Qualitative Analysis

Salt Analysis I - Lead Nitrate

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 (a) Colour of the salt is noted White colour (colourless) Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,
Mn2+
1 (b) odour No characteristic odour Absence of NH4+, S2-,
CH3COO-
2. Dry heating test Residue is brown when hot May be presence of Pb2+
Small amount of salt is taken in and yellow when cold
a dry test tube and heat.
3. Flame test No characteristic coloured Absence of Ca2+, Sr2+ and
Take a small amount of salt flame is obtained Ba2+
in a watch glass , made a
paste with Con HCl and
introduced into the oxidizing
flame
4. Dil. H2SO4 test No characteristic change Absence of CO3-2,
To a small amount of the salt sulphide
dil.H2SO4 is added
5. Potassium permanganate No decolourisation of KMnO4 Absence of Cl-,Br-,I-,Fe+2,
test solution C2O42-
To a small quantity of the salt
dil H2SO4 is added then
potassium permanganate
solution is added drop wise

6. Con H2SO4Test Reddish brown gas with Presence of nitrate

Ta small amount of salt con. pungent smell, turns FeSO4
H2SO4 is added and then solution black.
heated
7. Test for sulphate No white precipitate is Absence of sulphate
To a small quantity of salt dil. obtained.
HCl is added and heated then
BaCl2 solution is added
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract

To a small quantity of salt, twice the amount of sodium carbonate is added and dissolved in
distilled water. Then the solution is boiled for ten minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is
known as Sodium Carbonate extract.
Confirmatory Test for Acid Radical

Brown Ring Test: Brown ring is formed at the Nitrate is confirmed

Salt + Freshly prepared FeSO4 + junction of two liquids.
conc. H2SO4 along the sides of
the test tube.
Confirmatory test for Nitrate Reddish brown vapours are Presence of Nitrate is
Copper turning test evolved Confirmed.
A small amount of salt is
heated with copper turning
and con.H2SO4

Identification of Basic Radical

A pinch of salt is heated with No Smell of NH3 Zero group (NH4+) is absent.
conc. NaOH.

Preparation of original solution

Small quantity of salt is dissolved in 10 ml of distilled water. Clear solution is obtained and it labeled as
original solution.

To the original solution dil HCl is White precipitate is obtained. Presence of group (I) Pb
added

Confirmative test for group (I) Yellow ppt is obtained which Presence of Pb+2 is confirmed
cation Pb+2 dissolved in hot water and
cooled PbI2 is obtained.
Dissolve the group (I) ppt in hot
water , KI solution is added

Pb(NO3)2 + KI  PbI2 + 2KNO3

Acid Radical: Nitrate Basic radical : Lead

The given inorganic salt contains Lead Nitrate

 Qualitative Analysis

Salt Analysis II – Ammonium Carbonate

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 (a) Colour of the salt is noted White colour (colourless) Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,
Mn2+
1 (b) odour Presence of Ammonium
Ammoniacal smell
ion (NH4+)
2. Dry heating test White sublimate formed May be presence of NH4+
Small amount of salt is taken in
a dry test tube and heat.
3. Flame test No characteristic coloured Absence of Ca2+, Sr2+ and
Take a small amount of salt flame is obtained Ba2+
in a watch glass , made a
paste with Con HCl and
introduced into the oxidizing
flame
4. Dil. H2SO4 test Colourless , odourless with brisk Presence of carbonate
To a small amount of the salt effervesence , turns lime water
dil.H2SO4 is added milky

5. Potassium permanganate No decolourisation of KMnO4 Absence of Cl-,Br-,I-,Fe+2,

test solution C2O42-
To a small quantity of the salt
dil H2SO4 is added then
potassium permanganate
solution is added drop wise

6. Con H2SO4Test No characteristic change Absence of Cl-, Br-,I-,NO3-,

Ta small amount of salt con. CH3COO
H2SO4 is added and then
heated
7. Test for sulphate No white precipitate is Absence of sulphate
To a small quantity of salt dil. obtained.
HCl is added and heated then
BaCl2 solution is added
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract

To a small quantity of salt, twice the amount of sodium carbonate is added and dissolved in
distilled water. Then the solution is boiled for ten minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is
known as Sodium Carbonate extract.
 Confirmatory test for acid radical

Confirmatory test for Carbonate Colourless, odourless gas Presence of carbonate

To a small quantity of salt dilute HCl is with brisk effervescence is confirmed
added and heated. turns lime water milky.

