General: A Study On Strengthen The Concrete by Coarse Agfregates Coated With College Waste Plastic

A STUDY ON STRENGTHEN THE CONCRETE BY COARSE AGFREGATES COATED WITH COLLEGE WASTE PLASTIC
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
General
Plastics waste scenario in the world, of the various waste materials, plastics and
municipal solid waste are great concern. Finding proper use for the disposed plastics
waste is the need of the hour. On the other side, the road traffic is increasing, hence the
need to increase the load bearing capacities of the roads. The use of plastics (be
consistent in the use of polymer or plastic, since the focus is on plastic waste) coated
aggregate for rigid pavement allows the reuse of plastics waste. Plastics, are versatile
packing materials and commonly used by man but they become problem to the
environment. After using them mostly used plastics products are bags, cups, films and
foams, made up of polyethylene, polypropylene or polystyrene. India consumption of
Plastics will grow 15 million tonnes by 2015* and is set to be the third largest consumer
of plastics in the world. Around 55% is being used for packing. They are mostly dropped
and left to litter the environment, after the contents have been consumed. The littered
plastics, a non biodegradable material, get mixed with domestic waste and make the
disposal of municipal solid waste difficult. The municipal solid waste is either incinerated
or land filled. Both disposal methods are not the best ways to dispose the waste and it
causes both land and air pollution. Moreover, if municipal solid waste, contains LDPE,
HDPE waste, when burnt, it produces toxic gases like dioxins. Disposal of plastic wastes
in an eco friendly way is the main thrust area of today’s research works. This project
developed innovative technique to use the waste plastics for the construction of rigid
pavement. This process is eco friendly and can promote value addition to the waste
plastic.
The demolition of old building and with respect to their traffic infrastructure and their
exchange with new once is the frequent phenomenon in large part of world, as we all
know that the rapid industrialization required the large amount of construction material
also land requirements. In the present study the recycled plastics were used to coated the
coarse aggregates there by providing the sustainable option to deal with the plastic waste
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PETW 1

which is todays headache. There are so many recycling plants all over India but plastics
are recycled it lose its strength with the plastic waste. Plastics have become a crucial part
of our current lifestyle, and the worldwide plastic production has increased vastly during
the past 50 years. Plastics have been used progressively in a large variety of products
because of their favourable properties,including low density, high strength-to-weight
ratio, high durability, ease of design and production, and low cost.
Plastic is nearly inert that is it get very less affected by the chemicals and have higher
durability. So, from above consideration we confess that we must preforms various tests
on the aggregate like common aggregate and plastic-coated aggregate and compared all
the physical properties and all required test and explores such a new thing which will
used in future of civil engineering.
BASES OF NATURAL AGGREGATE

There are two primary sources of natural aggregate:
 Exposed or near-surface bedrock that can be crushed,
 Deposits of sand and gravel.
Sources for these basic materials can be grouped into three main areas: Mining of mineral
aggregate deposits, including sand, gravel, and stone; use of waste slag from the
manufacture of iron and steel; and recycling of concrete, which is itself chiefly
manufactured from mineral aggregates.
IDENTIFY, RESEARCH AND COLLECT IDEA

Plastic needs no introduction as it is the widely used material now a days on our Earth.
Due to its properties like strength, durability and easy processing it can be used for many
purposes. Studies shows that plastic is nearly inert that is it get very less affected by the
chemicals and have higher durability. Disposal of plastic waste is a huge problem as due
to absence of organic compounds, it is non-decomposable material and proves to be a
threat to our environment as it has many health hazards. As decomposition of plastic is a
serious problem as it takes very long time and adversely affects the environment in many
ways. So, we can use it in construction, where we need life of structure to be improved
and use of waste plastic after small processing can help us to reduce the waste in the
environment which is new motto of civil engineering.

In this study college waste plastic used for the coating of coarse aggregates in order to
reduce the college waste plastic disposal problems. The college waste plastic generated
from canteens, mess, hostels, academic blocks and Laborataries.
STUDIES AND FINDINGS

 Study the properties of aggregates.
 Doing the comparative study while on common aggregates and plastics aggregate.
 Analyze which one is good in construction.
Identification of properties of aggregate

Although some variation in aggregate properties is expected, characteristics that are
considered include:
 Grading.
 Durability
 Particle shape and surface texture
 Abrasion and skid resistance
 Unit weights and voids
 Absorption and surface moisture.
Identification role of aggregate in practical life

Aggregate in concrete is a structural filler, but its role is more important than what that
simple statement implies. The composition, shape, and size of the aggregate all have
significant impact on the workability, durability, strength, weight, and shrinkage of the
concrete.
Utilization of aggregate all over world

Construction aggregate, or simply "aggregate", is a broad category of coarse to medium
grained particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone,
slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates. Aggregates are the most mined
materials in the world. Aggregates are a component of composite materials such as
concrete and asphalt concrete; the aggregate serves as reinforcement to add strength to
the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value as

compared to most soils, aggregates are widely used in drainage applications such as
foundation and French drains, septic drain fields, retaining wall drains, and road side
edge drains. Aggregates are also used as base material under foundations, roads, and rail
roads. In other words, aggregates are used as a stable foundation or road/rail base with
predictable, uniform properties (e.g. to help prevent differential settling under the road or
building), or as a low-cost extender that binds with more expensive cement or asphalt to
form concrete
Plastic
A plastic is a type of synthetic or man-made polymer; similar in many ways to natural
resins found in trees and other plants. India’s consumption of Plastics will grow 15
million tonnes by 2015 and is set to be the third largest consumer of plastics in the world.
Various activities like packing consume almost 50-60% of the total plastics
manufactured .Plastic offer advantages lightness, resilience, resistance to corrosion,
colour, fastness, transparency, ease of processing etc.The plastic constitutes two major
category of plastics based on physical properties; (i) Thermoplastics and (ii) Thermo set
plastics. The thermoplastics, constitutes 80% and thermo set constitutes approximately
20% of total postconsumer plastics waste generated .In a thermoplastic material the very
long chain – like molecules are held together by relatively weak Van der Waals forces. In
thermosetting types of plastics the molecular are held together by strong chemical bonds
making it quite rigid materials and their mechanical properties are not heat sensitive.
Table 1.1 Types of plastics

