Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021) 6775–6780

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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A review on utilization of plastic waste materials in bricks

manufacturing process
Rishabh Kumar, Mohit Kumar, Inder Kumar, Deepa Srivastava ⇑
Department of Civil Engineering, Delhi Technical Campus, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, 201306, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In present time due to urbanization the plastic utilisation in our daily life has been increased significantly
Received 31 March 2021 as it being very useful and popular material. The only disadvantage is non-biodegradability. This study
Received in revised form 15 April 2021 summarises the work done by authors to use plastic as construction material in bricks. The recyclable
Accepted 21 April 2021
properties of plastic waste can be utilized to recycle this waste and produce a new product having lesser
Available online 11 May 2021
negative impact on the environment. One of the options to recycle plastic waste is to form bricks of plas-
tic by mixing plastics with sand which can be used to replace traditional bricks. Various authors per-
Keywords:
formed comparative study with brick made up of other materials by using various testing method
Plastic sand bricks
Compressive strength
such as scratch test, apparent porosity, water absorption, apparent porosity test, soundness test, efflores-
Efflorescence test cence test and analysed that the further research on this field can enrich the strength, quality and dura-
Hardness test bility of these masonry bricks. These bricks absorb very less water as compared to conventional bricks
Water absorption test that is also very significant with the view of environmental sustainability.
Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 3rd International Conference on Futuristic Trends
in Materials and Manufacturing.

1. Introduction of soot particle that is responsible to absorb the solar radiation [4].
Fig 1Fig 2.Table 1.Table 2.
Plastic is both dangerous as well useful material since it can not Various authors chosen PET as it is having only atomic species
be degraded naturally and it is continuously hampering our goal of that are carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Therefore, melting PET
sustainability for more than centuries [1]. Plastics have many qual- would not result in release of noxious gases and also its properties
ities i.e. lightness, versatility, resistant to chemicals, hardness, reveal that a melting temperature of 260°C is required. PET has got
water and impact. Plastic is a versatile material and malleable good chemical resistance and better resistance to UV rays [5,6].
which can be molded in solid objects. Now a day rapid industrial This brick is resistant to oil, water, salts and acids. It is more dur-
and population growth has resulted in various types of waste such able as compared to other bricks and can with stand temperature
as plastic. According to Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), up to 180°C. Since construction materials like brick, concrete, tiles
total plastic waste which is collected and recycled in India is esti- are used very commonly in construction but they are expansive.
mated to be 9205 tons per day (approx. 60% of total plastic waste) This makes it difficult to afford as construction material [7].
and 6137 tons (40%) remain uncollected and littered [2]. According Unsustainable development in the construction industry is con-
to a survey in the year 2010 about 5% of all plastic waste generated sidered a major threat to the environment in many countries. For
from coastal countries directly goes to ocean. That is a huge example, it is reported that a brick kiln emits about 70–282 g of
amount to create problem to aquatic life [3]. ‘‘Plastic can release carbon dioxide, 0.001–0.29 g of black carbon, 0.29–5.78 g of carbon
harmful chemicals into the surrounding soil, which can then seep monoxide (CO) and 0.15–1.56 g of particulate matter per kilogram
into groundwater or other surrounding water sources and the of brick fired, depending on the type of kiln and fuel used for the
ecosystem of the world” (UN environment). Burning of plastic firing [8]. Common burnt clay is mainly used as a construction
waste will also create the problem of global warming by formation material in India for structural walls but to cut the cost and time
of construction research in alternative of these bricks is need
indeed [9]. Because of the mass scale production as well its eco-
⇑ Corresponding author. nomic revolution plastic appeared to be an inexpensive and effec-
E-mail address: [email protected] (D. Srivastava).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.04.337
2214-7853/Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 3rd International Conference on Futuristic Trends in Materials and Manufacturing.
R. Kumar, M. Kumar, I. Kumar et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021) 6775–6780

Table 1
Plastic waste and its origin.