CO3-2 +2 HCl  Cl-+CO2 + H2O

Ca(OH)2 + CO2  CaCO3  + H2O

Identification of Basic Radical Brown precipitate is Presence of ammonium

Action of con NaOH solution obtained ion
A pinch of salt is heated with con NaOH.
NH3 gas is evolved. The gas passes
through Nesslers reagent

Preparation of original solution

Small quantity of salt is dissolved in 10 ml of distilled water. Clear solution is obtained and it labeled as
original solution.
1.To the original solution dil No white precipitate is Absence of group (I) cation
HCl is added obtained
2. To the original solution, No characteristic change Absence of group (II) cation
dil.HCl and H2S gas is passed.
3. To the original solution a
pinch of NH4Cl and NH4OH is No characteristic change Absence of group (III) ion
added.
4. To the original solution a
pinch of NH4Cl and NH4OH is No characteristic change Absence of group (IV) cation
added and then H2S gas is
passed into the above solution
5. To the original solution,
NH4Cl ,NH4OH and ammonium No characteristic change Absence of group (V) cation
carbonate is added.

6. To the original solution

NH4Cl, NH4OH and disodium No characteristic change Absence of group (VI) cation
hydrogen phosphate is added.
Confirmative test for 0 group Reddish brown ppt is obtained Presence of NH4+ is confirmed
NH4+

To the original solution NaOH

and Nesslers reagent is added

Acid Radical: Carbonate Basic radical : Ammonium

The given inorganic salt contains Ammonium Carbonate

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Qualitative Analysis

Salt Analysis III – Ammonium Chloride

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 (a) Colour of the salt is noted White colour (colourless) Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,
Mn2+
1 (b) odour Presence of Ammonium
Ammoniacal smell
ion (NH4+)
2. Dry heating test White sublimate formed May be presence of NH4+
Small amount of salt is taken in
a dry test tube and heat.
3. Flame test No characteristic coloured Absence of Ca2+, Sr2+ and
Take a small amount of salt flame is obtained Ba2+
in a watch glass , made a
paste with Con HCl and
introduced into the oxidizing
flame
4. Dil. H2SO4 test No chacteristic change Absence of CO3-2,S-2,
To a small amount of the salt SO3-2, NO2-
dil.H2SO4 is added
5. Potassium permanganate Potassium permanganate Presence of Cl-
test decolourised
To a small quantity of the salt
dil H2SO4 is added then
potassium permanganate
solution is added drop wise
6. Con H2SO4Test Colourless gas with pungent Presence of chloride
Ta small amount of salt con. smell, white fumes with
H2SO4 is added and then aqueous NH4OH and white
heated precipitate with AgNO3
solution is obtained
7. Test for sulphate No white precipitate is Absence of sulphate
To a small quantity of salt dil. obtained.
HCl is added and heated then
BaCl2 solution is added
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract

To a small quantity of salt, twice the amount of sodium carbonate is added and dissolved in
distilled water. Then the solution is boiled for ten minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is
known as Sodium Carbonate extract.

Confirmatory test for acid radical

Confirmatory test for chloride:

Silver Nitrate test A white precipitate soluble Presence of chloride is

To the salt solution Con.HNO3 is added in NH4OH solution is confirmed.
and AgNO3 solution added. obtained.