Thermoplastic Thermosetting
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bakelite
Polypropylene (PP) Epoxy
Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA) Melamine
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Polyester
Polystyrene (PS) Polyurethane
Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Urea – Formaldehyde
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Alkyd

Table 1.2 Waste plastic and its sources

PET Drinking water bottles etc.,
PP Bottle caps and closures, wrappers of detergent, biscuit, vapors packets,
microwave trays for readymade meal etc.,
PVC Mineral water bottles, credit cards, toys, pipes and gutters; electrical
fittings, furniture, folders and pens, medical disposables; etc
PS Yoghurt pots, clear egg packs, bottle caps. Foamed Polystyrene: food
trays, egg boxes, disposable cups, protective packaging etc
LDPE Carry bags, sacks, milk pouches, bin lining, cosmetic and detergent
bottles
HDPE Carry bags, bottle caps, house hold articles etc.
Plastics may be classified also according to their chemical sources. The twenty or more
known basic types fall into four general groups: Cellulose Plastics, Synthetic Resin
Plastics, Protein Plastics, Natural Resins, Elastomers and Fibers.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW SURVEY
Punitha P on 07 March 2019[1], From the experimental results, it can be concluded
that, The workability (slump test) of RAC is same for NAC because the rate absorption of
RA is equal to NA. The general properties of RA and NA are same in the specific gravity,
water absorption, and Aggregate impact value. The sieve Analysis test of coarse
Aggregate and Fine Aggregate are compared with RAC.
Prabhat kumar et al[2](2016) presented a review of existing literature work for

understanding thoroughly about RCA and the concluded from various studies that Natural
aggregate can be used with recycle aggregate with a ratio of 80:20 and 70:30. Higher
ratio of Recycle aggregate can worsen the properties and strength of mix and due to use
of recycled aggregate in construction industry it can slow the impact of waste on
environment. Also it will promote sustainable growth.
Praveen Mathew et. al.[3] in 2013 study the use of Recycled Plastics as Coarse
Aggregate for Structural Concrete. They performed test on concrete with various
proportions of plastic aggregates in replacement of coarse aggregates and found the
optimum result at 22% replacement of coarse aggregates with plastic aggregates. They
further performed the test for other properties on concrete with 22% plastic aggregates
and found that concrete with plastic aggregates was weaker in fire resistance.
LhakpaWangmoThinghTamanget. al.[4] in 2017 performed experiment on Plastics in

Concrete as Coarse Aggregate. They performed the testing of mechanical properties of
concrete containing Plastic aggregates They use plastic aggregates in proportion of 10%,
15%, and 20%. They found marginal reduction in strength and suggested the optimum
result as 15% replacement.

Elango A and Ashok Kumar A[5] in 2018 performed study concrete with plastic fine
aggregates. They used OPC 53 grade, River sand and crushed aggregates. They used
plastic in place of fine aggregates in proportion of 10%, 20% and 30%. They test
mechanical and durability properties on their concrete samples. They found the decrease
in strength of concrete. But found that the concrete shows good results against acid
attacks and increase in elasticity. So they concluded that the plastic aggregate concrete
can be used in place where we need less compressive strength but more durability.
Shi-cong Kou , Chi-sun Poon a, Francisco Agrela [6] in2011 prformed study on the
compressive strength of concrete containing recycled aggregate at 1, 4, 7, 28 and 90 days
was lower than that of the control specimen, but could be compensated by the use of 10%
SF or 15% MK. However, the use of 30% FA or 55% GGBS lowered the strength.
Chaitradip Sarkar , Parikshit Chauhan ,NavedKhan ,Abu Sufiyan

Khan,Mohammad Aquib [7] Comparative Study of Natural and Recycled Aggregate
Concrete in this paper they studied According to the test results, the performance of
recycled aggregate concrete, even with the total replacement of coarse natural with coarse
recycled aggregate, is satisfactory and shows that there is enormous scope of this
aggregate in at present and in future, not only in terms of the mechanical properties.
S.K. SINGH, Scientist, Structural Engineering Divis, Central Building Research

Institute ,Roorki And P.C. Sharma,Head(Retd.), Material Sciences, SERC and
editor New Building Materials and Construction World, New Delhi, Chairman,
Indian Concrete Institute U.P. Gaziabad Centre[8] in this paper they studied about
Recycling and reuse of building wastes have been found to be an appropriate solution to
the problems of dumping hundred of thousands tons of debris accompanied with shortage
of natural aggregates. The use of recycled aggregates in concrete prove to be a valuable
building materials in technical, environment and economical respect. Recycled aggregate
posses relatively lower bulk density, crushing and impact values and higher water
absorption as compared to natural aggregate. The compressive strength of recycled
aggregate concrete is relatively lower up to 15% than natural aggregate concrete. The
variation also depends on the original concrete from which the aggregates have been

obtained. The durability parameters studied at SERC(G) confirms suitability of RCA &
RAC in making durable concrete structures of selected types.
Parekh D. N. et al (2011)[9] studied the basic properties of recycled fine aggregate and
recycled coarse aggregate. He also compares these properties with natural aggregates and
resulted that recycled aggregate.
Y P Gupta[10] USE Of Recycled Aggregate In Concrete Construction: A Need For

Sustainable Environment studied the The work presented in this paper evaluates the
effect of recycled aggregate quality on the properties of concrete. Evaluation of the
aggregate physical and mechanical properties showed an acceptable variation in
properties when samples were collected and evaluated from unknown source over
6months. However, limitations in gradation requirements; high absorption and aggregate
strength could be resolved during the proportioning stage and by achieving high packing
density.

CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
 To study the effect of coating of coarse aggregates with college waste plastic with
different percentages (0% - 10%).
 To Study the difference between normal aggregates and plastic coated aggregates.
 To develop mix design methodology for mix 20MPa .
 To determine the workability of freshly prepared concrete by Slump test.
 To determine the compressive strength of cubes at 7, 14, 28 days.
 To determine the flexural strength of cubes at 28 days

CHAPTER 4
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
Material
In this project, following materials are used for study and experiment
 Ordinary Portland Cement (Grade 53)
 Fine aggregate
 Coarse aggregate
 Water
 Waste plastic
Ordinary Portland Cement (Grade 53)

ASTM C150 defines Portland cement as 'hydraulic cement (cement that not only hardens
by reacting with water but also forms a water-resistant product) produced by pulverizing
clinkers which consist essentially of hydraulic calcium silicates, usually containing one or
more of the forms of calcium sulphate as an inter ground addition. The European
Standard EN 197-1 uses the following definition.
Portland cement clinker is a hydraulic material which shall consist of at least two-thirds
by mass of calciumsilicates, (3 CaO·SiO2, and 2 CaO·SiO2), the remainder consisting of
aluminium- and iron-containing clinker phases and other compounds. The ratio of CaO to
SiO2 shall not be less than 2.0. The magnesium oxide content (MgO) shall not exceed
5.0% by mass.
Ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade was used in this study which is shown below in the
Fig. 2.1. The cement was tested according to IS: 12269-1987.Different test were carried
out on the cement to ensure that it confirms to the requirements of the IS: 12269 -
1987specifications.

Fig: 4.1 Cement
Physical properties of cement following by below:
Fineness of Cement
Aim: To Determination of the Fineness of Cement by dry sieving.
Apparatus:
a) Standard balance with 100 gm. weighing capacity.
b) IS: 90 micron sieve conforming to IS: 460-1962 and a Brush
Procedure:
a) Break down any air-set lumps in the total sample is reported.
b) Weigh accuracy 100 gm of the cement and place it on a standard 90 micron IS sieve.
c) Continuously sieve the sample for 15 minutes.
d) Weigh the residue left after 15 minutes of sieving.
Observation:
Total Weight of cement Sample =100 gm
Weight of cement Retained on 90micron Sieve =5 gm

90
Fineness Modulus of cement=
total weight of cement sample taken
5
= 100 = 5%
100
Result:
The Percentage weight of residue over the total sample is reported.
Fineness Modulus of cement=5%
Precaution:
Sieving shall be done holding the sieve in both hands and gentle wrist motion. This will
involve no danger of spilling the cement. Which shall be kept well spread out on the
screen.
Specific Gravity of Cement

Aim: To determine the Specific Gravity of Cement using Pycnometer bottle of 300 ml.
Apparatus:
a) Pycnometer Bottle of 300 ml.
b) Balance capable of weighing accuracy of 0.1 gm
Procedure:
 Clean the pycnometer bottle before starting the test.
 Weigh the empty bottle and note it as W1.
 Add the some quantity of Cement in to the pycnometer and weigh it and say it as W2.
 Fill the previous bottle with kerosene up to the neck and weigh it say it as W3.
 Add full of kerosene up to neck without any quantity of Cement and say it as W4.
 By using the specific gravity formula, we can calculate the specific gravity of Cement.
Calculations:
(w2−w1)
Specific Gravity = (w2−w1)−(w3−w4)×0.79
Where,
W1 = weight of empty pycnometer bottle = 48gms

w2 = weight of pycnometer +Cement = 92gms

w3 = weight of pycnometer +Cement +kerosene = 160gms
w4 = weight of pycnometer + kerosene = 124gms
(92−48)
Specific Gravity = (92−48)−(160−124)×0.79
= 2.82
Result: Specific gravity of Cement is =2.82
Standard Consistency of Cement Paste

Aim : To determine the normal consistency of a given sample of cement
Reference : IS: 4031 (Part 4) - 1988, IS: 5513-1976
Theory : For finding out initial setting time, final setting time of cement, and strength a
parameter known as standard consistency has to be used. The standard consistency of a
cement paste is defined as that consistency which will permit a Vicat plunger having 10
mm diameter and 50 mm length to penetrate to a depth of 33-35 mm from the top of the
mould.
Apparatus: Vicat apparatus conforming to IS: 5513-1976, Balance, Gauging Trowel,

Stop Watch.
Procedure:
1. The Standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which will
permit the Vicat plunger to penetrate to a point 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of the Vicat
mould.
2. Initially a cement sample of about 400gms is taken in a tray and is mixed with a known
percentage of water by weight of cement, say starting from 25% and then it is increased
by every 2% until the normal consistency is achieved.
3. Prepare a paste of 400gms of Cement with a weighed quantity of potable or distilled
water, taking care that the time of gauging is not less than 3 minutes, nor more than 5min,
and the gauging shall be completed before any sign of setting occurs.