No. Waste Plastic Density, Origin

g/cm3
1 Polyethylene 1.38– Soft drink bottles, Water Bottles, etc.
Terephthalate 1.39
(PET)
2 Polypropylene 0.89– Microwave tray, biscuits packets,
(PP) 0.91 detergent packets etc.
3 Polystyrene (PS) 1.04– bottle caps, egg boxes, CD cases,
1.11 disposable, rulers, foamed polystyrene:
food trays etc.
4. High-Density 0.93– Carry bags, house hold articles, bottles
Polyethylene 0.97 caps etc.
(HDPE)
5. Low-Density 0.91– Carry bags, milk pouches, sacks,
Fig. 1. Plastic waste. Polyethylene 0.94 cosmetic and detergent bottles
(LDPE)
tive raw material. Now a days each sector agriculture, automobile, 6. Polyvinyl 1.20– Credit cards, food wrap, windows,
Chloride (PVC) 1.45 medical equipment etc.
electronic, building construction, has been revolutionized by the
application of plastic. About 5% plastics can be found in municipal
solid waste, which is hazardous in nature. Since brick is used
extensively for wide numbers of construction materials such as year 2016, Mohan et al. [15] studied the compressive strength
for the development of outer and inner walls in buildings [7]. These decreases with increasing waste plastic ratio and effect of different
plastic bricks can be helpful in reducing plastic produce. Therefore, plastic ratio waste on compressive test, efflorescence test and
utilization of these bricks of plastics can promote eco conservation water absorption test. They concluded in the various proportion
and sustainable development both at simultaneously. of 5%, 15%, 25% and 35% plastic waste had maximum load at crush-
With the increasing concern of using construction materials ing as 172.63KN, 183.06 KN, 192.55 KN and 186.14 KN and bricks
which are eco-friendly, economic, and light weight construction having compressive strength as 9.86, 10.46, 11 and 10.63 N/mm2
materials in building material can benefit us in providing materials respectively. In the year 2017, Kamble et al. [1] studied about the
requirement without compromising with nature [10]. Moreover, use of plastic scrap into something beautiful named Eco bricks as
shifting production of construction materials from concrete to have greater compressive strength than cement sand bricks. They
PET can only aid in decreasing the Greenhouse effect as 5–8% of concluded that the compressive strength of Eco bricks is
anthropogenic sources of CO2 are from cement production alone 2700kgf/cm2 and moisture content 0.74% which is lowest among
[11]. Reprocess of these wastes which are emerged from industrial the other sample. Bricks having better quality does not absorb
and agricultural activities as a construction material could be pos- water greater than 5% also the mixture of sand and plastics pro-
sible solution to plastic pollution but also it can be proved as fea- vides significantly better results than cement & Sand and Singh
sible as well a better economic design option for construction et al. studied the preparation of specimen that bricks are generated
material for operation of building construction. Bricks comes in by heating combined sand and plastic waste at 200°C, and propor-
wide range material of construction and it can be used for the tion of plastic and sand should be in the ratio of (1:1.5). They con-
development of inner, outer walls mainly in building construction cluded that plastic waste which is available abundantly can be
an also as a pavements on the sides of the road, sidewalks and used efficiently for making plastic bricks as a construction material
bricks that are used in the grounds of open fields [12]. which is feasible as well durable in terms of strength, weight and
In the recent past research, the replacement and addition have absorption in comparison to conventional bricks which can replace
be done with the direct inclusion of polyethylene or plastic fibre, them effectively with keeping in mind of developing something
polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles in shredded form, chemi- which ecofriendly The Sand-Plastic brick which is lightweight
cally treated polyethylene fibre, PET in aggregate form by replacing and have a waxy surface that results in high compressive strength
natural coarse aggregate. Most of replacements have been done by (10.6 MPa), low apparent porosity and low water absorption.
volume calculation and showed the decreased in compressive Daftardar et al. [16] studied about reutilizing waste plastic
strength as the plastic fibre increased [13]. waste by using plastic extrude as a construction material and they
were noted that maximum compressive load of plastic bead brick
was 13.69 N/mm2 and they further add other ingredient i.e. fly
2. Previous review ash and made a plastic composite brick which give strength of
11.48–10.42 N/mm2, that is greater than the conventional bricks.
In the year 2014, Maneeth et al. [14] studied about the chemical They conclude that as fly ash content kept on increasing, strength
structure which help in choose types of plastic use in making plas- kept on decreasing. The effect of plastic to compressive strength
tic bricks by testing by different methods and to discover new and density of brick containing plastic compared containing river
technology for reusing waste produce along with use of laterite sand was identified and discuss in this paper. HEB is a new type
quarry waste (sand) which can help to create new alternative for and concept of brick. HEB is casted in three layers with two differ-
building construction material. They concluded increasing percent- ent strength grades and different materials [17]. By using this
age of plastic content decreases water absorption and use of propy- method, the material uses at the centre of the brick can be mini-
lene instead of PET will end up in high strength (10 N/mm2). In the mized with the stress minimum at the centre. In the year 2018,

Fig. 2. Steps involved in manufacturing process.