Identification of Basic Radical Brown precipitate is Presence of ammonium

Action of con NaOH solution obtained ion
A pinch of salt is heated with con NaOH.
NH3 gas evolved. The gas passes through
Nesslers reagent

Preparation of original solution

Small quantity of salt is dissolved in 10 ml of distilled water. Clear solution is obtained and it labeled as
original solution.
1.To the original solution dil No white precipitate is Absence of group (I) cation
HCl is added obtained
2. To the original solution, No characteristic change Absence of group (II) cation
dil.HCl and H2S gas is passed.
3. To the original solution a
pinch of NH4Cl and NH4OH is No characteristic change Absence of group (III) ion
added.
4. To the original solution a
pinch of NH4Cl and NH4OH is No characteristic change Absence of group (IV) cation
added and then H2S gas is
passed into the above solution
5. To the original solution,
NH4Cl ,NH4OH and ammonium No characteristic change Absence of group (V) cation
carbonate is added.

6. To the original solution

NH4Cl, NH4OH and disodium No characteristic change Absence of group (VI) cation
hydrogen phosphate is added.

Confirmative test for 0 group Reddish brown ppt is obtained Presence of NH4+ is confirmed
NH4+

To the original solution NaOH

and Nesslers reagent is added

RESULT: Acid Radical: Chloride Basic radical: Ammonium

The given inorganic salt contains Ammonium Chloride

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Qualitative Analysis

Salt Analysis IV – Aluminium Sulphate

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 (a) Colour of the salt is noted White colour (colourless) Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,
Mn2+
1 (b) odour Absence of ammonium ,
No characteristic smell
sulphide ,acetate ion
2. Dry heating test White residue glows on May be presence of
Small amount of salt is taken in heating Ba+2, Sr+2, Ca+2 ,Mg+2,
a dry test tube and heat. Al+3 etc
3. Flame test No characteristic coloured Absence of Ca2+, Sr2+ and
Take a small amount of salt flame is obtained Ba2+
in a watch glass , made a
paste with Con HCl and
introduced into the oxidizing
flame
4. Dil. H2SO4 test No chacteristic change Absence of CO3-2,S-2,
To a small amount of the salt SO3-2, NO2-
dil.H2SO4 is added
5. Potassium permanganate No decolourisation of KMnO4 Absence of Cl-,Br-,I-,Fe+2,
test solution C2O4-2
To a small quantity of the salt
dil H2SO4 is added then
potassium permanganate
solution is added drop wise
6. Con H2SO4Test No characteristic change Absence of Cl-, Br-,I-
Ta small amount of salt con. ,NO3-, CH3COO-
H2SO4 is added and then
heated
7. Test for sulphate A white precipitate which is Presence of sulphate
To a small quantity of salt dil. insoluble in con. HCl is
HCl is added and heated then obtained.
BaCl2 solution is added

Preparation of sodium carbonate extract

To a small quantity of salt, twice the amount of sodium carbonate is added and dissolved in
distilled water. Then the solution is boiled for ten minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is
known as Sodium Carbonate extract.

Confirmatory test for acid radical

Confirmatory test for Sulphate White precipitate insoluble Presence of sulphate is

To the salt solution dil. Hcl is added and in Con.Hcl confirmed.
Bacl2 solution is added

Identification of Basic Radical

A pinch of salt is heated with No Smell of NH3 Zero group (NH4+) is absent.
conc. NaOH.

Preparation of original solution

Small quantity of salt is dissolved in 10 ml of distilled water. Clear solution is obtained and it labeled as
original solution.
1.To the original solution dil No white precipitate is Absence of group (I) cation
HCl is added obtained
2. To the original solution, No characteristic change Absence of group (II) cation
dil.HCl and H2S gas is passed.
3. To the original solution a
pinch of NH4Cl and NH4OH is Gelationous white precipitate Presence of group (III) cation
added. is obtained .