4. Fill the Vicat mould with this paste, the mould resting upon a non-porous plate. After
completely filling the mould, smoothen the surface of the paste, making it level with the
top of the mould. The mould may be slightly shaken to expel the air.
5. Place the test block in the mould, together with the non-porous resting plate, under the
rod bearing the plunger; lower the plunger gently to touch the surface of the test block,
and quickly release, allowing it to sink into the paste. This operation shall be carried out
immediately after filling the mould.
6. Prepare trial pastes with varying percentages of water and test as described above until
the amount of water necessary for making up the standard consistency as defined in Step
1 is found.
Observations:
Express the amount of water as a percentage by mass of the dry cement to the first
place of decimal.
Table: 4.1 Observations for Standard Consistency of Cement

S.No Weight of cement Percentage by Amount of Penetration
(gm ) water of dry water added (mm)
Cement (%) (ml)
1 400 25 100 30
2 400 27 108 25
3 400 29 116 15
4 400 31 124 7
Result : The Standard consistency of a given sample of cement is= 31%
Initial and Final Setting Time of Cement

Aim : Determination of Setting Time of Standard Cement Paste.
Reference : IS : 4031 ( Pat 4 ) -1988, IS : 4031 ( Pat 5 ) - 1988, IS : 5513-1976.
Theory :

Initial setting time: For convenience, initial setting time is regarded as the time elapsed
between the moments that the water is added to the cement, to the time that the paste
starts losing its plasticity.
Final setting time: The final setting time is the time elapsed between the moment the
water is added to the cement, and the time when the paste has completely lost its
plasticity and has attained sufficient firmness to resist certain definite pressure.
Apparatus: Vicat apparatus conforming to IS: 5513-1976, Balance, Gauging Trowel,
Stop Watch, etc.
Procedure:
1. Preparation of Test Block - Prepare a neat 400 gm cement paste by gauging the
cement with 0.85 times the water required to give a paste of standard consistency. Potable
or distilled water shall be used in preparing the paste.
2. Start a stop-watch at the instant when water is added to the cement. Fill the Vicat
mould with a cement paste gauged as above, the mould resting on a nonporous plate. Fill
the mould completely and smooth off the surface of the paste making it level with the top
of the mould.
3. Determination of Initial Setting Time - Place the test block confined in the mould
and resting on the non-porous plate, under the rod bearing the needle , lower the needle
gently until it comes in contact with the surface of the test block and quickly release,
allowing it to penetrate into the test block.
4. Repeat this procedure until the needle, when brought in contact with the test block and
released as described above, fails to pierce the block beyond 5.0 ± 0.5 mm measured
from the bottom of the mould shall be the initial setting time.
5. Determination of Final Setting Time - Replace the needle of the Vicat apparatus by
the needle with an annular attachment.
6. The cement shall be considered as finally set when, upon applying the needle gently to
the surface of the test block, the needle makes an impression thereon, while the
attachment fails to do so.
7. The period elapsing between the time when water is added to the cement and the time
at which the needle makes an impression on the surface of test block while the
attachment fails to do so shall be the final setting time.

Observations:
1. Weight of given sample of cement is =400gms
2. The normal consistency of a given sample of cement is =105.4%
Result : Initial setting time of cement pate is =28 min,
Final setting time of cement paste is=398 min
Fig:4.2 (a) Vicat Apparatus to testing block

Fig: 4.2 (b) Vicat Apparatus to testing block
Aggregates
Fine aggregate are basically sands won from the land or the marine environment. Fine
aggregates generally consist of natural sand or crushed stone with most particles passing
through a 4.75mm IS sieve .
Construction aggregate, or simply "aggregate", is broad category of coarse to medium

grained particulate material used in construction, The maximum size of coarse aggregate
used in this investigation is 20 mm size is used for this experiment. Specifications for
coarse aggregate are as per IS 383:1970. The physical properties have been determined as
per IS 2386:1963.

Fig: 4.3 Fine aggregates
Fig:4.4 Coarse aggregate

Specific gravity of Coarse aggregate

1. Pycnometer is cleaned with distilled water and dried.
2. The weight W1 of the clean, dry pycnometer with cap is noted.
3. About one-third of the pycnometer is filled with coarse aggregates. The weight
W2 of the pycnometer and soil solids is determined.
4. Small quantity of water is poured into the soil and left until all pores are
completely filled with water.
5. Additional water is poured into the pycnometer to fill it completely up to the top
of the cap. The pycnometer is dried from outside. The weight W3 of pycnometer
and its contents is determined.
6. The contents of the pycnometer are removed. It is filled completely with distilled
water up to the top of the cap. The pycnometer is dried from outside and its
weight W4 is noted.
7. The specific gravity of the sample is determined by
w2−w1
G=
(w2−w1)−(w3−w4)
8. The procedure is repeated twice, from steps 3 to 6 with other specimens from the
same material. The specific gravity is reported as the average of three readings.
Table 4.2: specific gravity of C.A

S.No Weights Trail 1 Trail Trail 3
(gm) 2
1 W1 638 638 638
2 W2 1209 1185 1214
3 W3 1897.5 1880 1903.5
4 W4 1530 1530 1530
5 G 2.805 2.776 2.844
9. Average Specific Gravity of C.A = 2.8

Specific gravity of fine aggregate

1. Pycnometer is cleaned with distilled water and dried.
2. The weight W1 of the clean, dry pycnometer with cap is noted.
3. About one-third of the pycnometer is filled with fine aggregates. The weight W2
of the pycnometer and soil solids is determined.
4. Small quantity of water is poured into the soil and left until all pores are
completely filled with water.
5. Additional water is poured into the pycnometer to fill it completely up to the top
of the cap. The pycnometer is dried from outside. The weight W3 of pycnometer
and its contents is determined.
6. The contents of the pycnometer are removed. It is filled completely with distilled
water up to the top of the cap. The pycnometer is dried from outside and its
weight W4 is noted.
7. The specific gravity of the sample is determined by
w2−w1
G=
(w2−w1)−(w3−w4)
8. The procedure is repeated twice, from steps 3 to 6 with other specimens from the
same material. The specific gravity is reported as the average of three readings.
Table 4.3: specific gravity of F.A

S.No Weights Trail 1 Trail Trail 3
(gm) 2
1 W1 638 638 638
2 W2 1129 1120 1194.9
3 W3 1838 1832 1877.5
4 W4 1530 1530 1530
5 G 2.68 2.67 2.65
9. Average Specific Gravity of F.A = 2.66

Sieve analysis a).