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R. Kumar, M. Kumar, I. Kumar et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021) 6775–6780

Table 2
Mechanical performance of plastic sand brick.

No. Dimension (mm) Compressive Strength Water absorption Test conducted

(MPa) test (%)
1 70.7
70.7
70.7 10–10.6 4.5–6.5 Bulk density, strength test for compression, apparent porosity, test of water absorption
2. 190
90
90 18–20 0.075–0.23 strength test of compression, water absorption
3. 230
100
75 5.70–19.96 0.94–1.31 Water absorption test, Compressive strength test, efflorescence test, Fire resistant test.
4. 175
100
100 9.86–10.46 0 Efflorescence test, water absorption test, Compressive strength test
5. 190
90
90 10.5–15.5 0–3 soundness, water absorption test, efflorescence test, compressive strength test
6. 144
147
_ 10.42–13.69 5–7 Water absorption test, compressive strength test.
7. 200
100
100 7.14–7.2 0.59–1.82 water absorption and compressive strength
8. 190
90
90 5.6 0 Compressive strength test, soundness test, water absorption test, color test, hardness test,
efflorescence test

Singhal et al. [18] studied how to curtail and reuse waste plastic 3. Brick stabilized by plastic binders
generated on the land and water plastic hazard by use plastic as
construction material and conduct different types of test of bricks. When the plastic waste is heated till it comes in liquid state or
They concluded that there is 0% water absorption in plastic brick molten state and also having the binding property to hold the dif-
and produce ringing sound with compressive strength 5.6 N/ ferent constitute together it called plastic binder. Different types of
mm2. Ghuge et al. [19,20] studied about the waste plastic bags material were used by the researcher to stabilize the property of
for sustainable development of pavement blocks as a construction the brick such as cement, soil and plastic, and fly ash etc [29]. In
material and to minimize of waste plastic by reusing it as a pave- some studies, Plastic binder were used in the brick such as PET,
ment construction material. They concluded that pavements made HDPE and LDPE etc.
of plastic blocks has similar strength as that of ordinary use with Other than that, a researcher were used the shear heating pro-
compressive strength 16.05 N/mm2 and 19.52 N/mm2 respectively. cess that results smooth shape and size of the bricks with good
Kognole et al. [21] studied about the use of different types of compressive strength [16]. In most studies, Plastic bottles waste
soil with plastic bottles (PET) for plastic bricks some are river sand, and food package waste binder were used as a plastic binder and
red soil, and Stone crush etc. They concluded that plastic sand gave very good result. The focus of the researcher was to optimize
bricks can help reduce the environmental pollution. They made the amount of binder and its proportioning to the sand to get an
four composition that is Plastic with red soil, plastic with river soil, optimized plastic sand brick.
plastic with stone crush etc. and determine compressive strength
of these samples and observed that plastic with river sand have 3.1. Plastic
high compression value i.e., 15.50KN [22,23]. Bhushaiah et al.
[10] studied about the properties of materials and the different test Plastics are made up of synthetic or semi synthetics materials,
carried out on casted plastic sand bricks and found that plastic that usually use a polymer as main chemical ingredients. Plastic
bricks having strength of compression at different testing propor- is produced mainly due to plastic materials like plastic bottles
tions are made at 5% 10% 15% and 20% and these samples then and much more which chokes our environment on the earth and
are tested on compressive testing machine (CTM). They observed drastically effects human and wildlife habitat on earth [10]. When
plastic bricks are more useful when compare to 3rd class clay plastic waste exposed to ambient solar radiation then it produces
bricks and fly ash bricks and Chauhan et al. [24] studied about sand two greenhouse gases which are very harmful i.e., methane and
and plastic are mixed in different proportion 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 as ethylene due to its low-density property.
plastic to the sand ratio. They observed the optimum amount of
plastic that could be used for the high compressive strength i.e. 3.2. Types of plastic
203.56 kg/cm2 at 1:2. and the water absorption varies from 0.949
to 1.227% at this proportion that is good when compared to normal 1. High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
bricks. Along with the mechanical strength, thermal and acoustic 2. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
performance of brick also improved with the mixing of large parti- 3. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC-U)
cle size waste plastic [25,26]. Ariyani et al. find the maximum com- 4. Low -Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
pressive strength to eco-bricks made up of sand and plastic (41.2 5. Polystyrene (PS)
Mpa) as compared to red bricks and concrete bricks [27]. Plastic 6. Polypropylene (PP)
waste bricks show good ductility response due to viscoelastic nat-
ure of plastic [28]. 4. Methodology adopted in plastic sand bricks
From above literature review it is crystal clear that studies are
majorly focused on the utilizing plastic waste for manufacturing In this section methodology used by different authors in making
of bricks. These Plastic sand bricks have many pros over the tradi- plastic sand bricks has been summarized. Most researchers
tional bricks. adopted the similar method and procedure for making or casting
Some of the key points which has not been elucidated, which plastic sand bricks.
we find out during our research is that even after having so much The materials which are used in manufacturing of Sand bricks of
benefits of using PB bricks from high durability, compressive plastic are the polyethylene terephthalate and the sand of river. For
strength, etc. The main field where we still lack research is that making these plastic bricks PET plastic is gathered and sorted. Nor-
the mortar created out of PB (plastic bottle sand mix) does not mally, the water bottles and cold drinks bottles consist of these
get stick properly because of its smooth surface there they are types of plastic and those bottles can be used for this purpose.
needed to designed with specialized rough surface. Even after that, Firstly, the bottles are washed then moisture in bottle is evapo-
mortar is not expected to stick accurately. Which causes hindrance rated by drying it naturally. The bottles of PET cannot be used in
in workability and also requires skilled labour for placing such usual size and shape in which it is available, for using these bottles
bricks and increases labour cost. we are need to cut them into small pieces. Then the plastic is
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R. Kumar, M. Kumar, I. Kumar et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021) 6775–6780