Confirmative test for group

(III) Al+3
To the group ppt dil HCl , Bright red lake is obtained Presence of Al+3
And few drops of aluminon
reagent is added

RESULT: Acid Radical: Sulphate Basic radical: Aluminium

The given inorganic salt contains Aluminium sulphate

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Qualitative Analysis

Salt Analysis V – Zinc Sulphate

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 (a) Colour of the salt is noted White colour (colourless) Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,
Mn2+
1 (b) odour Absence of ammonium ,
No characteristic smell
sulphide ,acetate ion
2. Dry heating test Residue is yellow when hot May be presence of Zn+2
Small amount of salt is taken in white when cold
a dry test tube and heat.
3. Flame test No characteristic coloured Absence of Ca2+, Sr2+ and
Take a small amount of salt flame is obtained Ba2+
in a watch glass , made a
paste with Con HCl and
introduced into the oxidizing
flame
4. Dil. H2SO4 test No chacteristic change Absence of CO3-2,S-2,
To a small amount of the salt SO3-2, NO2-
dil.H2SO4 is added
5. Potassium permanganate No decolourisation of KMnO4 Absence of Cl-,Br-,I-,Fe+2,
test solution C2O4-2
To a small quantity of the salt
dil H2SO4 is added then
potassium permanganate
solution is added drop wise
6. Con H2SO4Test No characteristic change Absence of Cl-, Br-,I-
Ta small amount of salt con. ,NO3-, CH3COO-
H2SO4 is added and then
heated
7. Test for sulphate A white precipitate which is Presence of sulphate
To a small quantity of salt dil. insoluble in con. HCl is
HCl is added and heated then obtained.
BaCl2 solution is added

Preparation of sodium carbonate extract

To a small quantity of salt, twice the amount of sodium carbonate is added and dissolved in
distilled water. Then the solution is boiled for ten minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is
known as Sodium Carbonate extract.

Confirmatory test for acid radical

Confirmatory test for Sulphate White precipitate insoluble Presence of sulphate is

To the salt solution dil. Hcl is added and in Con.Hcl confirmed.
Bacl2 solution is added

Identification of Basic Radical

A pinch of salt is heated with No Smell of NH3 Zero group (NH4+) is absent.
conc. NaOH.

Preparation of original solution

Small quantity of salt is dissolved in 10 ml of distilled water. Clear solution is obtained and it labeled as
original solution.
1.To the original solution dil No white precipitate is Absence of group (I) cation
HCl is added obtained
2. To the original solution, No characteristic change Absence of group (II) cation
dil.HCl and H2S gas is passed.
3. To the original solution a
pinch of NH4Cl and NH4OH is No characteristic change Absence of group (III) ion
added.

4. To the original solution a Dirty white precipitate is Presence of group (IV) cation
pinch of NH4Cl and NH4OH is formed
added and then H2S gas is
passed into the above solution

Confirmative test for group

(IV) cation Zn+2

A part of white ppt is dissolved Bluish white ppt is obtained Presence of Zn+2confirmed
in dil HCl , potassium ferro
cyanide solution is added

RESULT: Acid Radical: Sulphate Basic radical: Zinc

The given inorganic salt contains Zinc sulphate

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Qualitative Analysis

Salt Analysis VI – Barium Chloride

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 (a) Colour of the salt is noted White colour (colourless) Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,
Mn2+
1 (b) odour Absence of ammonium ,
No characteristic smell
sulphide ,acetate ion
2. Dry heating test White residue glows on May be presence of
Small amount of salt is taken in heating Ba+2, Sr+2, Ca+2 ,Mg+2,
a dry test tube and heat. Al+3 etc
3. Flame test Persistent grassy- green Presence of Ba+2
Take a small amount of salt flame is obtained
in a watch glass , made a
paste with Con HCl and
introduced into the oxidizing
flame
4. Dil. H2SO4 test No chacteristic change Absence of CO3-2,S-2,
To a small amount of the salt SO3-2, NO2-
dil.H2SO4 is added
5. Potassium permanganate Potassium permanganate Presence of Cl-
test decolourised
To a small quantity of the salt
dil H2SO4 is added then
potassium permanganate
solution is added drop wise
6. Con H2SO4Test Colourless gas with pungent Presence of chloride
Ta small amount of salt con. smell, white fumes with
H2SO4 is added and then aqueous NH4OH and white
heated precipitate with AgNO3
solution is obtained

7. Test for sulphate No white precipitate is Absence of sulphate

To a small quantity of salt dil. obtained.
HCl is added and heated then
BaCl2 solution is added
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract

To a small quantity of salt, twice the amount of sodium carbonate is added and dissolved in
distilled water. Then the solution is boiled for ten minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is
known as Sodium Carbonate extract.