Coarse aggregate
The coarse aggregate produced from quarry was sieved through all the sieves (i.e.,
80mm, 40mm, 20mm, 10mm and 4.75mm). The material retained on each sieve was
filled in bags and stacked separately. To obtain 20mm well-graded aggregate, coarse
aggregate retained on each sieve is mixed in appropriate proportions which are shown
below.
i) The fineness modulus for coarse aggregate(20mm) 7.07
ii) The fineness modulus for coarse aggregate(12.5mm) 7.75
Table 4.4: Proportions of different size fractions to obtain 20mm aggregate

Sieve sizes Weight % weight Cumulative % % passing
(mm) retained retained weight
(gm) retained
80 0 0 0 100
40 0 0 0 100
20 490 9.8 9.8 90.2
10 4411 88.22 98.02 1.98
4.75 99 1.98 100 0
Table 4.5: Proportions of different size fractions to obtain 12.5mm aggregate

(mm) retained retained weight
(gm) retained
16 0 0 0 100
12.5 875 17.5 17.5 82.5
9.5 2080 41.6 59.1 40.9
4.75 1980 39.6 98.7 1.3
2.36 65 1.3 100 0

b). Fine aggregate

The sand was sieved through a set of sieves ( i.e. 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm,
600μ, 300μ and 150μ ). Sand retained on each sieve was filled in different bags and
stacked separately. To obtain zone – II sand correctly, sand retained on each sieve is
mixed in appropriate proportion.
i) The fineness modulus for fine aggregate 2.8
Table 4.6: Proportions of different size fractions to obtain zone-II sand

retained retained weight
(gm) retained
4.75mm 25 2.5 2.5 97.5
2.36mm 52 5.2 7.7 92.3
1.18mm 161 16.1 23.8 76.2
600μ 355 35.5 59.3 40.7
300μ 364 36.4 95.7 4.3
150μ 36 3.6 99.3 0.7
75μ 5 0.5 99.8 0.2
Pan 2 0.2 100 0
Water
The water used in the mix design was potable drinking water, locally available and it’s
free from organic material sand suspended solids, which might have affected the
properties of the fresh and hardened concrete.
The water–cement ratio is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of cement used in
a concrete mix. A lower ratio leads to higher strength and durability, but may make the
mix difficult to work with and form.
College waste plastic

The Waste plastic shredded in shredding machine were used. The Specific gravity was
found to be 1.36.

Methodology
LITERATURE REVIEW
COLLECTION OF MATERIAL
PLASTIC COATED WITH AGGREGATES & CHECK THE AGGREGATES

PROPERTIES
MIX DESIGN FOR M20
CASTING OF SPECIMENS CUBES & BEAMS
TESTING OF SPECIMENS
RESULT ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 5
MIX DESIGN
Mix design caluculations
 In this project we are adopted M20 (1:1.5:3) grade of concrete, Assumed water
cement ratio 0.5
 Density of cement = 1440 kg/m3

Density of aggregates=1800kg/m3
Density of sand=1600kg/m3
 Dry volume= (1.54 to 1.57) x wet volume
 Sum of the ratio for M20 grade concrete = 1+1.5+3=5.5
 Assume volume =1m3 , No.of samples =1, Wastage = 10% (10/100 = 0.1), Dry
volume =1.54 x wet volume = 1.54 x 1 = 1.54
Final Volume of the cube = 1 x 1.54 x [1+0.1] x 1 = 1.694m3
Weight of cement = [(1/5.5) x 1440 x 1.694] = 443.52 kg
Weight of sand = [(1.5/5.5) x 1600 x 1.694] = 739.2 kg
Weight of aggregates= [(3/5.5) x 1800 x 1.694] = 1663.2 kg
Weight of water:
Assume w/c = 0.5
Weight water = 0.5 x 443.52 = 221.76 kg = 221.76 lit
 For cube (150mm x 150mm x 150mm = 0.003375 m3)

Weight of cement = 443.52 x 0.003375 = 1.49688kg = 1496.88 gms
Weight of sand = 739.2 x 0.003375 = 2.4948 kg = 2494.8gms
Weight of aggregates= = 1663.2 x 0.003375 =5.6133 kg = 5613.3gms
Weight water = 0.5 x 1496.88 = 748.44 gms = 748.44 ml

 For beam (100mm x 500mm x 100mm = 0.005 m3)

Weight of cement = 443.52 x 0.005 = 2.2176kg = 2217.6 gms
Weight of sand = 739.2 x 0.005 = 3.696kg = 3696 gms
Weight of aggregates= = 1663.2 x 0.005 = 8.316kg = 8316gms
Weight water = 0.5 x =2217.6 = 1108.8 gms = 1108.8 ml
Table 5.1: Individual weight of materials M20 grade

Item name For 1 cube For 1 beam
(gms) (gms)
Cement 1496.88 2217.6
Fine aggregates 2494.8 3696
Coarse aggregates 5613.3 8316
water 748.44 1108.8

CHAPTER 6
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
General
This chapter describes the experimental works carried out in this present investigation.
This chapter has been divided into two parts.
 First part deals with the experiments carried out on the Normal aggregates and
plastic coated aggregates
 Second part deals with the experiments carried out on the concrete with and
without using of plastic coated aggregates
Plastic coated aggregates
Waste plastics, mainly used for packing are made up of Polyethylene, Polypropylene
polystyrene, LDPE, HDPE. Their softening varies between 110 oC – 140 0C and they do
not produce any toxic gases during heating.
Procedure:
The collected waste plastic from the college, we initially dried to remove the moisture
content in the plastic after that splited into the small pieces by using shredding machine.
 The size around 2-3mm of each piece of splited plastic.

 The splited plastic melted by batti at 1000C - 1300C.
 Mix the aggregates with melted plastic.
 Uniformly Mix the aggreagtes with plastic until all the aggreagtes coated
 Cool at 24 hours at room temperature.
 Test the Plastic coated aggregates and normal aggregates.
 Compare the values.

