
2.5 Direct Tensile Test
The direct tensile test was carried by using the standard
test method of ASTM D638 (Standard 2014a) to measure
2.3 Mixing Procedure the force required to elongate the specimen to breaking
The mixing of the samples was done after the materials point. Like the compressive strength test, all the 3 sam-
weighed and added to the mixing tray in a conventional ples were tested to obtain an average to further solidify
manner. The process was carried out until a consistent the outcomes in terms of accuracy. The specimen was
and homogeneous mix was made and poured into speci- casted in the dog bone mould associated by its shape
fied moulds. In addition, the mix was vibrated to bring having dimensions of 500 mm × 100 mm × 25 mm and
entrapped air bubbles to the surface where they escape. were tested by Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The
Later, the samples were air cured for 3 days after getting aim of performing this test is to discover the ultimate
demoulded to get the required strength parameters. tensile strain, tensile strength and tensile yield strength
of the sample. Once the sample is dried and weighed,
2.4 Compressive Strength Test it was loaded into the tensile grips, where an extensom-
Compressive strength test was carried out by using the eter was attached. The test was begun by separating the
standard test method of ASTM C67 (Standard 2014b). tensile grips at a constant rate of speed. Speed depends
This test was conducted to obtain the maximum com- on specimen shape and can range from 0.05 to 20 mm/
pressive strength of the specimen. In this experiment, a min. The target time from the start of the test to break
50 mm × 50 mm × 50 mm cube was obtained which was should be between 30 sec. to 5 min. The failure of the
weighed to determine the density. The cube was then sample marks the end of the test. The tested samples are
placed into the compressive testing machine where the shown in Fig. 5.
amount of load was taken. Figure 4 shows the sample
after testing.
Alaloul et al. Int J Concr Struct Mater (2020) 14:24 Page 5 of 11

thermal conductivity, 10 values were taken, and the aver-

age value was calculated.

2.8 Verification Mix
Once the results have been successfully obtained from
the initial mixing based on the 12 various mix designs
conjured by the preliminary RSM mix design, they were
inputted again into the RSM to validate the finalized
model. The verification mix designs were obtained via
multi-response optimization technique as indicated in
Table 2.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Compressive Strength
Upon the completion of the 48-h curing, the cubes of
dimensions 50 mm × 50 mm × 50 mm were put through
Fig. 5 Tensile strength samples after testing
a compressive strength test as per BS1881: Part 116: 1983
to determine the load resistance. Table 3 shows the com-
pressive strength test results for the 12 mix designs.
2.6 Impact Strength Test In Table 3, the highest compressive strength belongs to
Impact test was done by using the standard test method Run 3 having a PET/PU of 60/40 Ratio which is 84.54%
of Izod Impact Testing with ASTM D256 (Standard, less than the control sample. The lowest compressive
A 2002), where a 64 × 13 mm × 3.2 mm of specimen in
a batch of 3 was prepared. This test was conducted to
determine the amount of energy absorbed by a material
during fracture. The pendulum is raised to the left until it Table 3 Compressive strength test results
indicates the maximum energy range on the upper indi-
cator unit. The samples were placed horizontally across Run Mix Compressive
Strength
the supports, with the notch away from the pendulum (MPa)
and released to check the impact resistance, where the
value from the indicator unit was recorded. The proce- 0 Control 33
dure was repeated for the other samples as well to check 1 M1 2.1
their impact resistance. M2 1.8
M3 1.8
2.7 Thermal Conductivity Test 2 M4 3.2
Thermal conductivity test is defined as the ability of the M5 3.6
material to transmit heat. Thermal conductivity test was M6 3.5
carried out to determine the thermal conductivity of the 3 M7 5.3
specimen by using the standard test method of ASTM M8 4.9
C177 (Standard 2010). The equipment used in this test M9 5.1
is the guarded hot plate. The specimen is placed on the 4 M10 2.9
hot plate and the values of the thermal conductivity of K M11 3.1
are determined. To obtain a more accurate value of the M12 3.0

Table 2 Verification mix design

Mix ID PET (%) PU (%) Model based expected Model based expected Model based expected Model based expected
Compressive Strength Tensile Strength (Mpa) Impact Strength (Mpa) Thermal Conductivity
(Mpa) (W/m K)