melted in the using the different proportions of sand and plastic 5. Experiment on plastic sand bricks
are mixed. Plastic and sand are mixed in various ratios as 1:2,
1:3, 1:4 by weight. If find the optimum proportion for the desired Before using the bricks, they should be tested to know their
result. suitability for the work.
Then the plastic is melted in the container and mixed with the The following test are generally performed for testing the
sand and after that poured in the brick mould. The procedure is bricks: -
described as below:
5.1. Compressive strength test (IS:3495-Part1)

4.1. Material collection Bricks compressive strength can be found by keeping bricks
under testing machine of compression. After keeping it, load is
This procedure is very easy. PET and LDPE Plastic can be col- applied on these plastic bricks without any shock. This will
lected from the canteen dustbin and also collected from the
increase the load 140 kg/cm2 per minute until brick breaks and it
houses, and hospitals which will come under the LDPE plastic type cannot bear any further load. Note down the value of failure load
such as plastic bottles and food packages. Sand can be purchased
then compressive strength of bricks is determined by maximum
from the local supplier. load at failure divided by the area of the bricks is taken.
AppliedmaximumloadðKNÞ
4.2. Batching of material Compressiv estrength ¼
Crosssectionalareainmm2

Measurement of material is called Batching. After collection of

5.2. Water absorption test (IS:3495-Part 2)
plastic waste check that there should not be present water content
in the plastic waste if presented, then dried. Medium sand is used
Before using the bricks, it should be tested for its water absorp-
for making a brick it can be achieved by Sieving. Sieve the sand
tion capacity which should not be more that 20% by its weight.
through 600micron sieve, which will be used for making plastic
Strength of brick also depend upon its water absorption capacity.
sand bricks.
Firstly, moisture of the brick should be removed completely in
oven at temperature 105° to 115° till it attains constant weight
4.3. Proportion of sand and plastic waste and shall than be cooled and weighed. Let it be W1. Then at room
temperature 27°±2° for 24 h these bricks are immersed in clean
For the production of plastic sand bricks, are containing various water. After removing these bricks from water wiped them off
amount of sand and plastic are to be mixed in different propor- from the surface with a damp cloth and then weighed. Let it be
tions. Various proportions are 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, by weight. W2. Water absorption capacity of the brick is found as given below:
-
W2  W1
4.4. Development of brick mould Waterabsorption% ¼
100
W1
Generally, the mould is used in manufacturing of bricks are
wooden mould that can be obtained from shop of carpentry. All 5.3. Efflorescence test (IS:3495-Part 3)
the surface of mould should be smooth to make bricks of superior
quality having better sharp edges and smooth surface. Mould size This test should be performed by immersing brick with one end
would be 19 cm
9 cm
9 cm. vertically in water. Where the height of immersed bricks not less
than 25 mm. At temperature 20° to 30° the whole setup should
be placed in ventilated warm room. until all water evaporates.
4.5. Plastic sand bricks procedure for casting
After absorption of water bricks appears to be dry. Then similar
quantity of distilled water will be placed again and the same is
4.5.1. Burning
allowed to evaporate as before. After end of this period brick are
Firstly, Arrange the container and firewood or burner. And put
used for examination for efflorescence. The alkalis form a white
the container on firewood and ignite it. Container is pre heated
patches or spots on the brick surface.
for removing the moisture from it. After that put the small cut
pieces of plastic into the container and allowed to melt.