Confirmatory test for acid radical

Confirmatory test for chloride:

Silver Nitrate test A white precipitate soluble Presence of chloride is

To the salt solution Con.HNO3 is added in NH4OH solution is confirmed.
and AgNO3 solution added. obtained.
Identification of Basic Radical

A pinch of salt is heated with No Smell of NH3 Zero group (NH4+) is absent.
conc. NaOH.
Preparation of original solution

Small quantity of salt is dissolved in 10 ml of distilled water. Clear solution is obtained and it labeled as
original solution.

1.To the original solution dil No white precipitate is Absence of group (I) cation
HCl is added obtained
2. To the original solution, No characteristic change Absence of group (II) cation
dil.HCl and H2S gas is passed.
3. To the original solution a
pinch of NH4Cl and NH4OH is No characteristic change Absence of group (III) ion
added.
4. To the original solution a
pinch of NH4Cl and NH4OH is No characteristic change Absence of group (IV) cation
added and then H2S gas is
passed into the above solution
5. To the original solution,
NH4Cl ,NH4OH and ammonium White precipitate is obtained Presence of group (V) cation
carbonate is added.

Confirmative test for group (V)

cation

Confirmative test for Ba+2

The group ppt is dissolved in
hot dil CH3COOH , K2CrO4is
added Yellow ppt is obtained Presence of Ba+2

RESULT: Acid Radical: Chloride Basic radical: Barium

The given inorganic salt contains Barium Chloride

 Qualitative Analysis

Salt Analysis VII – Strontium Chloride

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 (a) Colour of the salt is noted White colour (colourless) Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,
Mn2+
1 (b) odour Absence of ammonium ,
No characteristic smell
sulphide ,acetate ion
2. Dry heating test White residue glows on May be presence of
Small amount of salt is taken in heating Ba+2, Sr+2, Ca+2 ,Mg+2,
a dry test tube and heat. Al+3 etc
3. Flame test Crimson red coloured flame is Presence of Sr+2
Take a small amount of salt obtained
in a watch glass , made a
paste with Con HCl and
introduced into the oxidizing
flame
4. Dil. H2SO4 test No chacteristic change Absence of CO3-2,S-2,
To a small amount of the salt SO3-2, NO2-
dil.H2SO4 is added
5. Potassium permanganate Potassium permanganate Presence of Cl-
test decolourised
To a small quantity of the salt
dil H2SO4 is added then
potassium permanganate
solution is added drop wise
6. Con H2SO4Test Colourless gas with pungent Presence of chloride
Ta small amount of salt con. smell, white fumes with
H2SO4 is added and then aqueous NH4OH and white
heated precipitate with AgNO3
solution is obtained

7. Test for sulphate No white precipitate is Absence of sulphate

To a small quantity of salt dil. obtained.
HCl is added and heated then
BaCl2 solution is added
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract

To a small quantity of salt, twice the amount of sodium carbonate is added and dissolved in
distilled water. Then the solution is boiled for ten minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is
known as Sodium Carbonate extract.
 Confirmatory test for acid radical

Confirmatory test for chloride:

Silver Nitrate test A white precipitate soluble Presence of chloride is

To the salt solution Con.HNO3 is added in NH4OH solution is confirmed.
and AgNO3 solution added. obtained.

Identification of Basic Radical

A pinch of salt is heated with No Smell of NH3 Zero group (NH4+) is absent.
conc. NaOH.

Preparation of original solution

Small quantity of salt is dissolved in 10 ml of distilled water. Clear solution is obtained and it labeled as
original solution.