Verification Mix 1 60 40 5.2 1.321 24.3 0.179

Verification Mix 2 60 40 5.2 1.321 24.3 0.179
Verification Mix 3 80 20 3.0 0.432 22.1 0.163
Alaloul et al. Int J Concr Struct Mater (2020) 14:24 Page 6 of 11

strength is displayed by Run 1 which has a PET/PU of

20/80 Ratio.
In comparison to a research conducted by Sayanthan
et al. (2013b), the compressive cube strength obtained
for interlocking lightweight cement blocks was 4.9 N/
mm2 which is required to construct walls up to 5 stories
high with the mortar designation. Based on the current
study results, the highest obtained compressive strength
value was 5.3, which fulfils the non-bearing masonry wall
requirement in accordance as per ASTM, where the min-
imum acceptable strength is 4.14 MPa (ASTM 2011).
The other mix designs, however, did not surpass the
benchmark value of 4.9 N/mm2. Since Run 1 had excess
polyurethane binder, it caused the sample to be more
elastic, thus leading to higher flexibility. The sample
remained in elastic limit even after the critical load was
applied. Unlike these samples, Run 3 and Run 4 had suc-
cessfully transcended from elastic region to the plastic
region up to the point of failure and showed an optimum
result. Another possible reason for the reduction of com-
pressive strength is the escalated volumes of air entrap-
ment due to higher amount of polyurethane (PU).
Table 4 shows the Adjusted R-Squared value of 0.9981
and Predicted R-Squared value of 0.9970. This indicates
an acceptable difference of 0.0011 which is less than 0.2.
Looking at the adequate precision of the model, which
is 114.2233, is a positive result. The adequate precision
value can further be used to navigate the design. Fig. 6 3D surface plot (compressive strength)
Therefore, an equation in terms of actual factors can be
obtained as:
Compressive strength = 5.08 + 0.4670A + 1.39(A)(B). 3.2 Tensile Strength
(1) Upon the completion of 48-h curing, the dog bone
mould of dimensions 500 mm × 100 mm × 25 mm was
Equation 1 shows the model which the RSM has come
up with and can be used to make reliable predictions
about the model to obtain several values of compressive
strengths in order to obtain satisfactory results. Where A Table 5 Tensile strength test result
is Polyethylene Terephthalate and B is Polyurethane. Run Mix ID Tensile
Based on the 3D response surface plot in Fig. 6, it strength
(MPa)
is inferred that the highest compressive strength of
5.05 MPa can be achieved by using PET/PU of 60/40 0 Control 1.28
Ratio. This can be observed at the reddish zone in the 1 M1 0.396
contour plot. M2 0.416
M3 0.410
2 M4 0.696
M5 0.652
M6 0.691
3 M7 1.233
Table 4 Key results from ANOVA (Compressive)
M8 1.241
Std. dev. 0.0326 R2 0.9984 M9 1.301
Mean 4.30 Adjusted ­R2 0.9981 4 M10 0.420
C.V. % 0.7576 Predicted ­R2 0.9970 M11 0.426
Adeq precision 114.2233 M12 0.417
Alaloul et al. Int J Concr Struct Mater (2020) 14:24 Page 7 of 11