a. Nil: When deposition of salts is not there or white patches
are not present.
4.5.2. Mixing b. Slight: When there is thin deposition of salt but not greater
When the temperature around 180°  200° of melted plastic is than 10% of surface area of bricks.
maintained then the sand is mixed into the container. Molten plas- c. Moderate: When deposition of salts is heavier but not greater
tic and sand are continuously stirred so that both get mixed prop- than 50% of the surface area of brick.
erly and bonded. d. Heavy: When deposition of salts is heavier more than 50%
without flaking or powdering on the surface of brick.
e. Serious: When deposition of salts is heavier more than 50%
4.5.3. Moulding with flaking or powdering on the surface and tending to
Apply the oil on the inner surface of mould so that bricks can be increase with repeated wetting of the brick.
removed easily. If oil is not applied, after solidification of brick will
not come out easily. So proper oiling is needed before filling the 5.4. Hardness test
mixture in the mould. Prepared mixture is filled into the wooden
mould and tamping is done by rod to achieve proper compaction In this test, finger nail or sharp tool is used for making the
and the wooden mould is filled properly. And brick can be removed scratch over the brick surface. If there are no marks of scratch on
from the mould after 24 h. the brick then the brick is a hard brick.
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5.5. Soundness test  Plastic is unsustainable material and have non-biodegradable

property which badly effect the globe. But plastic being a versa-
For performing this test two bricks are used to strike with each tile material have different property (durable, strong, easily
other and finding out whether it produces the clear ringing sound moulded) by which it can use as green material also the best
is produced or not, brick should not break and produce a sound of solution for reducing environmental pollution.
clear ringing it means the brick is sufficiently sound.  These bricks can be befitting to those countries which face dif-
ficulties on disposing the plastics. Although plastics have draw-
6. Plastic sand bricks mechanical performance. back of causing pollution but also have numerous advantages;
give better insulation, low porosity, cheap & easily available.
Engineers have researched various plastic waste binders in plas- Therefore, used in bricks which bump its overall property.
tic sand bricks. Different parameters, like compaction parameter,
different mix proportions, were optimized based on the mechani- CRediT authorship contribution statement
cal performance of bricks. In this section, the effect of variations
in the production parameters on mechanical properties of plastic Rishabh Kumar: Conceptualization, Resources, Writing - origi-
sand bricks have been abstracted which could be very much bene- nal draft, Writing - review & editing. Mohit Kumar: Investigation,
ficial for giving useful insights for managing various wastes in Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. Inder Kumar:
bricks of plastic sand [30]. Resources, Writing - original draft. Deepa Srivastava: Writing -
review & editing, Visualization, Supervision.
6.1. Effect of various mix on the performance of plastic sand brick.

Various researchers observed the influence of variation in the Declaration of Competing Interest
plastic waste binder was while using different plastic waste. Singh
L.B et al. [7] were used plastic waste in the brick are compact disc The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
(CD) and Plastic Bottles (PB) with sand has a specific gravity of 2.61 cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
in a mix of 1:1.5 (sand: plastic). With CD plastic waste (1:1.5) could to influence the work reported in this paper.
achieve 10.6 MPa compressive strength whereas in PB plastic
waste (1:1.5) achieved 10.6 MPa. Bhushaiah et al. [10] were used References
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