Fig 6.1 Splited Plastic
Fig 6.2 Plastic waste heating on a Bhatti

Fig 6.3 Plastic Coated aggregates
Tests for Aggregates

The Coating of plastic to the aggregates with varying percentages i.e: 0%, 4%, 6%, 8%
and 10%. After coating of plastic to aggregates, cool at for 24hrs at room temperature.
After cooled aggregates following tests as follows:
 Aggregate Crushing Value (%) - [IS: 2386 (Part-IV)]
 Aggregate Impact Value (%) - IS: 2386 (Part-IV)
 Water Absorption (%) - (IS:2386 Part III)
Crushing Value Test

The aggregate crushing value provides a relative measure of resistance to crushing under
gradually applied crushing load. The test consists of subjecting the specimen of aggregate
in standard mould to a compression test under standard load conditions (See Fig 3.3). Dry
aggregates passing through 12.5 mm sieves and retained 10 mm sieves are filled in a
cylindrical measure of 11.5 mm diameter and 18 cm height in three layers. Each layer is
tamped 25 times with at standard tamping rod. The test sample is weighed and placed in
the test cylinder in three layers each layer being tamped again. The specimen is subjected

to a compressive load of 40 tonnes gradually applied at the rate of 4 tonnes per minute.
Then crushed aggregates are then sieved through 2.36 mm sieve and weight of passing
material (W2) is expressed as percentage of the weight of the total sample (W1) which is
the aggregate crushing value.
Aggregate crushing value = (W1/W2)*100

Crushing test is carried out for normal aggregates and Coated aggregates.
Fig. 6.4: Crushing Test Setup
Fig. 6.5: Crushing Test Setup under UTM

Impact Value Test

The aggregate impact test is carried out to evaluate the resistance to impact of aggregates.
Aggregates passing 12.5 mm sieve and retained on 10 mm sieve is filled in a cylindrical
steel cup of internal dia 10.2 mm and depth 5 cm which is attached to a metal base of
impact testing machine. The material is filled in 3 layers where each layer is tamped for
25 numbers of blows (see Fig-3.4). Metal hammer of weight 13.5 to 14 Kg is arranged to
drop with a free fall of 38.0 cm by vertical guides and the test specimen is subjected to 15
numbers of blows. The crushed aggregate is allowed to pass through 2.36 mm IS sieve.
And the impact value is measured as percentage of aggregates passing sieve (W2) to the
total weight of the sample (W1).
Aggregate impact value = (W1/W2)*100

Impact test is carried out for normal aggregates and Coated aggregates.
Fig 6.6: Impact test setup

Fig 6.7: Impact test
Water Absorption
The difference between the apparent and bulk specific gravities is nothing but the water
permeable voids of the aggregates. We can measure the volume of such voids by
weighing the aggregates dry and in a saturated surface dry condition, with all
permeable voids filled with water. The difference of the above two is MW.
MD is the dry mass of the aggregate,

MW is the weight of dry aggregates minus weight of aggregates saturated surface dry
condition. Thus,
Water Absorption = (MW/MD)*100

Water Absorption test is carried out for normal aggregates and Coated aggregates.

Table 6.1 Tests results of aggregates

Test Result (%) Stand.
Pure 4% coat 6% coat 8% coat 10% Value
aggregates coat
Crushing (%) 20.31 18.82 16.94 16.71 15 30% Max
Impact (%) 12 11.2 10 8.54 7.8 30% Max
Water absorption 1 0.5 0 0 0 Max 2%
(%)
Mixed design proportions

In this research work 15 Standard cubic specimens of size 150mm (nine samples for each
proportion) were casted for the compressive strength of concrete and it was kept under
curing for 7, 14 days & 28 days of age. Total cubes for compressive strength testing was
45 (9 cubes * 5 proportions).
In this research work 10 standard beams of size (three samples for each proportion) were
casted for flexural strength of concrete and it was kept under curing for 28 days of age.
Total beams for flexural strength testing was 15 (3 beams * 5 proportions).
Table 6.2: Material Proportions for M20 (cubes)

Material weight
Cement (Kgs) 13.4712
coarse aggregate (Kgs) 50.5197
water (lit) 6.736
fine aggregate (Kgs) 22.4532
Table 6.3: Material Proportions for M20 (beams)

Material weight
Cement (Kgs) 6.6528
coarse aggregate (Kgs) 24.948
water (lit) 3.3264

fine aggregate (Kgs) 33.264
Moulds and Equipment
Cubes
Standard cube moulds of size 150X150X150mm are made of cast iron were used for
obtaining strength properties.
Fig 6.8 Compressive strength testing mould
Beams
Standard beam moulds of size 100 X 100 X 500 mm are made of cast iron were used for
obtaining strength properties.
Fig 6.9 Flexural strength testing mould

Mixing
It was found that the fresh concrete was dark in colour. The amount of water in the
mixture played an important role on the behaviour of fresh concrete. When the mixing
time was long, mixtures with high water content bleed and segregation of aggregates and
the paste occurred. This phenomenon was usually followed by low compressive strength
of hardened concrete. The effects of water content in the mixture and the mixing time
were critical parameters which decide the concrete should be within five to seven minutes
as for the concrete and while mixing the following steps should be followed:
i) First mix all dry materials in the tray.
ii) Add the liquid component of the mixture at the end of dry mixing, and continue
the wet mixing for another four minutes.
Fig :6.10 Mixing of dry materials

Fig :6.11 Mixing of wet materials
Casting
The standard moulds were fitted such that there are no gaps between the plates of
the moulds. If there are small gaps they were filled with plaster of pairs. The moulds then
oiled and kept ready for casting. This was dispersed in water in required proportion
before mixing the water with the ingredients coarse, fine aggregates, cement. Water an
super plasticizer along with Self-Curing agent were added subsequently. After 24hrs of a
casting the moulds were kept under curing for the required number of days before
casting.