put through a tensile strength test as per ASTM D638 Tensile = 1.04 + 0.9756A + 0.6242AB + 0.9688A2 B
(Standard 2014a). The measure of the force required to (2)
elongate a specimen to breaking point is calculated and Equation 2 shows the model which the RSM has
discussed in Table 5. come up with and can be used to make reliable predic-
From Table 5, it can be observed that the highest ten- tions about the model to obtain several values of tensile
sile strength was recorded for the control sample as strength in order to obtain satisfactory results. Where
1.28 MPa. Whereas, from the mixes, the optimum mix A is Polyethylene Terephthalate and B is Polyurethane.
design was for Run 3 having a PET/PU of 60/40 ratio, Based on the 3D response surface plot in Fig. 7, it is
as it has the highest tensile strength. This is due to the inferred that the highest tensile strength of 1.3 MPa can
strong bond formed between the polyethylene tereph- be achieved by using PET/PU of 60/40 Ratio This can be
thalate powder and the polyurethane binder. The total observed at the reddish zone in the contour plot.
curing time of 3 days was provided for all samples to
ensure the wet mixes; Run 1 and Run 2 were completely 3.3 Impact Strength
dried and ready for testing, yet the overall results The samples for impact strength test were put for testing
obtained for the tensile strength were unsatisfactory. to obtain the impact of interlocking bricks incorporating
As for concrete, the tensile strength is enhanced by PET and PU. This test was conducted by the Izod impact
introducing reinforcement bars into the concrete. This test machine adhering to the ASTM D256 (Standard, A
further improves the bond in the concrete matrix and 2002) as shown in Table 7.
its overall performance (Pillai et al. 1999). The unre- From Table 7, it can be observed that the highest
inforced concrete tensile strength falls in the range of impact strength was 43.08 J/m for the control sample.
2.2–4.2 MPa. In contrasts, the results obtained from Whereas, within the mixes, the highest impact strength
the experiment falls in the range of 0.4–1.3 MPa. was of Run 3 having a PET/PU of 60/40 Ratio. The lowest
The tensile strength values were much lower for Run recorded impact strength was for Run 1 having a PET/
1 and Run 2 is due to its wet mix. In nature, PET and
PU both have elastic properties. The concurrence of
both materials mixed in a wet proportion caused the
samples for Run 1 and Run 2 to become more elastic
and spongier which significantly reduced the individual
strength and making it brittle. However, Run 3 and Run
4 took a longer time to reach the breaking point from
the elastic limit. Thus, it can be concluded that the
material specimen was ductile in nature. In conclusion
the overall performance of the interlocking brick as a
tensile member is unsatisfactory and therefore not suit-
able to be used as a tensile member in a structure.
Table 6 shows the Adjusted R-Squared value of 0.9960
and Predicted R-Squared value of 0.9934. This indicates
an acceptable difference of 0.0026 which is less than 0.2.
Looking at the adequate precision of the model, which
is 64.5141, is a positive result. The adequate precision
value can further be used to navigate the design space.
Therefore, an equation in terms of actual factors can
be obtained as:

Table 6 Key results from ANOVA (Tensile)

Std. dev. 0.0228 R2 0.9971

Mean 0.6916 Adjusted ­R2 0.9960
C.V. % 3.30 Predicted ­R2 0.9934
Adeq precision 64.5141 Fig. 7 3D surface plot (tensile strength)
Alaloul et al. Int J Concr Struct Mater (2020) 14:24 Page 8 of 11

Table 7 Impact strength results 70/30 PET/copolyester 20.5 J/m. In comparison with this
Run Mix ID Impact
research the impact strength obtained for this project
strength raised by a 23.3 J/m with 60/40 PET/PU Ratio. Therefore,
(J/m) it can be concluded that the impact strength is adequate
0 Control 43.08
to be used as a construction material.
1 M1 19.552
Table 8 shows the Adjusted R-Squared value of 0.9921
M2 19.536
and Predicted R-Squared value of 0.9852. This indicates
M3 19.601
an acceptable difference of 0.0069 which is less than 0.2.
2 M4 21.633
Looking at the adequate precision of the model, which
is 51.7616, is a positive result. The adequate precision
M5 21.741
value can further be used to navigate the design.
M6 21.620
Therefore, an equation in terms of actual factors can
3 M7 23.169
be obtained as:
M8 23.334
M9 23.343 Impact strength = 22.16 + 0.7550A + 1.86AB (3)
4 M10 21.231
M11 21.221 Equation 3 shows the model which the RSM has
M12 20.921 come up with and can be used to make reliable predic-
tions about the model to obtain several values of impact