1.To the original solution dil No white precipitate is Absence of group (I) cation
HCl is added obtained
2. To the original solution, No characteristic change Absence of group (II) cation
dil.HCl and H2S gas is passed.
3. To the original solution a
pinch of NH4Cl and NH4OH is No characteristic change Absence of group (III) ion
added.
4. To the original solution a
pinch of NH4Cl and NH4OH is No characteristic change Absence of group (IV) cation
added and then H2S gas is
passed into the above solution
5. To the original solution,
NH4Cl ,NH4OH and ammonium White precipitate is obtained Presence of group (V) cation
carbonate is added.
Confirmative test for Sr+2
The group ppt is dissolved in
hot dil CH3COOH , (NH4)2SO4 White ppt is obtained Presence of Sr+2
is added added.

RESULT: Acid Radical: Chloride Basic radical: Strontium

The given inorganic salt contains Strontium Chloride

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Qualitative Analysis

Salt Analysis VIII – Magnesium Sulphate

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 (a) Colour of the salt is noted White colour (colourless) Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,
Mn2+
1 (b) odour Absence of ammonium ,
No characteristic smell
sulphide ,acetate ion
2. Dry heating test White residue glows on May be presence of
Small amount of salt is taken in heating Ba+2, Sr+2, Ca+2 ,Mg+2,
a dry test tube and heat. Al+3 etc
3. Flame test No characteristic coloured Absence of Ca2+, Sr2+ and
Take a small amount of salt flame is obtained Ba2+
in a watch glass , made a
paste with Con HCl and
introduced into the oxidizing
flame
4. Dil. H2SO4 test No chacteristic change Absence of CO3-2,S-2,
To a small amount of the salt SO3-2, NO2-
dil.H2SO4 is added
5. Potassium permanganate No decolourisation of KMnO4 Absence of Cl-,Br-,I-,Fe+2,
test solution C2O4-2
To a small quantity of the salt
dil H2SO4 is added then
potassium permanganate
solution is added drop wise
6. Con H2SO4Test No characteristic change Absence of Cl-, Br-,I-
Ta small amount of salt con. ,NO3-, CH3COO-
H2SO4 is added and then
heated
7. Test for sulphate A white precipitate which is Presence of sulphate
To a small quantity of salt dil. insoluble in con. HCl is
HCl is added and heated then obtained.
BaCl2 solution is added

Preparation of sodium carbonate extract

To a small quantity of salt, twice the amount of sodium carbonate is added and dissolved in
distilled water. Then the solution is boiled for ten minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is
known as Sodium Carbonate extract.

Confirmatory test for acid radical

Confirmatory test for Sulphate White precipitate insoluble Presence of sulphate is

To the salt solution dil. Hcl is added and in Con.Hcl confirmed.
Bacl2 solution is added

Identification of Basic Radical

A pinch of salt is heated with No Smell of NH3 Zero group (NH4+) is absent.
conc. NaOH.

Preparation of original solution

Small quantity of salt is dissolved in 10 ml of distilled water. Clear solution is obtained and it labeled as
original solution.
1.To the original solution dil No white precipitate is Absence of group (I) cation
HCl is added obtained
2. To the original solution, No characteristic change Absence of group (II) cation
dil.HCl and H2S gas is passed.
3. To the original solution a
pinch of NH4Cl and NH4OH is No characteristic change Absence of group (III) ion
added.
4. To the original solution a
pinch of NH4Cl and NH4OH is No characteristic change Absence of group (IV) cation
added and then H2S gas is
passed into the above solution
5. To the original solution,
NH4Cl ,NH4OH and ammonium No characteristic change Absence of group (V) cation
carbonate is added.

6. To the original solution Presence of group (VI) cation

NH4Cl, NH4OH and disodium White precipitate is obtained
hydrogen phosphate is added.

Confirmative test for group

(VI) cation Mg+2

To the original solution Blue ppt is obtained Presence of magnesium is

magneson reagent is added confirmed

RESULT: Acid Radical: Sulphate Basic radical: Magnesium

The given inorganic salt contains Magnesium sulphate

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