Fig 6.12 Casting of cubes
Curing
After completion of casting all the specimens were kept to maintain the water curing viz.,
temperature of 27±2 C and 90% relative humidity.
Fig : 6.13 Water Curing
Testing
Test For Fresh Properties of Concrete (Slump cone test)
Slump test which can be employed either in laboratory or at site of work. It is not a
suitable method for very wet or very dry concrete. It does not measure all factors
contributing to workability, nor is it always representative of the placability of the
concrete. It is not a suitable method for very wet or very dry concrete. It does not
measure all factor contributing to workability.
The slump test was carried in accordance with B.S:1882 PART2:1970.

Fig: 6.14 Slump cone test
Test For Harden Properties of Concrete
Compressive Strength of Concrete

The compression test was conducted according to IS 516-1959. This test helps us in
determining the compressive strength of the concrete cubes. The obtained value of
compressive strength can then be used to assess whether the given batch of that concrete
cube will meet the required compressive strength requirements or not.
For the compression test, the specimen’s cubes of 15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm were prepared

by using crumb rubber concrete as explained earlier. These specimens were tested under
universal testing machine after 7 days and 28 days of curing. Load was applied gradually
at the rate of 140kg/cm2 per minute till the specimens failed. Load at the failure was

divided by area of specimen and this gave us the compressive strength of concrete for the
given sample.
Fig: 6.15 Closer view of concrete cube

Fig: 6.16 Testing compressive strength of cube under CTM
Flexural Strength of Concrete (IS:516-1959)

The beam specimens were tested on universal testing machine for two-point loading to
create a pure bending. The bearing surface of machine was wiped off clean and sand or
other material is removed from the surface of the specimen. The two point bending load
applied was increased continuously at a constant rate until the specimen breaks down and
no longer can be sustained. The maximum load applied on specimen was recorded. The
modulus of rupture depends on where the specimen breaks along the span. Beam
dimensions are 500mm×100mm×100mm. if the specimen breaks at the middle third of
the span then the modulus of rupture is given by
f Pl
rup =
bd2
Where; P = load, d = depth of the beam,

b = width of the beam

Fig 6.17: Flexural strength testing machine

CHAPTER 7
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
Plotting Curves for
Aggregate tests 3curves were
plotted, i.e:
 Aggregate Crushing Value (%) - [IS: 2386 (Part-IV)]
 Aggregate Impact Value (%) - IS: 2386 (Part-IV)
 Water Absorption (%) - (IS:2386 Part III)
crushing test
2
5
2
0
1
Crushing
5
value
1
0
0
0% 4% 6% coat 8%coa 10%
coat coat % plastic t coat
Fig 7.1 Crushing value of aggregates Vs % Plastic coated Aggregates

Impact test
1
4
1
2
1
0
impact
value
0% 4% 6% coat 8%coa 10%

Fig 7.2 Impact value of aggregates Vs % Plastic coated Aggregates
Water Absorption test

1.
2
0.
Water absorption
0.
6
value
0.
4
0.
2
0
0% 4% 6% coat 8%coa 10%
Fig 7.3 Water absorption value of aggregates Vs % Plastic coated Aggregates

Fresh properties of Concrete (Slump cone test)

The plot of the Slump values for different percentages of plastic coated aggregtes used in
concrete is shown in Table 7.1 & Fig 7.4, according to which it can be concluded that
with the increase in % plastic coated aggregtes from 0 to 10 % workability increases.
Table 7.1 Slump values

Plastic coated Slump (mm)
aggregtes (%)
0 80
4 85
6 87
8 90
10 92
slum
9 p
4
9
2
9
0
8
Slump
(mm)
8
8
6
8
4
8
2 0 4 6 8 1
% plastic coated 0
Fig 7.4 Slump graph

Harden properties of concrete

Compressive Strength Test
The compressive strength test was performed on the cubes of size 15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm
to check the compressive strength of concrete and the results obtained are given in Table
7.2, according to which it can be concluded that with the increase in % plastic coated
aggregtes from 0 to 10 % Compressive strength increases.
Table 7.2 Compressive strength

S. No. %Plastic Compressive strength of cubes (Average results)
coated 7 days 14 days 28 days
(N/mm2 ) (N/mm2 ) (N/mm2 )
1 0 17.8 21.3 24.2
2 4 18.9 23.4 26.1
3 6 20.23 25.5 28
4 8 22.43 27.12 29.4
5 10 23.67 28 31.6
9
0
8
0
compressive strength
7
0
6 28day
0 s
14day
(N/mm2)
5
s
2
0
10
0 0 4 6 8 1
0
% Plastic
coated
Fig 7.5 Compressive strength graphs

Flexural Strength Test

The Flexural test was performed on the beams of size 50 x 10 x 10 cm to check the
flexural strength of the plastic coated aggregates used in concrete and the results obtained
while performing the flexural test on UTM are given in Table 7.3. From the below results
it was observed that the flexural strength of plastic coated aggregates used in concrete
was better than that of conventional concrete (i.e. at 0% replacement). It was also
observed that the flexural strength of beam increases with the increase percentage of
plastic coated aggregates used in concrete.
Table 7.3 Flexural strength

Plastic coated (%) Flexural
strength(N/mm2)
0 3.25
4 3.52
6 3.61
8 3.74
10 3.85
flexural
3. strength
9
3.
8
Flexural strength
3.
7
3.
6
(N/mm2)
3.
5
3.
4
3. 0 4 6 8 1
% plastic 0
Fig 7.6 Flexural strength graphs

CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSIONS
From this research the following conclusions are:

 The slump value is increasing with increase in the percentage of plastic coated
aggregates used in concrete. Due to increase in the plastic coated aggregates used
in concrete was increase in the workability of concrete.
 The maximum compressive strength of M20 for 28 days is 31.6 N/mm2 at
23.41% increment was there with compare to conventional concrete and plastic
coated aggregates used in concrete.
 The maximum flexural strength of M20 for 28 days is 3.85 N/mm2 at 15.58%
increment was there with compare to conventional concrete and plastic coated
aggregates used in concrete.
 The Plastic coating increases with aggregates the compressive strength, flexural
strength and Workability was increases.
 The use of Plastic in concrete in terms of coating of plastic with aggreagtes is
possible to improve its mechanical properties and can be one of the economical
ways for their disposal in environment friendly manner and reduces the disposal
of Plastic in landfills.