PU of 80/20 Ratio. The two most common methods in

assessing the impact strength of a material are through
Table 8 Key results from ANOVA (Impact)
Izod and Charpy impact test. However, the Izod impact
test is more suitable to be used for plastic materials Std. dev. 0.1027 R2 0.9921
whereas the Charpy impact test is useful for testing com- Mean 21.13 Adjusted ­R2 0.9904
mon metals. The energy required to break a test speci- C.V. % 0.4859 Predicted ­R2 0.9852
men is obtained when the sample is struck in the center Adeq Precision 51.7616
by pendulum weight.
The results obtained were excellent as it can withstand
high impact. Plastic is a sturdy material where higher
percentage of PET increases strength but consequently
reduces the toughness. This scenario can be related to
samples for Run 3. Plastic has poor impact strength
properties but it dramatically improved due to the addi-
tion of polyurethane binder; an elastomer which encour-
aged molecular weight build up and resulted in improved
impact strength. High molecular weight and narrow
molecular weight distribution improves impact strength.
However, wet mixes of Run 1 and Run 2 produced
unsatisfactory results. This is because both the materi-
als were mixed in a wet proportion, caused the samples
to become more elastic and spongier which significantly
reduced the individual strength of the material itself and
making it brittle.
Moreover, the impact strength reduces in Run 4 after
the addition of PET to the blend. This is because the dry
mix has inadequate bonding between the polyethylene
terephthalate (PET) and the polyurethane binder. Ade-
quate bonding between the two materials is essential for
the satisfactory performance of the interlocking brick.
(Abu-Isa et al. 1996) The impact strength increased after
blending polyethylene terephthalate pellets with poly-
ester to the mix design, where the impact obtained was Fig. 8 3D response surface plot (impact strength)
Alaloul et al. Int J Concr Struct Mater (2020) 14:24 Page 9 of 11

strengths in order to obtain satisfactory results. Where average k value was 0.531 W/m K, which is still higher
A is Polyethylene Terephthalate and B is Polyurethane. than the plastic interlocking brick.
Based on the 3D response surface plot in Fig. 8, it Since the thermal conductivity of Polyethylene Tere-
is inferred that the highest compressive strength of phthalate and Polyurethane binder is low as a raw mate-
around 23.3 MPa can be achieved by using PET/PU of rial, the k value of the both materials moulded together
60/40 Ratio. This can be observed at the reddish zone reduced. Therefore, the rate of heat transfer is directly
in the contour plot. proportional to the k value. The temperature gradient
along the sample is high and according to Fourier’s Law
3.4 Thermal Conductivity of thermodynamics, temperature gradient is inversely
The thermal conductivity test samples were put for test- proportional to the thermal conductivity. Since the ther-
ing to obtain the values as shown in Table 9, incorpo- mal conductivity is less, it is obvious that the heat trans-
rating PET and PU. The thermal conductivity test is to fer rate along the material will reduce.
measure the thermal insulation capability. This test was In conclusion, thermal control is one of the important
conducted by the thermal conductivity meter adhering to aspects in buildings. The basic understanding regard-
the ASTM C177 (Standard 2010). ing heat transfer and temperature distribution thought
From Table 9, it can be observed that the thermal building materials can be used for analysing the energy
conductivity is decreasing as the percentage of PET use, and thermal comfort in the buildings. Good thermal
is increasing. The thermal conductivity for post-con- insulation provides thermal comfort without excess air
sumer PET is 0.19 W/m °C and the literature value for conditioning which is one of the primary requirements of
virgin PET is 0.0375 W/m °C, both at 25 °C. Based on a building. Therefore, this plastic interlocking brick can
the results obtained from the experiment, the thermal be categorized as a good thermal insulator.
conductivity is within the range of 0.15–0.3 W/m K. In Table 10 shows the Adjusted R-Squared value of 0.9883
comparison with other waste materials such as the use and Predicted R-Squared value of 0.9820. This indicates
of crumb rubber in concrete panels, crumb rubber has a an acceptable difference of 0.0063 which is less than 0.2.
thermal conductivity in the range of 0.303–0.476 W/m K, Looking at the adequate precision of the model, which is
which is higher than the results obtained from PET and 47.1109, is a positive result. The adequate precision value
PU (Sukontasukkul 2009). can further be used to navigate the design.
Higher thermal conductivity signifies that the material Therefore, an equation in terms of actual factors can be
can transfer more heat per unit time. In addition (Sukon- obtained as:
tasukkul 2009) the thermal conductivity is inversely pro-
Thermal conductivity = 0.1806 − 0.0310A − 0.0051AB
portional to the density of the material. Since, plastic
(4)
interlocking brick has a lower density, it is expected to
exhibit a lower thermal conductivity, k value. When this The above Eq. 4 shows the model which the RSM has
experimental result is compared to plain concrete, the come up with and can be used to make reliable pre-
dictions about the model to obtain several values of
thermal conductivity in order to obtain satisfactory
Table 9 Thermal conductivity results results. Where A is Polyethylene Terephthalate and B is
Polyurethane.
Run Mix ID Thermal Based on the verification made by RSM, it was
Conductivity (W/mK)
observed that all the models are proven to be significant
0 Control 0.41 and having 4% difference from the original model-based
1 M1 0.221 value.
M2 0.214 Based on the 3D response surface plot in Fig. 9, it is
M3 0.215 inferred that the lowest thermal conductivity of around
2 M4 0.192 0.155 MPa can be achieved by using PET/PU of 80/20
M5 0.188
M6 0.194
3 M7 0.172
Table 10 Key results from ANOVA (Thermal)
M8 0.169
M9 0.172 Std. dev. 0.0026 R2 0.9905
4 M10 0.154 Mean 0.1834 Adjusted ­R2 0.9883
M11 0.157 C.V. % 1.43 Predicted ­R2 0.9820
M12 0.153 Adeq precision 47.1109
Alaloul et al. Int J Concr Struct Mater (2020) 14:24 Page 10 of 11

Ratio. This can be observed at the blue zone in the con- Table 11 Percentage difference with model
tour plot. Verification mix ID Mix 1 Mix 2 Mix 3

Experiment based compressive strength 4.9 5.1 2.89

3.5 Verification by RSM Percentage difference with model-based 3.9% 1.92% 3.6%
The verification mix designs were obtained via multi- Experiment based tensile strength 1.28 1.31 0.418
response optimization technique. Table 11 shows the Percentage difference with model-based 3.10% 0.83% 3.24%
percentage difference of the attained results with the Experiment based impact strength 23.165 23.231 21.114
model. Percentage difference with model-based 4.6% 4.39% 4.46%
From Table 11, it is observed that all the models are Experiment based thermal conductivity 0.177 0.176 0.156
proven to be significant and have less than 4% difference Percentage difference with model 1.12 2.22 4.29
from the original model-based value.

4 Conclusion sile member. This is due to the polyurethane’s elas-

tic properties which weakens the material strength
1. A good compressive strength of 5.3 was obtained for causing it to be brittle. The highest tensile strength
a PET/PU of 60/40 ratio which is suitable to be used obtained was 1.3 MPa for a PET/PU of 60/40 ratio.
as non-load bearing masonry brick wall. Thus, it can 3. PET and PU incorporation in an interlocking brick
also be used as partition wall. have demonstrated good impact strength which was
2. The interlocking brick utilizing PET and PU did not higher than other research project utilizing waste
obtain an ideal tensile strength requirement of a material. The highest impact strength obtained
structure and therefore unideal to be used as a ten- was for the PET/PU of 60/40 ratio with a value of
23.3 J/m. Due to a high impact strength, the inter-
locking brick is suitable to be used as highway crash
barriers or column crash barriers.
4. The overall thermal conductivity test results were
satisfactory as it falls within a range of 0.15 to 0.2 W/
mK. Low thermal conductivity signifies a good ther-
mal insulating material. The lowest thermal conduc-
tivity of 0.153 W/mK was obtained for PET/PU of
80/20 ratio which is low compared to other construc-
tion materials.
5. Successful research surface models were created by
considering the statistical values and verified accord-
ingly to prove its physical reliability as statistical sig-
nificance of model has been proved.

5 Recommendation

1. Mechanical cutting and injection moulding can help

to obtain more accurate results.
2. Advanced usage of RSM provides the best and more
accurate results for scientific purposes and industrial
application.
3. Further validation of the results can be made through
field testing.

Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) for the
Fig. 9 3D response surface plot (thermal conductivity) support provided for this research.
Alaloul et al. Int J Concr Struct Mater (2020) 14:24 Page 11 of 11

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