REFERENCES
[1] Punita p “Study of Natural Aggregate andRecycled Aggregate” International Journal
for Research & Development In Technology, Volume-9,Issue-3(Mar-18) ISSN (O) :-
2349-3585.
[2] Prabhat kumar, Abhishek Kumar, Mohd. Afaque Khan, “A review paper on
experimental study for recycle concrete”, Volume 3, Issue 3, pp. 1617-1619, 2016 [9]
Anurag Gautam, Kirti Chandraul,
[3] Praveen Mathew, ShibiVarghase, Thomas Paul ,EldhoVarghase, “ RecycledPlastic as
coarse aggregates for structural concrete”, International Journal for Innovative Research
in Science, Engineering and Technology, Volume 2, Issue 3, 2013, ISSN 2319-8753
[4]LhakpaWangmoThinghTamang, TsheringWangmo, Karma TsheringDarjay, Karma
SangayPhuntsho, PhuntshoNamgyal, UgyenWangchuk “Use of Plastics in Concrete as
Coarse Aggregate” International Journal of Education and Applied Research, Volume 7,
Issue 5, 2017, ISSN (Print) 2249-4944, ISSN(Online) 2348-0033.
[5]Elango A and Ashok Kumar A “ Study on Partial Replacement of plastic waste as fine
aggregate in concrete” International Journal of Current Engineering And Scientific
Research, Volume 5, Issue 5, 2018, ISSN (Print):2393-8374, ISSN (Online): 2394-0697
[6]Shi-cong Kou , Chi-sun Poon a, , Francisco Agrela Comparisons of natural and
recycled aggregate concretes prepared with the addition of different mineral admixtures.
[7]Chaitradip Sarkar , Parikshit Chauhan ,NavedKhan ,Abu Sufiyan Khan ,Mohammad
Aquib Comparative Study of Natural and Recycled Aggregate Concrete.
[8] Use of Recycled Aggregates in concrete , S.K. SINGH, Scientist, Structural
Engineering Divis, Central Building Research Institute ,Roorki And P.C.
Sharma,Head(Retd.),Material Sciences, SERC and editor New Building Materials and
Construction World, New Delhi, Chairman, Indian Concrete Institute U.P. Gaziabad
Centre.
[9] Parekh D. N. and Dr. Modhera C. D., “Assessment of recycled aggregate concrete”,
Volume 2, Issue 1, pp. 1-9,March 2011.
[10]Y P Gupta ―USE Of Recycled Aggregate In Concrete Construction:A Need For

Sustainable Environment‖ 34th Conference on OUR WORLD IN CONCRETE &
STRUCTURES: 16 –18 August 2009, Singapore.

General: A Study On Strengthen The Concrete by Coarse Agfregates Coated With College Waste Plastic

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

General: A Study On Strengthen The Concrete by Coarse Agfregates Coated With College Waste Plastic

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

General: A Study On Strengthen The Concrete by Coarse Agfregates Coated With College Waste Plastic

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

A STUDY ON STRENGTHEN THE CONCRETE BY COARSE AGFREGATES COATED WITH COLLEGE WASTE PLASTIC

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PETW 1

BASES OF NATURAL AGGREGATE

IDENTIFY, RESEARCH AND COLLECT IDEA

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PETW 2

STUDIES AND FINDINGS

Identification of properties of aggregate

Identification role of aggregate in practical life

Utilization of aggregate all over world

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PETW 3

Table 1.1 Types of plastics

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PETW 4

Table 1.2 Waste plastic and its sources

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PETW 5

Prabhat kumar et al[2](2016) presented a review of existing literature work for

LhakpaWangmoThinghTamanget. al.[4] in 2017 performed experiment on Plastics in

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PETW 6

Chaitradip Sarkar , Parikshit Chauhan ,NavedKhan ,Abu Sufiyan

S.K. SINGH, Scientist, Structural Engineering Divis, Central Building Research

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PETW 7

Y P Gupta[10] USE Of Recycled Aggregate In Concrete Construction: A Need For

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PETW 8

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PETW 9

Ordinary Portland Cement (Grade 53)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PETW 10

Fig: 4.1 Cement

Physical properties of cement following by below:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PETW 11

Specific Gravity of Cement

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PETW 12

w2 = weight of pycnometer +Cement = 92gms

Result: Specific gravity of Cement is =2.82

Standard Consistency of Cement Paste

Reference : IS: 4031 (Part 4) - 1988, IS: 5513-1976

Apparatus: Vicat apparatus conforming to IS: 5513-1976, Balance, Gauging Trowel,

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PETW 13

Table: 4.1 Observations for Standard Consistency of Cement

Result : The Standard consistency of a given sample of cement is= 31%

Initial and Final Setting Time of Cement

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PETW 14

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PETW 15

Fig:4.2 (a) Vicat Apparatus to testing block

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PETW 16

Fig: 4.2 (b) Vicat Apparatus to testing block

Construction aggregate, or simply "aggregate", is broad category of coarse to medium

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PETW 17

Fig: 4.3 Fine aggregates

Fig:4.4 Coarse aggregate

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PETW 18

Specific gravity of Coarse aggregate

Table 4.2: specific gravity of C.A

9. Average Specific Gravity of C.A = 2.8

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PETW 19

Specific gravity of fine aggregate

Table 4.3: specific gravity of F.A

9. Average Specific Gravity of F.A = 2.66

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PETW 20

Sieve analysis a).

Table 4.4: Proportions of different size fractions to obtain 20mm aggregate